Pub Date : 2007-12-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629315
G. Kaa, J. Ende
Most literature on standards selection focuses on compatibility standards for single products or large but single systems that are developing, such as the Internet or a telecommunications network. In this paper we focus on systems that connect multiple already existing subsystems and new subsystems to form a new complex system. We show that in complex systems characteristics of the networks of actors that are supporting the different competing standards play an important role in the becoming dominant of the standards.
{"title":"Standard adoption in converging technologies: The interplay between network and system","authors":"G. Kaa, J. Ende","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629315","url":null,"abstract":"Most literature on standards selection focuses on compatibility standards for single products or large but single systems that are developing, such as the Internet or a telecommunications network. In this paper we focus on systems that connect multiple already existing subsystems and new subsystems to form a new complex system. We show that in complex systems characteristics of the networks of actors that are supporting the different competing standards play an important role in the becoming dominant of the standards.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133876732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629320
T. Wiander
The ISO/IEC 17799 standard is commonly viewed as a necessary element in information security management. However, there is no empirical evidence of the usefulness of the standard in practice. This paper analyses the implementation experiences of four organisations that have implemented the ISO/IEC 17799 standard. Through semi-structured interviews, the results of the study suggest that the implementation of the standard has increased the understanding of information security in all personnel groups and the understanding of security has broadened from the technical aspects to corporate security. As downsides of implementing the ISO/IEC 17799 standard, the difficulties in deploying the standard, and the readability of the standard were criticised. The standard was also criticised because it does not directly affect the quality of the end product or service; it only has an indirect effect owing to the improved information security practices.
{"title":"Implementing the ISO/IEC 17799 standard in practice - findings from small and medium sized software organisations","authors":"T. Wiander","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629320","url":null,"abstract":"The ISO/IEC 17799 standard is commonly viewed as a necessary element in information security management. However, there is no empirical evidence of the usefulness of the standard in practice. This paper analyses the implementation experiences of four organisations that have implemented the ISO/IEC 17799 standard. Through semi-structured interviews, the results of the study suggest that the implementation of the standard has increased the understanding of information security in all personnel groups and the understanding of security has broadened from the technical aspects to corporate security. As downsides of implementing the ISO/IEC 17799 standard, the difficulties in deploying the standard, and the readability of the standard were criticised. The standard was also criticised because it does not directly affect the quality of the end product or service; it only has an indirect effect owing to the improved information security practices.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127124361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629326
Rudi Bekkers, J. West
The impact of patents and patent royalties are a major concern of standards setting organisations. Here we examine the patents filed in the UMTS 3rd generation mobile phone standard, governed by the ETSI IPR policy in response to patent issues faced during the earlier GSM standardization. We contrast firm strategies and policy effectiveness between the GSM and UMTS efforts, and review the potential impact of potential changes to the ETSI IPR policy.
{"title":"Managing patents in standardization: lessons from ETSI’s handling of UMTS","authors":"Rudi Bekkers, J. West","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629326","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of patents and patent royalties are a major concern of standards setting organisations. Here we examine the patents filed in the UMTS 3rd generation mobile phone standard, governed by the ETSI IPR policy in response to patent issues faced during the earlier GSM standardization. We contrast firm strategies and policy effectiveness between the GSM and UMTS efforts, and review the potential impact of potential changes to the ETSI IPR policy.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122731746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629322
Endre Grøtnes
This paper gives an account of the organization and work procedures of the open mobile alliance (OMA), a standardization consortium. Consortia are often established as a reaction to perceived inefficiency in the work procedure and organizations of formal standardization organizations in a field. The paper shows that in spite of this, OMA has adopted the work procedures and organizational setup of their counterparts. OMA works on a consensus basis even if the formal rule of the organization is majority voting. The paper argues that this is due to the legacy of the organization and its members, and that the overall structure and spirit of the telecommunication field have a decisive impact on how new organizations work. The paper also argues that the whish for legitimacy steers the organisation towards its current structure, and alternative organizational forms that are less open and inclusive could create IPR licensing problems, and reduce the perceived legitimacy of the OMA standards.
介绍了开放移动联盟(open mobile alliance, OMA)的组织结构和工作流程。建立联盟通常是对工作程序和某一领域的正式标准化组织的组织效率低下的反应。本文表明，尽管如此，OMA还是采用了同行的工作流程和组织设置。OMA是在协商一致的基础上工作的，即使该组织的正式规则是多数投票。本文认为，这是由于该组织及其成员的遗产，电信领域的整体结构和精神对新组织的工作方式具有决定性影响。本文还认为，对合法性的渴望使该组织朝着其当前结构发展，而不那么开放和包容的其他组织形式可能会产生知识产权许可问题，并降低OMA标准的感知合法性。
{"title":"The creation of standards: The work of an international standardization organization","authors":"Endre Grøtnes","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629322","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives an account of the organization and work procedures of the open mobile alliance (OMA), a standardization consortium. Consortia are often established as a reaction to perceived inefficiency in the work procedure and organizations of formal standardization organizations in a field. The paper shows that in spite of this, OMA has adopted the work procedures and organizational setup of their counterparts. OMA works on a consensus basis even if the formal rule of the organization is majority voting. The paper argues that this is due to the legacy of the organization and its members, and that the overall structure and spirit of the telecommunication field have a decisive impact on how new organizations work. The paper also argues that the whish for legitimacy steers the organisation towards its current structure, and alternative organizational forms that are less open and inclusive could create IPR licensing problems, and reduce the perceived legitimacy of the OMA standards.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125772992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629316
Ranjita M. Singh, Kristina B. Dahlin
When faced with a new standard, a firm is influenced by various factors. Some forces motivate adoption of the standard, while other factors have a constraining effect. How do firms evaluate these opposing forces? We examine this question using data from the US cellular telephones industry and suggest that not only do firms evaluate the technical merit and likelihood of market acceptance of the standard but also evaluate factors associated with the players developing the standard. We explore how firms choose a new resource when the potential value of that resource is not yet established, a resource whose value is influenced both by its owners and its users. We find that technical merit, and new patentees have a positive effect on its adoption but concentration of ownership has a negative effect on adoption.
{"title":"Merit, acceptance or access: Opposing forces to adoption of a new standard","authors":"Ranjita M. Singh, Kristina B. Dahlin","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629316","url":null,"abstract":"When faced with a new standard, a firm is influenced by various factors. Some forces motivate adoption of the standard, while other factors have a constraining effect. How do firms evaluate these opposing forces? We examine this question using data from the US cellular telephones industry and suggest that not only do firms evaluate the technical merit and likelihood of market acceptance of the standard but also evaluate factors associated with the players developing the standard. We explore how firms choose a new resource when the potential value of that resource is not yet established, a resource whose value is influenced both by its owners and its users. We find that technical merit, and new patentees have a positive effect on its adoption but concentration of ownership has a negative effect on adoption.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116100810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629319
G. Fuller, I. Vertinsky
Software development projects are very frequently deemed to be failures. Those projects that do succeed commonly have significant quality problems. There are a number of quality standards which could be applied to the software development process, and which might reasonably be expected to improve the situation. In spite of this, certification to these standards is seldom sought. This study seeks to identify the factors which may predispose a company to seek quality certification of their software development processes. The research uses a survey methodology in the Canadian software development sector to test seven antecedents to certification that have been proposed in the literature. The results support the hypotheses that market competitiveness, project team size, and methodological rigour all predispose a company to seek quality certification.
{"title":"Antecedents to certification of software development processes","authors":"G. Fuller, I. Vertinsky","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629319","url":null,"abstract":"Software development projects are very frequently deemed to be failures. Those projects that do succeed commonly have significant quality problems. There are a number of quality standards which could be applied to the software development process, and which might reasonably be expected to improve the situation. In spite of this, certification to these standards is seldom sought. This study seeks to identify the factors which may predispose a company to seek quality certification of their software development processes. The research uses a survey methodology in the Canadian software development sector to test seven antecedents to certification that have been proposed in the literature. The results support the hypotheses that market competitiveness, project team size, and methodological rigour all predispose a company to seek quality certification.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127016081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629321
Karl F. Best
Accredited and non-accredited standards organizations, commonly referred to as ldquoSDOsrdquo and ldquoSSOsrdquo respectively, are more alike than usually thought. Both rely on volunteers to provide their time and effort and to apply their domain expertise to create industry, national, and international standards. Both face similar challenges with regards to IPR issues, governance, business models, membership recruitment and retention, and promotion of work products. Accreditation by itself is not a valid distinguishing feature; many unaccredited organizations are fully qualified to become accredited and would do so if only they saw the need or benefit. The perceived differences between these types of organizations, while loosely based on historical practices, depend mostly upon whom one asks. In addition, the two types of organizations are becoming more like each other as their practices become more closely aligned and as they reach out to work with each other, recognizing the value of each otherspsila efforts.
{"title":"Convergence and harmonization of standards organizations","authors":"Karl F. Best","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629321","url":null,"abstract":"Accredited and non-accredited standards organizations, commonly referred to as ldquoSDOsrdquo and ldquoSSOsrdquo respectively, are more alike than usually thought. Both rely on volunteers to provide their time and effort and to apply their domain expertise to create industry, national, and international standards. Both face similar challenges with regards to IPR issues, governance, business models, membership recruitment and retention, and promotion of work products. Accreditation by itself is not a valid distinguishing feature; many unaccredited organizations are fully qualified to become accredited and would do so if only they saw the need or benefit. The perceived differences between these types of organizations, while loosely based on historical practices, depend mostly upon whom one asks. In addition, the two types of organizations are becoming more like each other as their practices become more closely aligned and as they reach out to work with each other, recognizing the value of each otherspsila efforts.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130001614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629312
D. Seo
Standardization of innovative technology can create great competitive advantage for organizations. In addition, the consequences of interactions between organizations as they implement their standards strategies can have tremendous socio-economic impact, especially with the current convergence in information and communications technology. The existing research on standards uses economic theories to explain how economic factors stimulate technology standardization and game theory to analyze how organizations collaborate on standardization, but these theories both overlook the issue of how organizations make decisions about their standards strategies and the results of their interactions with other actors. Thus, the research question presented in this paper is: how do organizations reach their strategies for standards during and after the standardization process? To answer this question, we need a holistic perspective to analyze the context of organizational standards strategy, including the situation of any given organization and how the organization interprets its situation to choose or develop a certain strategy. This research presents a framework based on combining two theories, ANT (actor network theory) and self-organized complexity.
{"title":"Theoretical perspective to analyze organizational strategy for information and communications technology standards","authors":"D. Seo","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629312","url":null,"abstract":"Standardization of innovative technology can create great competitive advantage for organizations. In addition, the consequences of interactions between organizations as they implement their standards strategies can have tremendous socio-economic impact, especially with the current convergence in information and communications technology. The existing research on standards uses economic theories to explain how economic factors stimulate technology standardization and game theory to analyze how organizations collaborate on standardization, but these theories both overlook the issue of how organizations make decisions about their standards strategies and the results of their interactions with other actors. Thus, the research question presented in this paper is: how do organizations reach their strategies for standards during and after the standardization process? To answer this question, we need a holistic perspective to analyze the context of organizational standards strategy, including the situation of any given organization and how the organization interprets its situation to choose or develop a certain strategy. This research presents a framework based on combining two theories, ANT (actor network theory) and self-organized complexity.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132593778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629328
R. V. Wessel, P. Ribbers, H. J. Vries
In this paper we present a research model that relates selection, implementation and usage of company IT standards to process performance. We provide supporting evidence for that framework with three cases studies on IT process and product standards that were carried out at a large financial services company. The results from these case studies allowed us to develop a comprehensive model, with governance and management of such standards being elementary in improving process performance. This research contributes to the limited number of empirical studies on the organizational level impact of IT standards.
{"title":"Towards a comprehensive model to master company it standards","authors":"R. V. Wessel, P. Ribbers, H. J. Vries","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629328","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a research model that relates selection, implementation and usage of company IT standards to process performance. We provide supporting evidence for that framework with three cases studies on IT process and product standards that were carried out at a large financial services company. The results from these case studies allowed us to develop a comprehensive model, with governance and management of such standards being elementary in improving process performance. This research contributes to the limited number of empirical studies on the organizational level impact of IT standards.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128233054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629325
D. Geradin, A. Layne-Farrar, A. Padilla
Standard setting organizations may in some circumstances confer market power on participants whose patented technologies are included in standards. Promises to license on reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms play a key role in mitigating any such market power, but the usefulness of those commitments has recently been questioned. The problem allegedly lies in the absence of a generally agreed test to determine whether a particular license satisfies a RAND commitment. Swanson and Baumol (2005) have suggested that ldquothe concept of a dasiareasonablepsila royalty for purposes of RAND licensing must be defined and implemented by reference to ex ante competition.rdquo In their opinion, a royalty should be deemed ldquoreasonablerdquo when it approximates the outcome of an ex ante auction process where IP owners submit RAND commitments coupled with licensing terms and selection to the standard is based on both technological merit and licensing cost. This test has recently been adopted by the Federal Trade Commission in Rambus. In this paper we investigate whether an ex ante auction approach is likely to deliver efficient outcomes, both from static and dynamic standpoints. Applying lessons from the economics literature on auctions, we find that due to several forms of asymmetry characteristic of the industries where standardization takes place the ex ante auction approach is not likely to deliver the right outcomes from a social welfare viewpoint.
{"title":"Standard setting, RAND licensing and ex ante auctions: The implications of asymmetry","authors":"D. Geradin, A. Layne-Farrar, A. Padilla","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2007.4629325","url":null,"abstract":"Standard setting organizations may in some circumstances confer market power on participants whose patented technologies are included in standards. Promises to license on reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms play a key role in mitigating any such market power, but the usefulness of those commitments has recently been questioned. The problem allegedly lies in the absence of a generally agreed test to determine whether a particular license satisfies a RAND commitment. Swanson and Baumol (2005) have suggested that ldquothe concept of a dasiareasonablepsila royalty for purposes of RAND licensing must be defined and implemented by reference to ex ante competition.rdquo In their opinion, a royalty should be deemed ldquoreasonablerdquo when it approximates the outcome of an ex ante auction process where IP owners submit RAND commitments coupled with licensing terms and selection to the standard is based on both technological merit and licensing cost. This test has recently been adopted by the Federal Trade Commission in Rambus. In this paper we investigate whether an ex ante auction approach is likely to deliver efficient outcomes, both from static and dynamic standpoints. Applying lessons from the economics literature on auctions, we find that due to several forms of asymmetry characteristic of the industries where standardization takes place the ex ante auction approach is not likely to deliver the right outcomes from a social welfare viewpoint.","PeriodicalId":126469,"journal":{"name":"2007 5th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128776585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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