Gerhard Franz, Oleksii A. Vyshnevskyi, Volodymyr M. Khomenko, Peter Lyckberg, Ulrich Gernert
{"title":"Etch Pits in Heliodor and Green Beryl from the Volyn Pegmatites, Northwest Ukraine: A Diagnostic Feature","authors":"Gerhard Franz, Oleksii A. Vyshnevskyi, Volodymyr M. Khomenko, Peter Lyckberg, Ulrich Gernert","doi":"10.5741/gems.59.3.324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.59.3.324","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12600,"journal":{"name":"Gems & Gemology","volume":"249 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135011811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiyun Jin, Aaron C. Palke, Nathan D. Renfro, Ziyin Sun
{"title":"Special Colors and Optical Effects of Oregon Sunstone: Absorption, Scattering, Pleochroism, and Color Zoning","authors":"Shiyun Jin, Aaron C. Palke, Nathan D. Renfro, Ziyin Sun","doi":"10.5741/gems.59.3.298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.59.3.298","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12600,"journal":{"name":"Gems & Gemology","volume":"236 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135011677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Iolite from the Thor-Odin Dome, British Columbia, Canada: Geology, Chemical Composition, Inclusions, and Cause of Chatoyancy","authors":"Philippe M. Belley","doi":"10.5741/gems.59.3.340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.59.3.340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12600,"journal":{"name":"Gems & Gemology","volume":"239 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135011675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
eighteenth Samuel Goldschmidt, followed English 1895. The sources of emeralds used in Roman jewelry as well as jeweled pieces (including crowns and book covers) dating from antiquity to the Middle Ages and before the discovery of the Colombian emerald deposits in the sixteenth century remain an ongoing matter of controversy. Two potential localities dominate the discussion: the mines in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the Habachtal deposit in Austria. The first published reference to the Habachtal emerald occurrence dates to 1797. The majority of publications from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries agree that Samuel Goldschmidt, a jeweler from Vienna, purchased the mountain area in which the Habachtal emerald occurrence is located and commenced mining soon thereafter, in the early 1860s. A later period from the mid-1890s to about 1914 is frequently mentioned, in which the mine was owned and worked by an English company. However, further details regarding both periods and the various transitions of ownership and further circumstances of emerald mining before World War I are rarely given and often are not consistent, and activities in the times before the 1860s and between 1870 and 1890 are obscure. Using a wide selection of materials from Austrian and German archives, largely unpublished, the author seeks to trace the history of the Habachtal mine through several centuries and to fill gaps left by existing publications.
{"title":"History of Emerald Mining in the Habachtal Deposit of Austria, Part I","authors":"K. Schmetzer","doi":"10.5741/gems.57.4.338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.57.4.338","url":null,"abstract":"eighteenth Samuel Goldschmidt, followed English 1895. The sources of emeralds used in Roman jewelry as well as jeweled pieces (including crowns and book covers) dating from antiquity to the Middle Ages and before the discovery of the Colombian emerald deposits in the sixteenth century remain an ongoing matter of controversy. Two potential localities dominate the discussion: the mines in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the Habachtal deposit in Austria. The first published reference to the Habachtal emerald occurrence dates to 1797. The majority of publications from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries agree that Samuel Goldschmidt, a jeweler from Vienna, purchased the mountain area in which the Habachtal emerald occurrence is located and commenced mining soon thereafter, in the early 1860s. A later period from the mid-1890s to about 1914 is frequently mentioned, in which the mine was owned and worked by an English company. However, further details regarding both periods and the various transitions of ownership and further circumstances of emerald mining before World War I are rarely given and often are not consistent, and activities in the times before the 1860s and between 1870 and 1890 are obscure. Using a wide selection of materials from Austrian and German archives, largely unpublished, the author seeks to trace the history of the Habachtal mine through several centuries and to fill gaps left by existing publications.","PeriodicalId":12600,"journal":{"name":"Gems & Gemology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48004758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GEMS & GEMOLOGY FALL 2021 Gem-quality spinel occurs in a variety of colors as a result of a diverse array of possible chromophores and chromophore combinations (Schmetzer et al., 1989; Andreozzi et al., 2019): combinations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (light blue/violet to green to black with increasing Fe concentration; Hålenius et al., 2002); Co2+ (blue; Shigley and Stockton, 1984; D’Ippolito et al., 2015); Cr3+ (red); and V3+ (orange; Andreozzi et al., 2019). Vivid spinels colored by cobalt (blue) and chromium (red) are particularly sought after in the gem trade. Purple spinel (figure 1) is generally colored by Fe or by a combination of Cr, V, and subordinate Fe (Andreozzi et al., 2019). The current study compares the chemical composition and color of two purple spinel samples, from Vietnam and Afghanistan (figure 2), to each other and in the PURPLE GEM SPINEL FROM VIETNAM AND AFGHANISTAN: COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CHEMISTRY, CAUSE OF COLOR, AND INCLUSIONS
{"title":"Purple Gem Spinel from Vietnam and Afghanistan: Comparison of Trace Element Chemistry, Cause of Color, and Inclusions","authors":"P. Belley, Aaron C. Palke","doi":"10.5741/gems.57.3.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.57.3.228","url":null,"abstract":"GEMS & GEMOLOGY FALL 2021 Gem-quality spinel occurs in a variety of colors as a result of a diverse array of possible chromophores and chromophore combinations (Schmetzer et al., 1989; Andreozzi et al., 2019): combinations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (light blue/violet to green to black with increasing Fe concentration; Hålenius et al., 2002); Co2+ (blue; Shigley and Stockton, 1984; D’Ippolito et al., 2015); Cr3+ (red); and V3+ (orange; Andreozzi et al., 2019). Vivid spinels colored by cobalt (blue) and chromium (red) are particularly sought after in the gem trade. Purple spinel (figure 1) is generally colored by Fe or by a combination of Cr, V, and subordinate Fe (Andreozzi et al., 2019). The current study compares the chemical composition and color of two purple spinel samples, from Vietnam and Afghanistan (figure 2), to each other and in the PURPLE GEM SPINEL FROM VIETNAM AND AFGHANISTAN: COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CHEMISTRY, CAUSE OF COLOR, AND INCLUSIONS","PeriodicalId":12600,"journal":{"name":"Gems & Gemology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42549106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GEMS & GEMOLOGY FALL 2021 P inctada maxima (the silveror gold-lipped pearl oyster), Pinctada margaritifera (the blacklipped pearl oyster), and Pinctada fucata (martensii) (“the akoya pearl oyster”) are the main mollusks of the Pinctada genus that are commercially farmed. They are routinely used to produce bead cultured (BC) pearls and, as a consequence, sometimes also produce non-bead cultured (NBC) pearls (Otter et al., 2014; Sturman et al., 2016; Nilpetploy et al., 2018a). P. maxima is the largest species in the genus (Scarratt et al., 2012) and generally requires a minimum two-year growth period to yield BC pearls with the thickest nacre layers of all BC pearls (Gervis and Sims, 1992; Cartier and Krzemnicki, 2016). Cultured pearls from the P. maxima mollusk are often referred to as “South Sea” in the market. Australia is the largest producer of white P. maxima (silver-lipped) cultured pearls, while Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines are major producers of “golden” P. maxima (gold-lipped) cultured pearls. The farms producing these pearls are located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, which coincides with the native P. maxima mollusk’s geographic distribution. The silver-lipped shells are found mostly south of the equator, while the gold-lipped shells populate the region north of the equator (Strack, 2006). P. maxima mollusks used for pearl culturing production in Australia are predominantly wildcaught shells collected in accordance with the annual quota that takes the shell sizes into account (between 120 and 175 mm shell length) and allows fishing INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF KNOWN PINCTADA MAXIMA PEARLS: CULTURED PEARLS FROM OPERATED MARINE MOLLUSKS
Pinctada maxima(银色金唇珍珠牡蛎)，Pinctada margaritifera(黑唇珍珠牡蛎)和Pinctada fucata (martensii)(“akoya珍珠牡蛎”)是商业养殖的Pinctada属的主要软体动物。它们通常用于生产珠珠养殖(BC)珍珠，因此有时也用于生产非珠珠养殖(NBC)珍珠(Otter等人，2014;Sturman et al.， 2016;Nilpetploy等人，2018a)。P. maxima是属中最大的品种(Scarratt et al.， 2012)，通常需要至少两年的生长期才能生产出具有最厚珍珠层的BC珍珠(Gervis and Sims, 1992;Cartier and Krzemnicki, 2016)。在市场上，养殖的珍珠通常被称为“南海”。澳大利亚是白色P. maxima(银唇)养殖珍珠的最大生产国，而印度尼西亚、缅甸和菲律宾是“金色”P. maxima(金唇)养殖珍珠的主要生产国。生产这些珍珠的养殖场位于北回归线和南回归线之间，这与本地的最大贝类的地理分布相吻合。银唇贝主要分布在赤道以南，而金唇贝则分布在赤道以北的地区(Strack, 2006)。在澳大利亚，用于珍珠养殖生产的珍珠主要是根据年度配额收集的野生捕捞的贝壳，该配额考虑到贝壳大小(贝壳长度在120至175毫米之间)，并允许捕捞已知的珍珠的内部结构:养殖的海洋软体动物珍珠
{"title":"Internal Structures of Known Pinctada Maxima Pearls: Cultured Pearls from Operated Marine Mollusks","authors":"Artitaya Homkrajae, Nanthaporn Nilpetploy, Areeya Manustrong, Nicholas Sturman, Kwanreun Lawanwong, Promlikit Kessrapong","doi":"10.5741/gems.57.3.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.57.3.186","url":null,"abstract":"GEMS & GEMOLOGY FALL 2021 P inctada maxima (the silveror gold-lipped pearl oyster), Pinctada margaritifera (the blacklipped pearl oyster), and Pinctada fucata (martensii) (“the akoya pearl oyster”) are the main mollusks of the Pinctada genus that are commercially farmed. They are routinely used to produce bead cultured (BC) pearls and, as a consequence, sometimes also produce non-bead cultured (NBC) pearls (Otter et al., 2014; Sturman et al., 2016; Nilpetploy et al., 2018a). P. maxima is the largest species in the genus (Scarratt et al., 2012) and generally requires a minimum two-year growth period to yield BC pearls with the thickest nacre layers of all BC pearls (Gervis and Sims, 1992; Cartier and Krzemnicki, 2016). Cultured pearls from the P. maxima mollusk are often referred to as “South Sea” in the market. Australia is the largest producer of white P. maxima (silver-lipped) cultured pearls, while Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines are major producers of “golden” P. maxima (gold-lipped) cultured pearls. The farms producing these pearls are located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, which coincides with the native P. maxima mollusk’s geographic distribution. The silver-lipped shells are found mostly south of the equator, while the gold-lipped shells populate the region north of the equator (Strack, 2006). P. maxima mollusks used for pearl culturing production in Australia are predominantly wildcaught shells collected in accordance with the annual quota that takes the shell sizes into account (between 120 and 175 mm shell length) and allows fishing INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF KNOWN PINCTADA MAXIMA PEARLS: CULTURED PEARLS FROM OPERATED MARINE MOLLUSKS","PeriodicalId":12600,"journal":{"name":"Gems & Gemology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46992709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alain Queffelec, L. Bellot‐Gurlet, E. Foy, Y. Lefrais, E. Fritsch
{"title":"First Identification of Sudoite in Caribbean Ceramic-Age Lapidary Craftsmanship","authors":"Alain Queffelec, L. Bellot‐Gurlet, E. Foy, Y. Lefrais, E. Fritsch","doi":"10.5741/gems.57.3.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.57.3.206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12600,"journal":{"name":"Gems & Gemology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46064450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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