Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.1002/essoar.10504587.1
Chenguang Sun
Cumulate rocks record the magmatic and cooling processes during formation of Earth's igneous crust. Extracting the information of these two processes from mineral records, however, is often convolu...
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Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.1002/ESSOAR.10504606.2
J. Heinonen, Kieran A. Iles, A. Heinonen, Riikka Fred, V. Virtanen, W. Bohrson, F. Spera
Magmas readily react with their surroundings, which may be other magmas or solid rocks. Such reactions are important in the chemical and physical evolution of magmatic systems and the crust, for ex...
{"title":"From Binary Mixing to Magma Chamber Simulator","authors":"J. Heinonen, Kieran A. Iles, A. Heinonen, Riikka Fred, V. Virtanen, W. Bohrson, F. Spera","doi":"10.1002/ESSOAR.10504606.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ESSOAR.10504606.2","url":null,"abstract":"Magmas readily react with their surroundings, which may be other magmas or solid rocks. Such reactions are important in the chemical and physical evolution of magmatic systems and the crust, for ex...","PeriodicalId":12504,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Monograph Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82732146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is characterized by being irregular or nonperiodic and asymmetric between El Niño and La Niña with respect to amplitude, pattern, and temporal evolution. These observed features suggest the importance of nonlinear dynamics and/or stochastic forcing. Both nonlinear deterministic chaos and linear dynamics subject to stochastic forcing and/or to non‐normal growth were introduced to explain the irregularity of ENSO, but no consensus has been reached to date given the short observational record. As a dominant source of stochastic forcing, westerly wind bursts play a role in triggering, amplifying, and determining the irregularity and asymmetry of ENSO, which are best treated as part of the deterministic dynamics or as a multiplicative noise forcing. Various nonlinear processes are responsible for the spatial and temporal asymmetry of El Niño and La Niña, which includes nonlinear ocean advection, nonlinear atmosphere‐ocean coupling, state‐dependent stochastic noise, tropical instability waves, and biophysical processes. In addition to the internal nonlinear processes, a capacitor effect of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections from extratropical Pacific could also contribute to the temporal and amplitude asymmetry of ENSO. Despite significant progress, most state‐of‐the‐art models are still lacking in simulation of the spatial and temporal asymmetry of ENSO. 1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 3 Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 4 Department of Atmospheric Sciences/IPRC, University of Hawai’i at Ma ̄noa, Honolulu, HI, USA 154 EL NIÑO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION IN A CHANGING CLIMATE determine an atmosphere‐ocean coupled stability for ENSO system (T. Li, 1997b; An & Jin, 2000; Fedorov & Philander, 2000), and for example, depending on the coupling strength, ENSO system becomes a self‐sustained and possibly chaotic oscillator under a strong coupling and a damped oscillator under a weak coupling (An & Jin, 2001). It has been suggested that some decades may be characterized by a self‐sustained, possibly chaotic dynamics, while others show a damped ENSO cycle, excited by stochastic variability (Kirtman & Schopf, 1998). However, a bifurcation between stable and unstable regimes tends to be ambiguous in the presence of noise (e.g., Levine & Jin, 2010). Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) are episodic reversals of the equatorial trade winds with a strength of 5 to 7 ms–1, zonal extent of 20–40 degrees, duration of 5–30 days, and frequency of around 5 to 10 times per year (Harrison & Vecchi, 1997; L. Yu et al., 2003; Seiki & Takayabu, 2007a). These events, a dominant source of stochastic forcing, play a role in triggering, amplifying, and even determinin
{"title":"El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate","authors":"M. Mcphaden, A. Santoso, W. Cai","doi":"10.1002/9781119548164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119548164","url":null,"abstract":"The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is characterized by being irregular or nonperiodic and asymmetric between El Niño and La Niña with respect to amplitude, pattern, and temporal evolution. These observed features suggest the importance of nonlinear dynamics and/or stochastic forcing. Both nonlinear deterministic chaos and linear dynamics subject to stochastic forcing and/or to non‐normal growth were introduced to explain the irregularity of ENSO, but no consensus has been reached to date given the short observational record. As a dominant source of stochastic forcing, westerly wind bursts play a role in triggering, amplifying, and determining the irregularity and asymmetry of ENSO, which are best treated as part of the deterministic dynamics or as a multiplicative noise forcing. Various nonlinear processes are responsible for the spatial and temporal asymmetry of El Niño and La Niña, which includes nonlinear ocean advection, nonlinear atmosphere‐ocean coupling, state‐dependent stochastic noise, tropical instability waves, and biophysical processes. In addition to the internal nonlinear processes, a capacitor effect of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections from extratropical Pacific could also contribute to the temporal and amplitude asymmetry of ENSO. Despite significant progress, most state‐of‐the‐art models are still lacking in simulation of the spatial and temporal asymmetry of ENSO. 1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 3 Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 4 Department of Atmospheric Sciences/IPRC, University of Hawai’i at Ma ̄noa, Honolulu, HI, USA 154 EL NIÑO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION IN A CHANGING CLIMATE determine an atmosphere‐ocean coupled stability for ENSO system (T. Li, 1997b; An & Jin, 2000; Fedorov & Philander, 2000), and for example, depending on the coupling strength, ENSO system becomes a self‐sustained and possibly chaotic oscillator under a strong coupling and a damped oscillator under a weak coupling (An & Jin, 2001). It has been suggested that some decades may be characterized by a self‐sustained, possibly chaotic dynamics, while others show a damped ENSO cycle, excited by stochastic variability (Kirtman & Schopf, 1998). However, a bifurcation between stable and unstable regimes tends to be ambiguous in the presence of noise (e.g., Levine & Jin, 2010). Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) are episodic reversals of the equatorial trade winds with a strength of 5 to 7 ms–1, zonal extent of 20–40 degrees, duration of 5–30 days, and frequency of around 5 to 10 times per year (Harrison & Vecchi, 1997; L. Yu et al., 2003; Seiki & Takayabu, 2007a). These events, a dominant source of stochastic forcing, play a role in triggering, amplifying, and even determinin","PeriodicalId":12504,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Monograph Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88509915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-23DOI: 10.1002/9781119548164.ch10
M. L’Heureux, Aaron Levine, M. Newman, C. Ganter, Jing‐Jia Luo, M. Tippett, T. Stockdale
{"title":"ENSO Prediction","authors":"M. L’Heureux, Aaron Levine, M. Newman, C. Ganter, Jing‐Jia Luo, M. Tippett, T. Stockdale","doi":"10.1002/9781119548164.ch10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119548164.ch10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12504,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Monograph Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79118053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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