Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia最新文献

Despite the advances in the immunosuppressive therapies and improvements in short term allograft survival, Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) still represents the leading cause of late allograft failure in kidney transplant recipients. We present an insidious case of late active AMR that evolved into a severe chronic active antibody-mediated rejection, that we treated with a multidrug approach. Then, we review the current literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of AMR. Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) typically occurs when anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies (DSA) bind to vascular endothelial cells of the kidney graft. DSAs may preexist to transplantation (preformed DSA) or develop after transplantation (de novo DSA). Pathogenetic mechanisms of AMR involve complement-dependent, and -independent inflammatory pathways that are variably activated depending on antigen and antibody characteristics, or on whether rejection develops early (0-6 months) or late (beyond 6 months) post-transplantation. The Banff classification system categorizes AMR rejection into active antibody-mediated rejection, chronic active antibody-mediated rejection, and chronic (inactive) antibody-mediated rejection. Currently, there are no approved therapies, treatment guidelines being based on low-quality evidence. Therefore, standard of care therapy is consensus-based. In early rejection, it is usually based on plasma exchange, intravenous immune globulin, anti-CD20 antibodies, while complement-inhibitor eculizumab is used in severe and/or refractory cases, treatments with. Recent evidence suggests that late AMR may be effectively treated with anti-CD38 therapy, which targets long lived plasma cells and NK cells.

A growing body of experimental and clinical evidence confirms that aldosterone contributes, independently from its classical homeostatic effects, to the pathogenesis and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In fact, the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the kidney, present at the podocyte, mesangial, endothelial as well as at the tubulointerstitial levels, has been linked to podocyte damage and consequent apoptosis, proliferation of mesangial cells, inflammation of the tubulointerstitial compartment and, more generally, to the final outcome of interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis. Therefore, blockade of the MR may represent an effective treatment of CKD. Today, within the class of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), several molecules are available, with different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. In this brief review we will focus on the characteristics of these molecules and in particular on Finerenone, a new generation, non-steroidal MRA, characterized by minimal side effects and high pharmacological efficacy.

In recent years, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has significantly increased, with an estimated 843.6 million individuals affected in 2017 [1]. This rise is closely linked to the growing incidence of risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. Patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), one of the most common complications of diabetes, are characterized by high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence indicates that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) play a crucial role in reducing the progression of both DKD and CKD, thanks to its nephroprotective and cardioprotective effects. SGLT2i work by decreasing glomerular hyperfiltration, improving tubulo-glomerular feedback, and reducing blood glucose levels.

Anemia is a major complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Its prevalence increases with advancing age and progression of kidney disease. The main cause of anemia linked to CKD is represented by the reduction erythropoietin secretion. The increase in cardiovascular risk and mortality is strongly associated with the presence of anemia, and grows with the severity of the anemia, as described in numerous studies. The main therapies for the control of anemia have so far been represented by iron supplementation, the use of synthetic erythropoietin and blood transfusions. Despite the availability of adequate therapies, the prevalence of anemia in CKD continues to be significant. Drugs that inhibit the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-PHi) are able to mimic a condition of hypoxia and increase the production of endogenous erythropoietin. HIF-PHi therefore represents an important therapeutic alternative for the control of anemia linked to CKD. Numerous studies have confirmed the ability of HIF-PHi to correct anemia and maintain hemoglobin at adequate values; they also highlighted other potential beneficial pleiotropic factors on cholesterol control and iron homeostasis. Further studies are needed to confirm the safety of the drug, especially regarding cardiovascular risk, vascular thrombosis and neoplastic growth. This document highlights the mechanism of action, effects and pharmacological characteristics of HIF-PHi.

The important advances in scientific knowledge have led to a notable enrichment of therapeutic offers in the field of CKD-MBD, which have allowed better control of the related biochemical parameters compared to the past. However, this has not corresponded to a tangible improvement in the clinical outcomes, both bone and cardiovascular, associated with CKD-MBD, nor has there been a significant drop in the number of pills that nephropathic patients must take, to keep the parameters controlled biochemicals, with the therapeutic cost of these interventions remaining high. All these unsatisfied needs continue to stimulate research to find new solutions that can improve one or more of these objectives not yet achieved. In this review of the most recent literature, we have tried to summarize what has been recently proposed in the therapeutic field of CKD-MBD, underlining the possible advantages of new drugs compared to already available therapies, with particular attention to unmet needs. We have also revisited the recent acquisitions relating to drugs that have already been in use for some time, reporting the most recent evidence that could change the approach to their use.

This article constitutes a review of the existing literature on the potential correlation between autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas. Additionally, it presents a clinical case where familiarity for both pathologies was observed, derived from the direct experience of our clinic, reinforcing the hypothesis of a possible common pathogenetic pathway. The review focuses on the potential genetic correlation between these two pathologies within the realm of ciliopathies, emphasizing the importance of targeted screening and monitoring strategies to detect pancreatic complications early in patients with ADPKD. Furthermore, it highlights the complexity in the clinical management of these rare conditions and underscores the importance of early diagnosis in optimizing clinical outcomes.

Bacteremia caused by Lactobacillus is rare, data on its clinical significance are based only on case reports and a limited number of studies, often difficult to interpret. Lactobacillus species is a commensal colonizer of the mouth, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. Its significance as a pathogen is overlooked frequently. The diagnosis of these infections requires a mutual relationship between the physician and the microbiologist to rule out contamination risk. Most patients with Lactobacillus bacteremia are immunosuppressed or patients at increased risk of symptomatic bacteremia with comorbidities, treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and have indwelling venous catheters. Risk factors related to Lactobacillus bacteremia include impaired host defenses and severe underlying diseases, as well as prior surgery and prolonged antibiotic therapy ineffective for lactobacilli. We describe an unusual case of a woman, on chronic hemodialysis treatment, with a sepsis due to Lactobacillus casei and review the literature.

The arteriovenous fistula constitutes the vascular access of first choice in hemodialysis. We present three clinical cases that highlight the resolution in interventional radiology of venous stenosis, one of the major complications. Clinical monitoring and instrumental diagnostics with color Doppler ultrasound have prevented the failure of the AVF due to high risk of thrombosis. The angiographic interventions, thanks to the collaboration between Spoke and Hub, were completed without complications.

Familial Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia (FHH) is an inherited disease with autosomal dominant transmission characterized by the presence of usually mild-to-moderate hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypocalciuria, and normal or moderately increased PTH values. Generally, FFH is asymptomatic although symptoms related to elevated plasma calcium values such as asthenia, intense thirst, polyuria, polydipsia or confusional state may occur. Three types of FHH, which differ in the genetic alterations underlying the condition, are described. The majority of FHH cases are classified as type 1 (about 65 percent of cases), due to mutation in the gene for the calcium-sensitive receptor CASR, expressed on chromosome (Chr) 3q13.3-21, which encodes for a calcium-sensitive receptor G-protein-coupled protein of the plasma membrane. FHH types 2 and 3 are due to GNA11 and AP2S1 mutations, respectively, and other genes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease have likely yet to be identified. Rarely, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia may not recognize a genetic cause but be caused by autoantibodies directed against CASR. The frequency of the disease is not known and is estimated, probably by default, because of paucisymptomatic presentation of the disease, to be around 1:80000 cases. Recognition of FHH is especially important for differential diagnosis with primary hyperparathyroidism, which has a much higher incidence, about 1:1000 cases. This allows for the identification of patients at risk for chondrocalcinosis and/or pancreatitis. Clinical suspicion must be raised in cases of hypercalcaemia associated with hypocalciuria, and genetic analysis is fundamental in the differential diagnosis toward forms of primary hyperparathyroidism that might result in unnecessary surgical interventions. We describe a clinical case in which a novel inactivating mutation of CASR leading to FHH type 1 was found.

Rhabdomyolysis is one of the principal causes of acute kidney disease. Multiple endogenous and exogenous causes could start this process: cocaine addiction, a social phenomenon present in our Country among young adults, is one exogenous causes. Natural stimulating alkaloid cocaine has toxic action on multiple systems, principally central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Etiopathogenesis is related either to changes in local and systemic hemodynamics, or to direct damage caused by myofibril accumulation, or to immunological events leading to vasculitis or thrombotic microangiopathies. Scientific evidences describe different therapeutic approaches: supportive therapy, extracorporeal treatments and possible removal of the pathogenic noxa, and the therapeutic apheresis plays a role yet to be confirmed in this field. We describe the case of a 52-year-old man, hospitalized in the Cardiological Intensive Care Unit of our hospital, due to serious alterations in the indices of myocardiocytonecrosis and liver function, following cocaine abuse. During hospitalization, renal function indices worsened associated to diuresis contraction and onset of metabolic acidosis, not responsive to medical therapy. Also in consideration of myoglobin high circulating levels, related to rhabdomyolysis, the patient went under a cycle of selective apheresis using adsorption with a TR350 cartridge associated to hemodialysis: after two adsorption sessions, the patient resumed spontaneous diuresis with progressive normalization of the blood indices.