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Incidence of clinically confirmed farmer's lung in Finland and its relation to meteorological factors. 芬兰临床确诊农民肺发病率及其与气象因素的关系
E O Terho, O P Heinonen, S Lammi, V Laukkanen

In Finland, data about the incidence of clinically confirmed (according to predefined criteria) farmer's lung have been collected in successive years since 1980. All special hospitals for pulmonary diseases and departments of pulmonary diseases in other hospitals (23 clinical units throughout Finland) took part in the study. This report deals with the results collected from 1980 to 1982 (inclusive), during which 512 new cases of farmer's lung were recorded, 186 in 1980, 153 in 1981, and 173 in 1982. The mean age of the patients was 47 years (range 14-75), 45 years for men and 48 years for women. About two-thirds of the patients were women. The mean annual incidence of farmer's lung among the entire farming population (standardized for age and sex to the total population in Finland in 1975) was 44 per 100,000 persons in farming. Both the standardized mean annual incidence (range 8-60 per 100,000 persons in farming) and the female/male ratio of the standardized incidence showed distinct regional differences. Most cases of farmer's lung occurred during the indoor feeding season for cattle. The highest frequency of new cases was observed in April and the lowest in October. The incidence of farmer's lung was positively correlated with measures of daily rainfall and negatively correlated with days without rainfall and with sunshine during the haymaking period preceding the diagnosis. A rainy haymaking period calls for artificial drying of hay in order to reduce the incidence of farmer's lung.

在芬兰,自1980年以来连续几年收集了临床确诊(根据预先确定的标准)农民肺发病率的数据。所有肺病专科医院和其他医院的肺病科(芬兰全国23个临床单位)都参加了这项研究。本报告涉及1980 - 1982年(含)收集的结果,在此期间记录的农民肺新病例512例,1980年186例,1981年153例,1982年173例。患者的平均年龄为47岁(14-75岁),男性45岁,女性48岁。大约三分之二的患者是女性。在整个农业人口中(按年龄和性别与1975年芬兰总人口进行标准化),农民肺病的年平均发病率为每10万人44人。标准化年平均发病率(农业中每10万人8-60人)和标准化发病率的男女比例均存在明显的区域差异。大多数农民肺病例发生在室内饲养牛的季节。新发病例发生频率最高的是4月,最低的是10月。农民肺的发病率与日降雨量呈正相关,与诊断前干草期无雨日数和日照日数负相关。多雨的晒草期需要人工晒干干草,以减少农民肺病的发病率。
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引用次数: 0
Role of environment in the development of chronic bronchitis. 环境在慢性支气管炎发展中的作用。
K Husman, M Koskenvuo, J Kaprio, E O Terho, I Vohlonen

Based on data in the Finnish Twin Registry, which was obtained by postal questionnaire, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis among non-smoking farmers was 3.6% and among a corresponding group of non-farmers (reference subjects) 3.4%. The six-year incidences of chronic bronchitis for these 2 groups were 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively. The difference in incidence between these groups was significant (p less than 0.001). The fact that the incidence among farming subjects was three times the incidence among non-farming subjects indicates that chronic bronchitis is a work-related disease among farmers. This is analogous to previous findings that symptoms compatible with chronic bronchitis occur more often among grain elevator workers than among urban dwellers. The occurrence of chronic bronchitis among both farmers and grain elevator workers probably is associated with exposure to grain dusts.

根据芬兰双胞胎登记处通过邮寄问卷获得的数据,非吸烟农民的慢性支气管炎患病率为3.6%,相应非吸烟农民(参考受试者)的慢性支气管炎患病率为3.4%。两组6年慢性支气管炎发病率分别为2.7%和0.7%。两组间的发病率差异有统计学意义(p < 0.001)。农人慢性支气管炎的发病率是非农人的3倍,说明慢性支气管炎是农人的职业病。这与先前的发现类似,即与慢性支气管炎相适应的症状在粮食升降机工人中比在城市居民中更常见。农民和粮食升降机工人中慢性支气管炎的发生可能与接触粮食粉尘有关。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence of allergic symptoms in rural and urban populations. 农村和城市人群过敏症状的患病率。
O P Heinonen, M Horsmanheimo, I Vohlonen, E O Terho

In order to compare the prevalences of common allergic symptoms identical postal questionnaires were sent to all farmers of a rural municipality in eastern Finland and to a sample of similar size in the adjacent industrialized urban municipality. To investigate the validity of the survey random subsamples of each study group participated in health examinations. In both the rural and urban populations subjects most frequently suffered from allergic rhinitis, 26.7% and 28.8%, respectively of the two populations. The proportions of individuals with any one of the five allergic symptoms recorded did not differ significantly in the two populations. Asthma was somewhat more frequent among the urban than among the rural population. The difference was not statistically significant, however, and could be due to the difference in smoking habits. The factors reported to provoke allergic symptoms were significantly different in the two groups. In the rural population the provoking factors were mostly work-related, whereas in the urban population these factors were related to living conditions.

为了比较常见过敏症状的患病率,向芬兰东部一个农村自治市的所有农民和邻近工业化城市自治市的类似规模的样本发送了相同的邮寄问卷。为考察调查的有效性,各研究组随机抽取子样本参加健康检查。在农村和城市人群中,受试者最常患变应性鼻炎,分别为26.7%和28.8%。在两个人群中,有五种过敏症状的个体比例没有显著差异。哮喘在城市人口中比在农村人口中更为常见。然而,这种差异在统计上并不显著,可能是由于吸烟习惯的不同。两组报告的引起过敏症状的因素有显著差异。在农村人口中,诱发因素主要与工作有关,而在城市人口中,这些因素与生活条件有关。
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引用次数: 0
Serum precipitins against microbes in mouldy hay with respect to age, sex, atopy, and smoking of farmers. 霉变干草中抗微生物血清沉淀与农民年龄、性别、特应性和吸烟的关系。
E O Terho, K Husman, I Vohlonen, R A Mäntyjärvi

This study was based on a sample of 3,065 farmers from a larger survey population of 12,056 Finnish farmers. Data were collected in a postal survey conducted by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Serum samples for determination of precipitating antibodies were taken at local health centres. Precipitins were determined by the method of microplate immune diffusion. The antigen panel consisted of mycelial antigens of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus umbrosus. Precipitins to any one of the four microbes were detected in 8.6% of the sera. The most common causes of positive precipitin tests were Aspergillus umbrosus and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, which agrees with previous findings reported from Finland. In general, the precipitins were more prevalent among women, which corresponds to local cultural traditions, and in older farmers. The prevalence of precipitins did not differ between non-atopic and atopic (defined as past or present co-existence of atopic dermatitis including infantile eczema and/or hay fever or other allergic rhinitis) subjects. In contrast, the prevalence of precipitins was about 1.5-2 times larger among non-smokers than among smokers, which confirms the findings in previous reports. In future studies on occurrence of precipitins, the data should be controlled with respect to age, sex, and smoking.

这项研究是基于3065名农民的样本,这些农民来自一个更大的调查人口——12056名芬兰农民。数据是通过芬兰社会保险机构进行的邮政调查收集的。在当地保健中心采集血清样本,以确定沉淀抗体。沉淀物采用微孔板免疫扩散法测定。抗原板由faeni小多孢子菌、普通热放线菌、烟曲霉和umbrosus曲霉的菌丝抗原组成。在8.6%的血清中检测到这四种微生物中的任何一种的沉淀。沉淀试验阳性的最常见原因是黑曲霉和普通热放线菌,这与芬兰先前报告的结果一致。总的来说,这种疾病在妇女和老年农民中更为普遍,这与当地的文化传统相一致。沉淀的患病率在非特应性和特应性(定义为过去或现在共存的特应性皮炎,包括婴儿湿疹和/或花粉热或其他过敏性鼻炎)受试者之间没有差异。相比之下,非吸烟者中沉淀的患病率约为吸烟者的1.5-2倍,这证实了以前报告中的发现。在今后关于沉淀发生的研究中,应控制年龄、性别和吸烟的数据。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary results of the pathological review of a small cell lung cancer trial (EORTC 08825). 一项小细胞肺癌试验(EORTC 08825)的病理回顾初步结果。
S S Wagenaar
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引用次数: 0
Biochemical basis of physical properties of respiratory tract secretions. 呼吸道分泌物物理性质的生化基础。
M T Lopez-Vidriero

The physical properties of respiratory tract secretion (RTS) play a prominent rôle in the non-specific defence mechanisms of the lung. Viscosity and elasticity, that is flow and deformation, are only two of the physical properties of RTS. Spinability, pourability, adhesiveness and tackiness are starting to be recognised as physical properties of RTS and its is likely that they may be relevant in the pathogenesis of airways obstruction. RTS is a gel, which consists of a cross-linked polymer network dispersed in a liquid solvent. The polymeric structure of the epithelial glycoprotein can be explained in terms of covalent (disulphide) linkages and/or physical entanglement between glycoproteins subunits. Other constituents of RTS such as proteins, lipids, ions and water can influence the physical properties of RTS.

呼吸道分泌物(RTS)的物理特性在肺的非特异性防御机制中起着重要的rôle作用。粘度和弹性,即流动和变形,只是RTS的两种物理性质。可旋性、可浇注性、黏附性和粘性开始被认为是RTS的物理性质,它们可能与气道阻塞的发病机制有关。RTS是一种凝胶,由分散在液体溶剂中的交联聚合物网络组成。上皮糖蛋白的聚合结构可以用糖蛋白亚基之间的共价(二硫)键和/或物理纠缠来解释。RTS的其他成分,如蛋白质、脂质、离子和水可以影响RTS的物理性质。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence of serum precipitins against microbes in mouldy hay, and of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung with respect to farmers' occupational health hazards. 霉变干草中抗微生物血清沉淀、慢性支气管炎和农民肺的流行与农民职业健康危害
I Vohlonen, K Husman, E O Terho, K Tupi

During the farmers' occupational health study 1979-82, the work conditions of 3,358 randomly selected farmers were investigated with respect to occurrence of work-related health hazards. The farmers also underwent a health examination in their local health centre, and precipitating antibodies against four microbes present in mouldy hay were analyzed. Results of the precipitin tests and the symptoms of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung were analyzed with respect to the occurrence of work-related exposures to biological agents and dust in farming. The prevalence of antibodies against Aspergillus umbrosus was largest (6.9%) among farmers with biological health hazards. The occurrence of antibodies against any of the four microbes was associated more with work-related biological agents than with dust exposures. Chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung were also more common among farmers with exposures to biological agents and dust than among those without such exposures. The work conditions were investigated independently of the results of the health examinations. Occurrence of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung are associated with the work-related health hazards in farming. For proper delivery of occupational health services methods of investigating work-related health hazards need to be improved.

在1979- 1982年农民职业健康研究期间,对随机选择的3,358名农民的工作条件进行了与工作有关的健康危害发生情况调查。这些农民还在当地卫生中心接受了健康检查,并分析了针对霉干草中存在的四种微生物的沉淀抗体。分析了沉淀试验结果、慢性支气管炎和农民肺部症状与农业中与工作有关的生物制剂和粉尘暴露的发生情况。在存在生物健康危害的农民中,umaspergillus umbrosus抗体的流行率最高(6.9%)。针对这四种微生物中的任何一种的抗体的出现与工作相关的生物制剂的关系比与灰尘接触的关系更大。在接触过生物制剂和粉尘的农民中,慢性支气管炎和农民肺病也比没有接触过生物制剂和粉尘的农民更常见。对工作条件的调查独立于健康检查的结果。慢性支气管炎和农民肺的发生与农业工作相关的健康危害有关。为了适当提供职业健康服务,需要改进调查与工作有关的健康危害的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Respiratory problems among Swedish farmers, correlation between symptoms and environment. 瑞典农民的呼吸问题:症状与环境的关系
P Malmberg, A Rask-Andersen, U Palmgren, S Höglund, B Kolmodin-Hedman
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引用次数: 0
Mucus clearance from peripheral airways. 周围气道粘液清除。
J E Agnew, D Pavia, M T Lopez-Vidriero, S W Clarke

Mucociliary clearance data obtained with 5 microns radioaerosol particles have been analyzed for asymptomatic young cigarette smokes and non-smokers. The rate and the amount of peripheral zone clearance were both considered in relationship to the overall depth of radioaerosol lung penetration. In the smokers, but not in the non-smokers, the forms of relationship found appeared compatible with prediction based on simple mathematical modelling of aerosol deposition sites within the lung. We suggest that the results found in the non-smokers are attributable to poor mucociliary defence (which is rarely required) of their more distal peripheral airways--due presumably to low levels of cross-linked glycoprotein mucus in these airways--whilst those in the smokers functionally reflect the presence of an increased supply of mucus appropriate for mucociliary transport.

对无症状的年轻吸烟者和非吸烟者用5微米放射性气溶胶颗粒获得的纤毛粘膜清除数据进行了分析。外周区清除的速率和数量都考虑了与放射性气溶胶肺部穿透的总深度的关系。在吸烟者中,而不是在非吸烟者中,发现的关系形式似乎与基于肺部气溶胶沉积位置的简单数学模型的预测相一致。我们认为,在非吸烟者中发现的结果可归因于其远端末梢气道的粘膜纤毛防御能力差(这是很少需要的)——可能是由于这些气道中交联糖蛋白粘液水平较低——而吸烟者的结果在功能上反映了适合粘膜纤毛运输的粘液供应增加的存在。
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引用次数: 0
Pathophysiology of bronchial hypersecretion. 支气管分泌过多的病理生理学。
L M Reid, D D O'Sullivan, K R Bhaskar

Density gradient ultracentrifugation has been used to analyse the lavage from the proximal intrapulmonary bronchi of normal human volunteers and of dogs. The secretion from explants of canine trachea and human lobar bronchi has been examined under basal conditions and after stimulation by secretagogues. Mucus from the hypersecretory airways has been obtained from tracheostomized patients and from a canine model of chronic bronchitis produced by exposure to SO2 gas. No macromolecule of density gradient typical of an epithelial glycoprotein was recovered from normal basal secretions: the glycoconjugate recovered was of higher density and has sugars typical of a proteoglycan. The explant produced typical epithelial glycoprotein if stimulated. As volume of secretion increases, macromolecular yield does also, both of epithelial glycoprotein and of a number of lipids that are synthesised by the airway and which are different from alveolar lipids.

采用密度梯度超离心对正常人和狗肺内近端支气管灌洗液进行了分析。本文研究了犬气管和人大叶支气管外植体在基础条件和促分泌剂刺激下的分泌情况。从气管造口术患者和暴露于SO2气体的慢性支气管炎犬模型中获得了高分泌气道的粘液。从正常的基础分泌物中没有恢复到典型的上皮糖蛋白的密度梯度的大分子:恢复的糖缀合物具有更高的密度,并且具有典型的蛋白聚糖的糖。在刺激下,外植体产生典型的上皮糖蛋白。随着分泌量的增加,上皮糖蛋白和一些由气道合成的脂质(不同于肺泡脂质)的大分子产量也随之增加。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European journal of respiratory diseases. Supplement
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