Food industry is the place to convert raw edible materials to processed foods. Processing foods involves standardization, removal of unnecessary components, addition of essential components, thermal treatments etc. Membrane processes help enhancing the food primely in terms of keeping quality, nutritional value, component recovery and by-products utilization. Feed is given to the membrane system while retentate and permeate are obtained. Components of food can be separated according to size, charge and other characteristics using various membrane processes. The major ones are Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration and Microfiltration which are done either single or in combination of more than one process and also in addition with processes such as electrodialysis and vacuum membrane distillation. These processes act as step(s) in the operating procedure of a food or as an alternative method to process the same food with better quality.
{"title":"Applications of Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration, and Microfiltration in Dairy and Food Industry","authors":"Jasper Shekin J","doi":"10.21467/exr.1.1.4468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/exr.1.1.4468","url":null,"abstract":"Food industry is the place to convert raw edible materials to processed foods. Processing foods involves standardization, removal of unnecessary components, addition of essential components, thermal treatments etc. Membrane processes help enhancing the food primely in terms of keeping quality, nutritional value, component recovery and by-products utilization. Feed is given to the membrane system while retentate and permeate are obtained. Components of food can be separated according to size, charge and other characteristics using various membrane processes. The major ones are Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration and Microfiltration which are done either single or in combination of more than one process and also in addition with processes such as electrodialysis and vacuum membrane distillation. These processes act as step(s) in the operating procedure of a food or as an alternative method to process the same food with better quality.","PeriodicalId":12196,"journal":{"name":"Extensive Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83964263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cassava is a vital crop to the food security of millions of people worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Because the crop produced a reasonable yield on marginal soils, it could help relieve global hunger. As a result, increasing cassava output and its quality attributes are significant. However, the low multiplication rate of this main crop has resulted in the delayed dissemination of improved varieties among farmers. As a result, tissue culture techniques may be a feasible solution for overcoming these challenges. Cassava in vitro propagation had done using either the shoots multiplication technique or somatic embryogenesis. However, the shoot multiplication approach is preferable since it retains clonal fidelity. Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis entailed the use of numerous basal media containing various plant growth hormones. Several studies found that each type of cassava clone required a unique protocol to achieve optimal shoot initiation, shoot multiplication, root induction, and elongation. This review describes recent research on cassava micropropagation that makes use of a variety of experimental systems. While each of these systems focuses on a different aspect of technique, they can be significant in understanding the in vitro production of cassava planting material.
{"title":"Micropropagation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz): Review","authors":"A. Feyisa","doi":"10.21467/exr.1.1.4486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/exr.1.1.4486","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava is a vital crop to the food security of millions of people worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Because the crop produced a reasonable yield on marginal soils, it could help relieve global hunger. As a result, increasing cassava output and its quality attributes are significant. However, the low multiplication rate of this main crop has resulted in the delayed dissemination of improved varieties among farmers. As a result, tissue culture techniques may be a feasible solution for overcoming these challenges. Cassava in vitro propagation had done using either the shoots multiplication technique or somatic embryogenesis. However, the shoot multiplication approach is preferable since it retains clonal fidelity. Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis entailed the use of numerous basal media containing various plant growth hormones. Several studies found that each type of cassava clone required a unique protocol to achieve optimal shoot initiation, shoot multiplication, root induction, and elongation. This review describes recent research on cassava micropropagation that makes use of a variety of experimental systems. While each of these systems focuses on a different aspect of technique, they can be significant in understanding the in vitro production of cassava planting material.","PeriodicalId":12196,"journal":{"name":"Extensive Reviews","volume":"56 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87715289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Access to a doctor, nurse, or a midwife during childbirth is key to the global effort to reduce maternal mortality ratios. Ghana has recorded significant improvements in maternal care over the past three decades. However, despite many policies aimed at improving health care for pregnant women such as the free maternal care policy, many Ghanaian women still deliver without a skilled birth attendant present. This systematic review, therefore, sought to identify the various factors affecting utilisation of skilled birth attendance in Ghana. Methods: PubMed Central, African Journals Online (AJOL), CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCO), and Science Direct were searched for studies from January 2010 to December 2020. A broad range of search terms was used. Studies included had diverse designs, were conducted among Ghanaian pregnant women, and had skilled delivery as an outcome of interest. The quality of studies was assessed. Due to the diversity of types of studies included in this systematic review (including qualitative, descriptive, and evaluative studies that ranged from simple bivariate analyses to complex multivariate modelling), a meta-analysis was neither possible nor appropriate. We, therefore, conducted a narrative synthesis of the search findings. Results: Twenty-four (24) studies met our inclusion criteria for this review. Included studies comprised sixteen (16) cross-sectional studies and eight (8) qualitative studies. The sample size of the included studies cumulatively was 86,998 participants. The emerging themes were: health system factors (10); maternal and family factors (5); and sociodemographic factors (9). Conclusion: In general, health system factors; maternal and family factors; and sociodemographic factors were found to influence skilled delivery services in Ghana. Therefore, in order to ensure that there is a skilled birth attendant present at every birth, efforts should aim at addressing social and cultural factors which have been identified as key determinants to utilisation of skilled delivery in Ghana.
背景:在分娩期间获得医生、护士或助产士的帮助是降低孕产妇死亡率的全球努力的关键。在过去三十年中，加纳在孕产妇保健方面取得了重大进展。然而，尽管有许多旨在改善孕妇保健的政策，如免费产妇保健政策，许多加纳妇女仍然在没有熟练助产士在场的情况下分娩。因此，本系统综述旨在确定影响加纳熟练助产服务利用的各种因素。方法:检索2010年1月至2020年12月的PubMed Central、African Journals Online (AJOL)、CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCO)和Science Direct。使用了广泛的搜索词。研究包括多种设计，在加纳孕妇中进行，并将熟练分娩作为感兴趣的结果。评估研究的质量。由于本系统综述中纳入的研究类型的多样性(包括定性、描述性和评价性研究，从简单的双变量分析到复杂的多变量建模)，荟萃分析既不可能也不合适。因此，我们对搜索结果进行了叙述综合。结果:24(24)项研究符合我们的纳入标准。纳入的研究包括16项横断面研究和8项定性研究。纳入研究的样本量累计为86,998名参与者。新出现的主题是:卫生系统因素(10);母亲和家庭因素(5);结论:总体而言，卫生系统因素;母亲和家庭因素;发现社会人口因素影响加纳的熟练接生服务。因此，为了确保每次分娩都有熟练的助产士在场，应努力解决社会和文化因素，这些因素已被确定为加纳利用熟练分娩的关键决定因素。
{"title":"Utilisation of Skilled Delivery in Ghana: A Systematic Review","authors":"Alex Darteh Afrifa, J. Prah, K. S. Nkrumah","doi":"10.21467/exr.1.1.4426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/exr.1.1.4426","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Access to a doctor, nurse, or a midwife during childbirth is key to the global effort to reduce maternal mortality ratios. Ghana has recorded significant improvements in maternal care over the past three decades. However, despite many policies aimed at improving health care for pregnant women such as the free maternal care policy, many Ghanaian women still deliver without a skilled birth attendant present. This systematic review, therefore, sought to identify the various factors affecting utilisation of skilled birth attendance in Ghana.\u0000Methods: PubMed Central, African Journals Online (AJOL), CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCO), and Science Direct were searched for studies from January 2010 to December 2020. A broad range of search terms was used. Studies included had diverse designs, were conducted among Ghanaian pregnant women, and had skilled delivery as an outcome of interest. The quality of studies was assessed. Due to the diversity of types of studies included in this systematic review (including qualitative, descriptive, and evaluative studies that ranged from simple bivariate analyses to complex multivariate modelling), a meta-analysis was neither possible nor appropriate. We, therefore, conducted a narrative synthesis of the search findings.\u0000Results: Twenty-four (24) studies met our inclusion criteria for this review. Included studies comprised sixteen (16) cross-sectional studies and eight (8) qualitative studies. The sample size of the included studies cumulatively was 86,998 participants. The emerging themes were: health system factors (10); maternal and family factors (5); and sociodemographic factors (9).\u0000Conclusion: In general, health system factors; maternal and family factors; and sociodemographic factors were found to influence skilled delivery services in Ghana. Therefore, in order to ensure that there is a skilled birth attendant present at every birth, efforts should aim at addressing social and cultural factors which have been identified as key determinants to utilisation of skilled delivery in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":12196,"journal":{"name":"Extensive Reviews","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77398074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this evaluation is to offer instructive practice on how to improve researcher agency. Indicated are how the literature review is an investigative process providing context to research studies and overall scholarship. Further, practical connection exhibits how exceptional research skills improve the body of information, structure, and quality needed to investigate global issues. Researchers provide a comprehensive analysis of phenomena to convey conceptual, theoretical, and empirical analysis of studies. Further, substantive feedback from collaborative research teams allows for corroboration and a refined final product. Likewise, the content of a research study must align to reflect objectivity and continuity. Conclusively, researchers must employ a regimented and ethical process to refine conceptual, theoretical, empirical, or grey literature studies to provide focus, clarity, and organization.
{"title":"An Examination of Research Agency and its Practical Applications","authors":"Abeni El-Amin","doi":"10.21467/exr.1.1.4263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/exr.1.1.4263","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this evaluation is to offer instructive practice on how to improve researcher agency. Indicated are how the literature review is an investigative process providing context to research studies and overall scholarship. Further, practical connection exhibits how exceptional research skills improve the body of information, structure, and quality needed to investigate global issues. Researchers provide a comprehensive analysis of phenomena to convey conceptual, theoretical, and empirical analysis of studies. Further, substantive feedback from collaborative research teams allows for corroboration and a refined final product. Likewise, the content of a research study must align to reflect objectivity and continuity. Conclusively, researchers must employ a regimented and ethical process to refine conceptual, theoretical, empirical, or grey literature studies to provide focus, clarity, and organization.","PeriodicalId":12196,"journal":{"name":"Extensive Reviews","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78378343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The "most favoured nation" principle is the cornerstone of the modern international trading system. Each state is obliged to reflect the benefits it offers a nation over other WTO adherents as well. This system, however, although it proved effective until the last century for the creation of an international free trade system, today has lost its capabilities, mainly degraded by “private” international agreements between nations, such as RTA, FTA, PTA and REIO, who have torn apart the principle and created groups of nations, each with their own personal advantages which are bestowed only on the nations adhering to the agreement. The following sections aim to give a description of this phenomenon and its evolutions up to modern times, through an analysis of the various exceptionality of the "most favored nation" principle, of the situation of modern free trade agreements, and of the effects both for national legislations and markets, in order to be able to understand what are the conditions facing the global market today and, above all, if the principle of "non-discrimination" is still a cornerstone in the trade relations in the MFN.
{"title":"Principle of Most Favoured Nation: Description, Modern Evolution, and Analysis of the Exceptionality of the Principle in A Contemporary World","authors":"Frans Lavdari","doi":"10.21467/exr.1.1.4296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/exr.1.1.4296","url":null,"abstract":"The \"most favoured nation\" principle is the cornerstone of the modern international trading system. Each state is obliged to reflect the benefits it offers a nation over other WTO adherents as well. This system, however, although it proved effective until the last century for the creation of an international free trade system, today has lost its capabilities, mainly degraded by “private” international agreements between nations, such as RTA, FTA, PTA and REIO, who have torn apart the principle and created groups of nations, each with their own personal advantages which are bestowed only on the nations adhering to the agreement. The following sections aim to give a description of this phenomenon and its evolutions up to modern times, through an analysis of the various exceptionality of the \"most favored nation\" principle, of the situation of modern free trade agreements, and of the effects both for national legislations and markets, in order to be able to understand what are the conditions facing the global market today and, above all, if the principle of \"non-discrimination\" is still a cornerstone in the trade relations in the MFN.","PeriodicalId":12196,"journal":{"name":"Extensive Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74980259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growing number of scholarly publications around the world, it is becoming more and more difficult to keep up to date with all of it. To address this issue, authors often write an insightful review article on the recent developments within their research field based on the critical review of already published original research articles. Review articles are papers that compile, summarize, critique, and synthesize the available research information on a topic. Reviews can serve as a basis for knowledge development, create guidelines for policy and practice, provide evidence of an application, highlight research gap, and if well conducted, have the capacity to engender new ideas and serve as the grounds for future research directions. To be concise, extensive review articles play an important role as a foundation for all types of research & its application. In this editorial, I will highlight the importance of review articles along with expectations from the author who intends to submit their insightful reviews to this journal “Extensive Reviews”. I encourage research scholars to write insightful and extensive review articles as a service to the scientific community and to enhance their own knowledge.
{"title":"The Importance of Review Articles & its Prospects in Scholarly Literature","authors":"Adam A Bahishti","doi":"10.21467/exr.1.1.4293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/exr.1.1.4293","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing number of scholarly publications around the world, it is becoming more and more difficult to keep up to date with all of it. To address this issue, authors often write an insightful review article on the recent developments within their research field based on the critical review of already published original research articles. Review articles are papers that compile, summarize, critique, and synthesize the available research information on a topic. Reviews can serve as a basis for knowledge development, create guidelines for policy and practice, provide evidence of an application, highlight research gap, and if well conducted, have the capacity to engender new ideas and serve as the grounds for future research directions. To be concise, extensive review articles play an important role as a foundation for all types of research & its application. In this editorial, I will highlight the importance of review articles along with expectations from the author who intends to submit their insightful reviews to this journal “Extensive Reviews”. I encourage research scholars to write insightful and extensive review articles as a service to the scientific community and to enhance their own knowledge.","PeriodicalId":12196,"journal":{"name":"Extensive Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74771940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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