Pub Date : 2021-11-28DOI: 10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-01
Olexander Monych
The administrative activities of the bishop-nominee Ivan Joseph Godermarsky (1706–1716) is quite fully covered in the domestic historical literature. However, due to the lack of sources from local State Archives in Transcarpathian region presented in these publications– the topic remains open for further, scrupulous research. The aim of the research is to reconstruct church-administrative activities of Mukachevo «quasi»-bishop Ivan Joseph Godermarsky after discovery of the materials of the State Archives in Transcarpathian region. The methodological basis of the study are the principles of heuristics, interdisciplinary and documentary analysis, historicism, objectivity and synthesis. The principle of heuristics makes it possible to introduce the discovered documents into the scientific circulation, thanks to which the constant knowledge about the activities of the «quasi»-bishop Godermarsky is significantly expanded. The interdisciplinary approach considerably enriches the narrow framework of the bishop's church-administrative service and offers a more objective description of the bishop's activities. The principle of historicism makes it possible to reproduce the chronology and certain aspects of the bishop's rule in the context of church-political relations in the region. The objectivity of the research is expressed in unbiased coverage of the bishop's activities. Scientific analysis and synthesis allow us to determine the place and role of the bishop-nominee in the history of the development of Mukachevo Greek-Catholic Eparchy in the first quarter of the 18th century. Scientific novelty of the research. Today, more and more often, permanent knowledge about the formation and development of both Mukachevo Greek Catholic and Máramaros Orthodox Eparchies is updated with new documents and relevant research. The proposed research primarily introduces new sources into the scientific circulation, which significantly supplement the historical past of the ecclesiastical Transcarpathia with new data. Secondly, the research presents separate documents released from the field of view of the predecessors, the introduction of which to the scientific world today corrects permanent conclusions and allows to expand the thematic range of research related to the activities of Mukachevo and Máramaros Episcopates in the first half of the 18th century. The practical significance of the obtained results will contribute to a comprehensive study of both the ecclesiastical past of the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches in Transcarpathia in the 18th century, as well as a comprehensive study of the ecclesiastical history of Ukraine in general. Conclusions. The activities of the «quasi»-bishop Ivan Joseph Godermarsky vividly demonstrate another «black day» in the post-Union development of Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy. During his reign, the bishop-nominee, due to personal ambitions, brought more problems to the eparchy than benefits that would contribute to the fo
国内历史文献对主教提名人葛德玛斯基(Ivan Joseph Godermarsky, 1706-1716)的行政活动进行了较为全面的论述。然而，由于这些出版物中缺乏来自跨喀尔巴阡地区当地国家档案馆的资料，该主题仍有待进一步细致的研究。研究的目的是重建穆卡切沃“准”主教伊万·约瑟夫·哥德马斯基在发现喀尔巴阡山脉地区国家档案馆的资料后的教会行政活动。本研究的方法论基础是启发式原则、跨学科和文献分析原则、历史主义原则、客观性原则和综合原则。启发式原理使得将发现的文件引入科学流通成为可能，由于这一点，关于“准”主教哥德马斯基活动的持续知识得到了显着扩展。跨学科的方法大大丰富了主教的教会管理服务的狭隘框架，并提供了一个更客观的描述主教的活动。历史决定论的原则使得在该地区教会与政治关系的背景下再现主教统治的年表和某些方面成为可能。研究的客观性体现在对主教活动的公正报道中。科学的分析和综合使我们能够确定主教提名人在18世纪前25年穆卡切沃希腊天主教教区发展史上的地位和作用。科学研究的新颖性。今天，关于穆卡切沃希腊天主教和Máramaros东正教教区的形成和发展的永久知识越来越多地被新的文件和相关研究所更新。本研究主要为科学界提供了新的资料来源，为教会在喀尔巴阡山脉的历史研究提供了新的资料。其次，该研究提供了前人观点领域中发布的单独文件，将其引入今天的科学界纠正了永久性结论，并允许扩大与18世纪上半叶穆卡切沃和Máramaros主教活动相关的研究主题范围。所得结果的实际意义将有助于全面研究18世纪外喀尔巴阡山脉东正教和希腊天主教会的教会历史，以及全面研究乌克兰的一般教会历史。“准”主教Ivan Joseph Godermarsky的活动生动地展示了穆卡切沃希腊天主教教区后联盟发展的另一个“黑色日子”。在他的统治期间，由于个人野心，主教提名人给教区带来的问题比有助于形成教会单位的利益更多。与此同时，他的教会管理活动促进了教区联盟的传播，并将乌戈昌斯基县和Máramaros县的东正教教区纳入管辖范围。
{"title":"Church-administrative activities of Mukachevo «quasi»-bishop Ivan Joseph Godermarsky by the documents of State Archives in Transcarpathian Region","authors":"Olexander Monych","doi":"10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-01","url":null,"abstract":"The administrative activities of the bishop-nominee Ivan Joseph Godermarsky (1706–1716) is quite fully covered in the domestic historical literature. However, due to the lack of sources from local State Archives in Transcarpathian region presented in these publications– the topic remains open for further, scrupulous research.\u0000\u0000The aim of the research is to reconstruct church-administrative activities of Mukachevo «quasi»-bishop Ivan Joseph Godermarsky after discovery of the materials of the State Archives in Transcarpathian region.\u0000\u0000The methodological basis of the study are the principles of heuristics, interdisciplinary and documentary analysis, historicism, objectivity and synthesis. The principle of heuristics makes it possible to introduce the discovered documents into the scientific circulation, thanks to which the constant knowledge about the activities of the «quasi»-bishop Godermarsky is significantly expanded. The interdisciplinary approach considerably enriches the narrow framework of the bishop's church-administrative service and offers a more objective description of the bishop's activities. The principle of historicism makes it possible to reproduce the chronology and certain aspects of the bishop's rule in the context of church-political relations in the region. The objectivity of the research is expressed in unbiased coverage of the bishop's activities. Scientific analysis and synthesis allow us to determine the place and role of the bishop-nominee in the history of the development of Mukachevo Greek-Catholic Eparchy in the first quarter of the 18th century.\u0000\u0000Scientific novelty of the research. Today, more and more often, permanent knowledge about the formation and development of both Mukachevo Greek Catholic and Máramaros Orthodox Eparchies is updated with new documents and relevant research. The proposed research primarily introduces new sources into the scientific circulation, which significantly supplement the historical past of the ecclesiastical Transcarpathia with new data. Secondly, the research presents separate documents released from the field of view of the predecessors, the introduction of which to the scientific world today corrects permanent conclusions and allows to expand the thematic range of research related to the activities of Mukachevo and Máramaros Episcopates in the first half of the 18th century. The practical significance of the obtained results will contribute to a comprehensive study of both the ecclesiastical past of the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches in Transcarpathia in the 18th century, as well as a comprehensive study of the ecclesiastical history of Ukraine in general.\u0000\u0000Conclusions. The activities of the «quasi»-bishop Ivan Joseph Godermarsky vividly demonstrate another «black day» in the post-Union development of Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy. During his reign, the bishop-nominee, due to personal ambitions, brought more problems to the eparchy than benefits that would contribute to the fo","PeriodicalId":12328,"journal":{"name":"Februar 33","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86154015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-28DOI: 10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-03
Olexander Voronyansky, N. Bondar
Research aim. The article aims to investigate the measures of the government of the Russian Empire in the field of land relations in the Kuban region, which were aimed at the elimination of the traditional Cossack land system for the natives of the Zaporizhian Military Region. Research methodology. After the peasant reform of 1861, the state's attack on the traditional Cossack land structure intensified significantly. The scientific hypothesis that in fact the process of "decolonization" in the Kuban was determined by this policy and began as early as the middle of the 19th century was confirmed. In fact, the Russian government pursued a policy of successive liquidation of the land privileges of the Cossacks. As a result, sharp contradictions were constantly growing in the field of land relations, which split the Cossack community into antagonistic social groups. Scientific novelty.For the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the main steps of the government of the Russian Empire in the field of land relations regulation in the Kuban region in the second half of the 19th - at the beginning of the 20th century were considered. It is shown that this policy was aimed at the gradual systematic liquidation of the traditional Cossack land system for the natives of the Zaporozhye Military Region as the collective land property of the Cossack army. Conclusions. In the period under review, the policy of the tsarist government of Russia in the field of land relations in the Kuban was actually aimed at eliminating the land privileges of the Cossacks, which were the basis of the Cossack way of life and supported the relative social stability of the Cossack community. In fact, it can be defined as "telling". The reforms of the 1860s and 1870s brought the Cossacks on an equal footing with the civilian population in matters of land use. At the same time, public land funds were reduced, the allotments of ordinary Cossacks decreased, which led to the deterioration of the economic base of the Cossack army. Against the background of the rapid concentration of land resources in the ownership of the upper layer of the non-urban rural bourgeoisie, the majority of the Cossacks never received land as private ownership and continued to use it as communal members. And although the Kuban Cossacks' relatively good supply of land allowed most of them to remain above the poverty line at the time, state policy in the field of land relations contributed to the rapid accumulation of sharp contradictions that split the Cossack community into antagonistic social groups. The results of this split clearly manifested themselves during the civil war in Russia, when most of the ordinary Cossacks did not support either the tsarist government, the White Movement, or the attempts of the Kuban Cossack leadership to create an independent Kuban Cossack Republic based on traditional Cossack law.
{"title":"State regulation of land relations in the Kuban Cossack army in the middle of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century","authors":"Olexander Voronyansky, N. Bondar","doi":"10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-03","url":null,"abstract":"Research aim. The article aims to investigate the measures of the government of the Russian Empire in the field of land relations in the Kuban region, which were aimed at the elimination of the traditional Cossack land system for the natives of the Zaporizhian Military Region.\u0000\u0000Research methodology. After the peasant reform of 1861, the state's attack on the traditional Cossack land structure intensified significantly. The scientific hypothesis that in fact the process of \"decolonization\" in the Kuban was determined by this policy and began as early as the middle of the 19th century was confirmed. In fact, the Russian government pursued a policy of successive liquidation of the land privileges of the Cossacks. As a result, sharp contradictions were constantly growing in the field of land relations, which split the Cossack community into antagonistic social groups.\u0000\u0000Scientific novelty.For the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the main steps of the government of the Russian Empire in the field of land relations regulation in the Kuban region in the second half of the 19th - at the beginning of the 20th century were considered. It is shown that this policy was aimed at the gradual systematic liquidation of the traditional Cossack land system for the natives of the Zaporozhye Military Region as the collective land property of the Cossack army.\u0000\u0000Conclusions. In the period under review, the policy of the tsarist government of Russia in the field of land relations in the Kuban was actually aimed at eliminating the land privileges of the Cossacks, which were the basis of the Cossack way of life and supported the relative social stability of the Cossack community. In fact, it can be defined as \"telling\". The reforms of the 1860s and 1870s brought the Cossacks on an equal footing with the civilian population in matters of land use. At the same time, public land funds were reduced, the allotments of ordinary Cossacks decreased, which led to the deterioration of the economic base of the Cossack army.\u0000\u0000Against the background of the rapid concentration of land resources in the ownership of the upper layer of the non-urban rural bourgeoisie, the majority of the Cossacks never received land as private ownership and continued to use it as communal members. And although the Kuban Cossacks' relatively good supply of land allowed most of them to remain above the poverty line at the time, state policy in the field of land relations contributed to the rapid accumulation of sharp contradictions that split the Cossack community into antagonistic social groups.\u0000\u0000The results of this split clearly manifested themselves during the civil war in Russia, when most of the ordinary Cossacks did not support either the tsarist government, the White Movement, or the attempts of the Kuban Cossack leadership to create an independent Kuban Cossack Republic based on traditional Cossack law.","PeriodicalId":12328,"journal":{"name":"Februar 33","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81875633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-28DOI: 10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-02
V. Pototsky
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the history of the emergence and spread of a religious sect in the village of Komisarivka of the Upper Dnipro district of the Katerynoslav province and to try to establish its religious affiliation based on characteristic features. Research methodology. The methodological basis of the article is formed by the principles of historicism and objectivity, implemented by using several methods: general logical (analysis and synthesis), as well as classification, comparative, and periodization methods. Scientific novelty. For the first time in domestic historiography, the microhistory of a separate religious community that arose in a rural province in the south of Ukraine at the end of the 19th century became the subject of a special scientific study. On the basis of missionary reports and reports of secular publicists, the role of the founders of the sect was considered, the circle of connections with related organizations was analyzed as well as peculiarities of the behavior of its members. Conclusions. It was found out that the first preachers brought new teachings to their native Komisarivka from the Kherson province or from the North Caucasus region. The sect they created was very similar in character to the Khlysts sect. Its initial history is closely related to Stundism, however, certain features of the ceremonies strongly resembled the Khlysts’ ones. The sectarian community in the village of Komisarivka was an interesting symbiosis of Protestantism with popular mysticism, which was quite common among religious dissidents of the Katerynoslav province. However, this community was not part of any more extensive community and throughout its existence remained a completely autonomous unit. The attitude of dignitaries of the Russian Orthodox Church and representatives of secular authorities towards the new religious organization was extremely negative. Various means of pressure were used against the sectarians. Despite this, the informal religious group in the village of Komisarivka for a long time remained one of the largest in the Upper Dnipro district. Key words: Katerynoslav province, Komisarivka, late 19th century, interfaith relations,
{"title":"The problem of identification of religious sects in the Ukrainian province (on the example of the village of Komisarivka, Katerynoslav province)","authors":"V. Pototsky","doi":"10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-02","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the history of the emergence and spread of a religious sect in the village of Komisarivka of the Upper Dnipro district of the Katerynoslav province and to try to establish its religious affiliation based on characteristic features.\u0000\u0000Research methodology. The methodological basis of the article is formed by the principles of historicism and objectivity, implemented by using several methods: general logical (analysis and synthesis), as well as classification, comparative, and periodization methods.\u0000\u0000Scientific novelty. For the first time in domestic historiography, the microhistory of a separate religious community that arose in a rural province in the south of Ukraine at the end of the 19th century became the subject of a special scientific study. On the basis of missionary reports and reports of secular publicists, the role of the founders of the sect was considered, the circle of connections with related organizations was analyzed as well as peculiarities of the behavior of its members.\u0000\u0000Conclusions. It was found out that the first preachers brought new teachings to their native Komisarivka from the Kherson province or from the North Caucasus region. The sect they created was very similar in character to the Khlysts sect. Its initial history is closely related to Stundism, however, certain features of the ceremonies strongly resembled the Khlysts’ ones. The sectarian community in the village of Komisarivka was an interesting symbiosis of Protestantism with popular mysticism, which was quite common among religious dissidents of the Katerynoslav province. However, this community was not part of any more extensive community and throughout its existence remained a completely autonomous unit.\u0000\u0000The attitude of dignitaries of the Russian Orthodox Church and representatives of secular authorities towards the new religious organization was extremely negative. Various means of pressure were used against the sectarians. Despite this, the informal religious group in the village of Komisarivka for a long time remained one of the largest in the Upper Dnipro district.\u0000\u0000Key words: Katerynoslav province, Komisarivka, late 19th century, interfaith relations,","PeriodicalId":12328,"journal":{"name":"Februar 33","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82185335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-28DOI: 10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-05
A. Dmytrenko
The formation of the National List of Elements of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine requires a detailed study and popularization of ethnocultural features of the objects included in it, in particular Polissia beekeeping, the traditions of which date back to the times of Kyiv Rus. Beekeeping has accumulated a rich production experience, worldview, folk knowledge, specific tools and devices that play an important role in the system of monuments of Ukraine, in the construction of museum exhibitions. The purpose of the article is to highlight the production experience of beekeepers based on field expedition materials collected in different areas of the Right Bank of Ukrainian Polissia, in particular to clarify the calendar markers of «watching the bees», which is the result of annual work of beekeepers. The realization of the formulated goal involves solving the following tasks: highlighting the essence of the concept of «watching the bees»; disclosure of terms of selection of honey from boards and log beehives and their change in modern conditions; identification of the main markers of bee sighting, related to the holiday-ritual and agricultural calendar, the development of honeybees and the stages of life of bees. The object of research is beekeeping – as a form of forest and domestic beekeeping. The subject of the research is the calendar regulation and methods of selecting honey from the sides and log hives. The methodological basis of the study were the principles of historicity, objectivity, system, complexity; monument, museum and historical research methods (analysis and synthesis, typological, comparative-historical). The ethnological method of research is used – collection of field materials according to the author's program-questionnaire; information was collected using the cluster method of research. Field materials are given, which illustrate the main provisions of the article. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in the Ukrainian monumental, museum and ethnological literature the ethnocultural features of the beekeeping custom of «watching the bees» and its calendar regulation are covered. Used field materials collected by the author in different villages of the Right Bank Ukrainian Polissia are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in the Ukrainian monumental, museum and ethnological literature the ethnocultural features of the beekeeping custom of «watching the bees» and its calendar regulation are covered. Used field materials collected by the author in different villages of the Right Bank Ukrainian Polissia are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In conclusion, the article notes that the «watching the bees» is based on customary ritual norms, folk knowledge and worldviews associated with the final stage of the annual work of the beekeeper – collecting honey. It is noted that the calen
{"title":"Beekeeping as an element of the intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine: custom «wathching the bees»","authors":"A. Dmytrenko","doi":"10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-05","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of the National List of Elements of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine requires a detailed study and popularization of ethnocultural features of the objects included in it, in particular Polissia beekeeping, the traditions of which date back to the times of Kyiv Rus. Beekeeping has accumulated a rich production experience, worldview, folk knowledge, specific tools and devices that play an important role in the system of monuments of Ukraine, in the construction of museum exhibitions.\u0000\u0000The purpose of the article is to highlight the production experience of beekeepers based on field expedition materials collected in different areas of the Right Bank of Ukrainian Polissia, in particular to clarify the calendar markers of «watching the bees», which is the result of annual work of beekeepers. The realization of the formulated goal involves solving the following tasks: highlighting the essence of the concept of «watching the bees»; disclosure of terms of selection of honey from boards and log beehives and their change in modern conditions; identification of the main markers of bee sighting, related to the holiday-ritual and agricultural calendar, the development of honeybees and the stages of life of bees. The object of research is beekeeping – as a form of forest and domestic beekeeping. The subject of the research is the calendar regulation and methods of selecting honey from the sides and log hives.\u0000\u0000The methodological basis of the study were the principles of historicity, objectivity, system, complexity; monument, museum and historical research methods (analysis and synthesis, typological, comparative-historical). The ethnological method of research is used – collection of field materials according to the author's program-questionnaire; information was collected using the cluster method of research. Field materials are given, which illustrate the main provisions of the article. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in the Ukrainian monumental, museum and ethnological literature the ethnocultural features of the beekeeping custom of «watching the bees» and its calendar regulation are covered. Used field materials collected by the author in different villages of the Right Bank Ukrainian Polissia are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.\u0000\u0000The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in the Ukrainian monumental, museum and ethnological literature the ethnocultural features of the beekeeping custom of «watching the bees» and its calendar regulation are covered. Used field materials collected by the author in different villages of the Right Bank Ukrainian Polissia are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.\u0000\u0000In conclusion, the article notes that the «watching the bees» is based on customary ritual norms, folk knowledge and worldviews associated with the final stage of the annual work of the beekeeper – collecting honey. It is noted that the calen","PeriodicalId":12328,"journal":{"name":"Februar 33","volume":"356 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84884494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-28DOI: 10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-06
T. Boriak
Research aim: The article has a goal to figure out a connection between questionnaires about the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine and the state of development of the Holodomor studies. Research methodology: historical-comparative method is used. Scientific novelty: for the first time correlation of five full-text questionnaires about the famine on every of three stages of formation of massive of the Holodomor oral history sources (1933, 1980s and after 1991). The author for the first time makes a reconstruction of research perceptions about the reasons, course and scale of the famine, as well as analyzes their evolution. Conclusions: the article analyzes questionanries created during three periods (from 1933 till mid of 2000s) that allows researching of evolution of the famine studies. The first questionnarie has become a reaction of the people of a free of communist ideology world. Because of the objective reasons (and escape to the West was made under a threat of shooting) they tries to put starvation into a Procrustean bed of collectivization, to find a logical explanation of the famine reasons, particularly in illnesses. The article demonstrates non-comprehension by them realities of everyday life of a Ukrainian countryside. Questionnaires elaborated in Canada and USA in 1980s, demonstrates much more higher level of understanding of the problem. Their authors actively involved theory of oral history, included question about personal data of a respondent, his family, education, social and property condition; a question about a peasant resistance appeared. One can see an attempt to figure out time frames of starvation. Comprehension of such events appeared as searches and confiscation of bread. Questionnaires prepared on a third period cover maximum wide spectrum of starving village problems. Appearance of a set of new questions indicates about development of knowledge about the Holоdomor. These questions fully reflect contemporary approaches to the processes, the whole set of which comprises the Holodomor of 1932–1933. To the contrary, questionnaire by a Russian historian V. Kondrashyn indicates different from Ukrainian famine essence of the Russian famine of 1930s.
{"title":"Questionnaries about the famine as a source to a history of the Holodomor studies","authors":"T. Boriak","doi":"10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-06","url":null,"abstract":"Research aim: The article has a goal to figure out a connection between questionnaires about the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine and the state of development of the Holodomor studies.\u0000\u0000Research methodology: historical-comparative method is used.\u0000\u0000Scientific novelty: for the first time correlation of five full-text questionnaires about the famine on every of three stages of formation of massive of the Holodomor oral history sources (1933, 1980s and after 1991). The author for the first time makes a reconstruction of research perceptions about the reasons, course and scale of the famine, as well as analyzes their evolution.\u0000\u0000Conclusions: the article analyzes questionanries created during three periods (from 1933 till mid of 2000s) that allows researching of evolution of the famine studies. The first questionnarie has become a reaction of the people of a free of communist ideology world. Because of the objective reasons (and escape to the West was made under a threat of shooting) they tries to put starvation into a Procrustean bed of collectivization, to find a logical explanation of the famine reasons, particularly in illnesses. The article demonstrates non-comprehension by them realities of everyday life of a Ukrainian countryside. Questionnaires elaborated in Canada and USA in 1980s, demonstrates much more higher level of understanding of the problem. Their authors actively involved theory of oral history, included question about personal data of a respondent, his family, education, social and property condition; a question about a peasant resistance appeared. One can see an attempt to figure out time frames of starvation. Comprehension of such events appeared as searches and confiscation of bread. Questionnaires prepared on a third period cover maximum wide spectrum of starving village problems. Appearance of a set of new questions indicates about development of knowledge about the Holоdomor. These questions fully reflect contemporary approaches to the processes, the whole set of which comprises the Holodomor of 1932–1933. To the contrary, questionnaire by a Russian historian V. Kondrashyn indicates different from Ukrainian famine essence of the Russian famine of 1930s.","PeriodicalId":12328,"journal":{"name":"Februar 33","volume":"473 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85827720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-28DOI: 10.26565/2227-6505-2021-33-04
O. Zubko
The aim of the study. Analysis of legal ways of solving financial issues by Ukrainian emigrants in interwar Czechoslovaczczyna; characteristics of the main financial emigration expenses. The research methodology is based on the principles of a specifically historical, problem-chronological approach, methods of objectivity, integrity, analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in highlighting the topic of private finances of Ukrainian emigrants through the prism and perspective of the functioning of the Czechoslovak crown. Conclusions. The issue of private finances was very important in the life of the Ukrainian emigration in interwar Czechoslovakia (this is approximately 20,000 people). The subsistence emigration minimum in interwar Czechoslovaczczyna was 1000‑1200 Czechoslovak crowns, i.e. an average of 29 dollars 60 cents ($30). And the «Russian Aid Action» was only one of the sources of legal income. Therefore, when the exchange rate of the Czechoslovak krone was stabilized in 1923 ˗ 1933, such as 100:2.96 or 100:3. Ukrainians had to earn money by exchanging currencies, thanks to their hobbies, working in restaurants (for musicians) and often had to be unskilled workers. A significant part of private finances was spent on paying for housing, food, clothes, shoes, transportation costs. Much less money was spent on buying books and cigarettes. Almost no money was spent on movies, theaters and excursions.
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