Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1732203
M. Esposito, Ilaria Lagorio, D. Peroni, A. Bonuccelli, A. Orsini, P. Striano
ABSTRACT Introduction: The large number of different syndromes and seizure types, together with an inter-individual variable response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), makes the treatment of epilepsy challenging. Areas covered: Early infantile Epileptic encephalopathies (EIEE) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders consisting of early-onset refractory seizures often accompanied by important developmental delay or regression. The last two decades have seen major advancement in the diagnosis of epilepsy thanks both to modern neuroimaging but, primarily, to new methods in molecular genetics and gene sequencing. The application of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques has already helped to understand the genetic diversity and underlying pathogenic mechanisms in severe epilepsy of childhood. Furthermore, the use of Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) in parent–offspring trios has also helped to identify de novo mutations in patients with EIEE. Tailored treatments are already applicable in some monogenic epilepsy, but these are a minority of cases. Expert commentary: In our opinion, the future of epilepsy treatment will be multidisciplinary and possibly very different from the currently almost empiric approach and we are confident that a ‘precision medicine’ will be applicable on large scale.
{"title":"Genomic sequencing in severe epilepsy: a step closer to precision medicine","authors":"M. Esposito, Ilaria Lagorio, D. Peroni, A. Bonuccelli, A. Orsini, P. Striano","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1732203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1732203","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: The large number of different syndromes and seizure types, together with an inter-individual variable response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), makes the treatment of epilepsy challenging. Areas covered: Early infantile Epileptic encephalopathies (EIEE) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders consisting of early-onset refractory seizures often accompanied by important developmental delay or regression. The last two decades have seen major advancement in the diagnosis of epilepsy thanks both to modern neuroimaging but, primarily, to new methods in molecular genetics and gene sequencing. The application of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques has already helped to understand the genetic diversity and underlying pathogenic mechanisms in severe epilepsy of childhood. Furthermore, the use of Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) in parent–offspring trios has also helped to identify de novo mutations in patients with EIEE. Tailored treatments are already applicable in some monogenic epilepsy, but these are a minority of cases. Expert commentary: In our opinion, the future of epilepsy treatment will be multidisciplinary and possibly very different from the currently almost empiric approach and we are confident that a ‘precision medicine’ will be applicable on large scale.","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"101 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1732203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43865201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1733407
G. Aurilio, M. Santoni, A. Cimadamore, F. Massari, M. Scarpelli, A. López-Beltran, Liang Cheng, N. Battelli, F. Nolè, R. Montironi
ABSTRACT Introduction: The route to precision medicine in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is still full of challenges for worldwide uro-oncologists. This is mainly related to the high complexity of the genomic landscape of this tumor. Area covered: In this review, we focused on the most recent advances on RCC genomic scenario and its clinical and prognostic implications. In particular, we describe the main gene alterations that occur during RCC development and progression. At this purpose, we extensively analyzed the available literature from Pubmed archives on this field. Expert commentary: Summarizing all available data and taking separately each putative biomarker illustrated, we feel to conclude that there is a certain correlation between the alterations occurring in BAP1, PBMR1, and SETD2 genes and the prognosis of RCC patients. However, apart from this individual analysis, the mutational scenario in RCC seems to be even more intricate. The evolution of RCC will pass through the optimization of emerging laboratory techniques and to a progressive integration of these methodologies within daily clinical practice and in the context of randomized trials.
{"title":"Renal Cell Carcinoma: genomic landscape and clinical implications","authors":"G. Aurilio, M. Santoni, A. Cimadamore, F. Massari, M. Scarpelli, A. López-Beltran, Liang Cheng, N. Battelli, F. Nolè, R. Montironi","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1733407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1733407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: The route to precision medicine in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is still full of challenges for worldwide uro-oncologists. This is mainly related to the high complexity of the genomic landscape of this tumor. Area covered: In this review, we focused on the most recent advances on RCC genomic scenario and its clinical and prognostic implications. In particular, we describe the main gene alterations that occur during RCC development and progression. At this purpose, we extensively analyzed the available literature from Pubmed archives on this field. Expert commentary: Summarizing all available data and taking separately each putative biomarker illustrated, we feel to conclude that there is a certain correlation between the alterations occurring in BAP1, PBMR1, and SETD2 genes and the prognosis of RCC patients. However, apart from this individual analysis, the mutational scenario in RCC seems to be even more intricate. The evolution of RCC will pass through the optimization of emerging laboratory techniques and to a progressive integration of these methodologies within daily clinical practice and in the context of randomized trials.","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"100 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1733407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-20DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1732204
M. Toboni, D. Mutch
ABSTRACT Introduction: Uterine cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy with a high cure rate for early stage disease. Surgical and standard chemotherapy have provided modest results. Precision therapies targeting molecular pathways have recently produced encouraging results. Areas covered: This paper describes molecular pathways including PI3 K/AKT/mTor, VEGF, and angiogenesis, HER2/neu and EGFR, various endocrine therapies (including megace, medroxyprogesterone acetate, tamoxifen, letrozole, and anastrozole) and immune checkpoint inhibitors. An extensive literature search was completed including but not limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, and the studies conducted by the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG), to identify all relevant clinical trials opened to assess clinical benefit in patients with advanced endometrial cancer. Expert commentary: Molecular characterization of tumors provides an opportunity to tailor therapy to individual patients. With continual innovation, eventually real-time changes in treatment regimens can be made for individual patients to treat the ever-changing molecular landscape of the tumor. Immunotherapy remains the most promising treatment for advanced endometrial cancers.
{"title":"The emerging role of precision medicine in the treatment of endometrial cancer","authors":"M. Toboni, D. Mutch","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1732204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1732204","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Uterine cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy with a high cure rate for early stage disease. Surgical and standard chemotherapy have provided modest results. Precision therapies targeting molecular pathways have recently produced encouraging results. Areas covered: This paper describes molecular pathways including PI3 K/AKT/mTor, VEGF, and angiogenesis, HER2/neu and EGFR, various endocrine therapies (including megace, medroxyprogesterone acetate, tamoxifen, letrozole, and anastrozole) and immune checkpoint inhibitors. An extensive literature search was completed including but not limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, and the studies conducted by the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG), to identify all relevant clinical trials opened to assess clinical benefit in patients with advanced endometrial cancer. Expert commentary: Molecular characterization of tumors provides an opportunity to tailor therapy to individual patients. With continual innovation, eventually real-time changes in treatment regimens can be made for individual patients to treat the ever-changing molecular landscape of the tumor. Immunotherapy remains the most promising treatment for advanced endometrial cancers.","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"87 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1732204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46020809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-12DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1727739
M. Randhawa, Robert J. Jones
One of the most important advances in the management of advanced prostate cancer in recent years, has been the utilization of drugs, previously reserved for those with metastatic castration-resista...
{"title":"Can we use disease burden to predict docetaxel activity in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer?","authors":"M. Randhawa, Robert J. Jones","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1727739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1727739","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important advances in the management of advanced prostate cancer in recent years, has been the utilization of drugs, previously reserved for those with metastatic castration-resista...","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"55 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1727739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46354649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1720508
S. Morganti, G. Curigliano
ABSTRACT Introduction: Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent BC subtype, for which estrogen receptor (ER)-signaling blockade still represents the cornerstone of treatments. Nevertheless, almost all HR+ BC patients develop resistance to endocrine therapy, a critical therapeutic unmet need for BC patients. Recent advances in genomic medicine allowed for a more detailed identification and better characterization of the mechanisms underlining endocrine resistance and led to the development of targeted agents potentially able to restore endocrine sensitivity, thus improving disease control and potentially survival. Areas covered: New drugs in the early phase of development for HR-positive metastatic BC (MBC) treatment are here outlined. PI3K/AKT/mTOR, FGFR, and IGFRs are the main pathways addressed, and evidences about HER2 blockade in triple-positive diseases are also reported. New hormonal agents active against estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1)-mutant MBC are presented. A brief mention of biological agents not targeting intracellular signaling hubs, such as histone-deacetylase inhibitors and immunotherapy drugs, is finally provided. Expert opinion: promising results have been reported for the majority of new drugs under development. Despite this, a ‘precision medicine approach’ still has to demonstrate a benefit in this disease. Identification of reliable predictive biomarkers should be a key objective of future researches.
{"title":"Moving beyond endocrine therapy for luminal metastatic breast cancer in the precision medicine era: looking for new targets","authors":"S. Morganti, G. Curigliano","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1720508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1720508","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent BC subtype, for which estrogen receptor (ER)-signaling blockade still represents the cornerstone of treatments. Nevertheless, almost all HR+ BC patients develop resistance to endocrine therapy, a critical therapeutic unmet need for BC patients. Recent advances in genomic medicine allowed for a more detailed identification and better characterization of the mechanisms underlining endocrine resistance and led to the development of targeted agents potentially able to restore endocrine sensitivity, thus improving disease control and potentially survival. Areas covered: New drugs in the early phase of development for HR-positive metastatic BC (MBC) treatment are here outlined. PI3K/AKT/mTOR, FGFR, and IGFRs are the main pathways addressed, and evidences about HER2 blockade in triple-positive diseases are also reported. New hormonal agents active against estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1)-mutant MBC are presented. A brief mention of biological agents not targeting intracellular signaling hubs, such as histone-deacetylase inhibitors and immunotherapy drugs, is finally provided. Expert opinion: promising results have been reported for the majority of new drugs under development. Despite this, a ‘precision medicine approach’ still has to demonstrate a benefit in this disease. Identification of reliable predictive biomarkers should be a key objective of future researches.","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"53 5","pages":"22 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1720508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41296997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1724509
V. Chandran, P. Rahman
ABSTRACT Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous inflammatory arthritis for which effective targeted therapies are now available. However, despite such advances up to 40% of patients fail to meet the primary endpoint in clinical trials. Current approach to therapy does not take it account clinical or molecular heterogeneity and is based on trial-and-error. It is envisioned that choosing therapies based on appropriate molecular biomarker profiles will help choose the appropriate therapy for a patient and as such lead to better treatment outcomes with reduced costs and less exposure to less effective therapies. Areas covered: The paper introduces PsA and briefly describes the clinical phenotype, pathogenesis, and current therapies. Current literature on biomarkers relating to PsA treatment response is reviewed. Limitations of the current approach, potential solutions to issues identified, and a path forward for research and potential clinical application in this area are discussed. Expert opinion: The likelihood that the current siloed approach to biomarker discovery will lead to meaningful clinically actionable tests to facilitate precision medicine in PsA is low. We envision that with collaborative and harmonized effort by all stakeholders using an inter-omic approach will lead to the development of robust predictive biomarkers for PsA treatment response.
{"title":"Predicting therapeutic response through biomarker analysis in psoriatic arthritis, an example of precision medicine","authors":"V. Chandran, P. Rahman","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1724509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1724509","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous inflammatory arthritis for which effective targeted therapies are now available. However, despite such advances up to 40% of patients fail to meet the primary endpoint in clinical trials. Current approach to therapy does not take it account clinical or molecular heterogeneity and is based on trial-and-error. It is envisioned that choosing therapies based on appropriate molecular biomarker profiles will help choose the appropriate therapy for a patient and as such lead to better treatment outcomes with reduced costs and less exposure to less effective therapies. Areas covered: The paper introduces PsA and briefly describes the clinical phenotype, pathogenesis, and current therapies. Current literature on biomarkers relating to PsA treatment response is reviewed. Limitations of the current approach, potential solutions to issues identified, and a path forward for research and potential clinical application in this area are discussed. Expert opinion: The likelihood that the current siloed approach to biomarker discovery will lead to meaningful clinically actionable tests to facilitate precision medicine in PsA is low. We envision that with collaborative and harmonized effort by all stakeholders using an inter-omic approach will lead to the development of robust predictive biomarkers for PsA treatment response.","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"35 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1724509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42580454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1707077
H. Büning, A. Schambach, Michael A. Morgan, Axel Rossi, Helena Wichova, H. Staecker, A. Warnecke, T. Lenarz
ABSTRACT Introduction: Although sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in humans, no approved pharmaceutical interventions are currently available. The progression of inherited as well as acquired forms of hearing loss can be altered by transferring single genes to distinct cell types of the ear inner. The inner ear is an attractive target for gene therapy given its small size and localized anatomic nature, which is accessible through routine surgical approaches. Areas covered: SNHL is the symptom of a diverse group of disorders with specific requirements regarding the timing of therapeutic intervention, the target cell population, the delivery system and, of course, the therapeutic active “substance’. Expert opinion: Despite these challenges, which will be discussed in the following paper, the first human gene therapy clinical trial for an inner ear disease is already initiated, making this the perfect time to translate a great variety of therapeutic approaches from the laboratory into clinical routine.
{"title":"Challenges and advances in translating gene therapy for hearing disorders","authors":"H. Büning, A. Schambach, Michael A. Morgan, Axel Rossi, Helena Wichova, H. Staecker, A. Warnecke, T. Lenarz","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1707077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1707077","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Although sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in humans, no approved pharmaceutical interventions are currently available. The progression of inherited as well as acquired forms of hearing loss can be altered by transferring single genes to distinct cell types of the ear inner. The inner ear is an attractive target for gene therapy given its small size and localized anatomic nature, which is accessible through routine surgical approaches. Areas covered: SNHL is the symptom of a diverse group of disorders with specific requirements regarding the timing of therapeutic intervention, the target cell population, the delivery system and, of course, the therapeutic active “substance’. Expert opinion: Despite these challenges, which will be discussed in the following paper, the first human gene therapy clinical trial for an inner ear disease is already initiated, making this the perfect time to translate a great variety of therapeutic approaches from the laboratory into clinical routine.","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"23 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1707077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43853547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1715794
Amira Abugomaa, M. Elbadawy
Cancer is the main health problem with high morbidity and mortality. The worldwide annual incidence and deaths from cancers are estimated in millions [1,2]. Hence, cancer therapy must be continuously promoted and developed. Cancer study, like in other diseases, highly depends on representative and reliable models. However, the tumor is not uniform, but rather a heterogenic and highly variable and complex than other diseases, rendering its study extremely difficult, expensive [3]. The most common treatment methods for cancers are based on surgery [4], chemotherapy [5], radiotherapy [6], and immunotherapy [7]. The response of cancers to these various treatment strategies differs according to tumor subtype, clinical stage, and associated risk factors and unfortunately fails to limit the progression of cancer in various cases. Even the same tumor of the same organ or tissue differs in response to therapy among patients and the recurrence and metastasis which are associated with high resistance to therapy are main issues [8]. Also, chemotherapy affects the quality of life because of its potential side effects and therefore disfavored by many patients. Therefore, suitable models to expect the treatment response with high precision are of extreme need toward more personalized treatment of patients. Experimental models are assigned to understand the pathobiology, identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer progression and establish novel potent and effective therapies. To date, the available treatment protocols seem inadequate to prevent the resistance to therapy as well as the recurrence and progression of cancer. Therefore, several experimental models of to study cancer development and progression including rats and mice as well as the in vitro culture models of cell line, 2D cell, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) lines, spheroids, 3D organoids, organotypic tissue slice cultures, patient-derived tumor xenografts are developed [9–11] and certainly, they confer valuable tools for preclinical pharmacological assessment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor-initiating cells capable of conserving cellular heterogeneity, self-renewal, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, differentiation to form all kind cells in a given tumor [12] and drive the tumor growth, metastasis and most importantly, the resistance to conventional anticancer agents [13–22]. Therefore, the total eradication of CSCs is crucial for the successful treatment of cancers. Thus, understanding the mechanism of response and resistance of CSCs to therapy and developing personalized therapy is the cornerstone for treatments of cancer in cancer patients. Currently, the selection of the correct tool to use in the laboratory to elucidate the mechanism of CSCs’ resistance to therapy can depend on the question on hand, but also on the resources (and knowledge) available. Among them, organoids constitute the more reasonable method in recapitulating the in vivo microenvironment of the tu
{"title":"Patient-derived organoid analysis of drug resistance in precision medicine: is there a value?","authors":"Amira Abugomaa, M. Elbadawy","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1715794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1715794","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is the main health problem with high morbidity and mortality. The worldwide annual incidence and deaths from cancers are estimated in millions [1,2]. Hence, cancer therapy must be continuously promoted and developed. Cancer study, like in other diseases, highly depends on representative and reliable models. However, the tumor is not uniform, but rather a heterogenic and highly variable and complex than other diseases, rendering its study extremely difficult, expensive [3]. The most common treatment methods for cancers are based on surgery [4], chemotherapy [5], radiotherapy [6], and immunotherapy [7]. The response of cancers to these various treatment strategies differs according to tumor subtype, clinical stage, and associated risk factors and unfortunately fails to limit the progression of cancer in various cases. Even the same tumor of the same organ or tissue differs in response to therapy among patients and the recurrence and metastasis which are associated with high resistance to therapy are main issues [8]. Also, chemotherapy affects the quality of life because of its potential side effects and therefore disfavored by many patients. Therefore, suitable models to expect the treatment response with high precision are of extreme need toward more personalized treatment of patients. Experimental models are assigned to understand the pathobiology, identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer progression and establish novel potent and effective therapies. To date, the available treatment protocols seem inadequate to prevent the resistance to therapy as well as the recurrence and progression of cancer. Therefore, several experimental models of to study cancer development and progression including rats and mice as well as the in vitro culture models of cell line, 2D cell, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) lines, spheroids, 3D organoids, organotypic tissue slice cultures, patient-derived tumor xenografts are developed [9–11] and certainly, they confer valuable tools for preclinical pharmacological assessment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor-initiating cells capable of conserving cellular heterogeneity, self-renewal, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, differentiation to form all kind cells in a given tumor [12] and drive the tumor growth, metastasis and most importantly, the resistance to conventional anticancer agents [13–22]. Therefore, the total eradication of CSCs is crucial for the successful treatment of cancers. Thus, understanding the mechanism of response and resistance of CSCs to therapy and developing personalized therapy is the cornerstone for treatments of cancer in cancer patients. Currently, the selection of the correct tool to use in the laboratory to elucidate the mechanism of CSCs’ resistance to therapy can depend on the question on hand, but also on the resources (and knowledge) available. Among them, organoids constitute the more reasonable method in recapitulating the in vivo microenvironment of the tu","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1715794","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44336799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The Ca2+release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel, composed of Orai and STIM proteins, represents one of the main routes of Ca2+ entry in most non-excitable cells. There is accumulating evidence to suggest that CRAC channel can influence various processes associated with tumorigenesis. Overexpression of CRAC channel proteins has been observed in several types of cancer tissues and cells, indicating that blocking CRAC channel activated Ca2+ influx can have therapeutic benefits for cancer patients.
Areas covered: In this review, we have primarily focused on the molecular composition and activation mechanism of CRAC channel as well as the myriad roles this Ca2+ channel play in various cancers. We further describe relevant information about several efforts aimed at developing CRAC channel blockers and their likely implications for cancer therapy. We have extensively utilized the available literature on PubMed to this end.
Expert opinion: The possibility of targeting CRAC channel mediated Ca2+ entry in cancer cells has generated considerable interest in recent years. Use of CRAC channel blockers in cancer preclinical studies and clinical trials has been relatively limited as compared to other diseases. The future lies in developing and testing more potent and selective drugs that target cancer cell specific CRAC channel proteins, hence opening better avenues for cancer therapeutic development.
{"title":"Roles of CRAC channel in cancer: implications for therapeutic development.","authors":"Husain Yar Khan, Iqra Mazahir, Shriya Reddy, Farzeen Fazili, AsfarSohail Azmi","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1803062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1803062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Ca2+release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel, composed of Orai and STIM proteins, represents one of the main routes of Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry in most non-excitable cells. There is accumulating evidence to suggest that CRAC channel can influence various processes associated with tumorigenesis. Overexpression of CRAC channel proteins has been observed in several types of cancer tissues and cells, indicating that blocking CRAC channel activated Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx can have therapeutic benefits for cancer patients.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>In this review, we have primarily focused on the molecular composition and activation mechanism of CRAC channel as well as the myriad roles this Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel play in various cancers. We further describe relevant information about several efforts aimed at developing CRAC channel blockers and their likely implications for cancer therapy. We have extensively utilized the available literature on PubMed to this end.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The possibility of targeting CRAC channel mediated Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry in cancer cells has generated considerable interest in recent years. Use of CRAC channel blockers in cancer preclinical studies and clinical trials has been relatively limited as compared to other diseases. The future lies in developing and testing more potent and selective drugs that target cancer cell specific CRAC channel proteins, hence opening better avenues for cancer therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 5","pages":"371-382"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1803062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25485856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1732205
Matthew Ho, Giada Bianchi, Kenneth C Anderson
Introduction: Remarkable progress in molecular characterization methods has led to significant improvements in how we manage multiple myeloma (MM). The introduction of novel therapies has led to significant improvements in overall survival over the past 10 years. However, MM remains incurable and treatment choice is largely based on outdated risk-adaptive strategies that do not factor in improved treatment outcomes in the context of modern therapies.
Areas covered: This review discusses current risk-adaptive strategies in MM and the clinical application of proteomics in the monitoring of treatment response, disease progression, and minimal residual disease (MRD). We also discuss promising biomarkers of disease progression, treatment response, and chemoresistance. Finally, we will discuss an immunomics-based approach to monoclonal antibody (mAb), vaccine, and CAR-T cell development.
Expert opinion: It is an exciting era in oncology with basic scientific knowledge translating in novel therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes. With the advent of effective immunotherapies and targeted therapies, it has become crucial to identify biomarkers to aid in the stratification of patients based on anticipated sensitivity to chemotherapy. As a paradigm of diseases highly dependent on protein homeostasis, multiple myeloma provides the perfect opportunity to investigate the use of proteomics to aid in precision medicine.
{"title":"Proteomics-inspired precision medicine for treating and understanding multiple myeloma.","authors":"Matthew Ho, Giada Bianchi, Kenneth C Anderson","doi":"10.1080/23808993.2020.1732205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2020.1732205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Remarkable progress in molecular characterization methods has led to significant improvements in how we manage multiple myeloma (MM). The introduction of novel therapies has led to significant improvements in overall survival over the past 10 years. However, MM remains incurable and treatment choice is largely based on outdated risk-adaptive strategies that do not factor in improved treatment outcomes in the context of modern therapies.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review discusses current risk-adaptive strategies in MM and the clinical application of proteomics in the monitoring of treatment response, disease progression, and minimal residual disease (MRD). We also discuss promising biomarkers of disease progression, treatment response, and chemoresistance. Finally, we will discuss an immunomics-based approach to monoclonal antibody (mAb), vaccine, and CAR-T cell development.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>It is an exciting era in oncology with basic scientific knowledge translating in novel therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes. With the advent of effective immunotherapies and targeted therapies, it has become crucial to identify biomarkers to aid in the stratification of patients based on anticipated sensitivity to chemotherapy. As a paradigm of diseases highly dependent on protein homeostasis, multiple myeloma provides the perfect opportunity to investigate the use of proteomics to aid in precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":12124,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development","volume":"5 2","pages":"67-85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23808993.2020.1732205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39330829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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