Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0006
Stephen G. Rabe
This chapter explores U.S. relations with Central America during the Kissinger years. In the 1980s, civil wars in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala frightened the Reagan administration into reasoning that the Cold War had come to the doorstep of the United States. The civil wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua erupted during Henry Kissinger's tenure (in 1972 and 1974, respectively). Wholesale political violence carried out by “death squads” continued to characterize life in Guatemala in the 1970s. Examining the U.S. response to the mounting right-wing oppression in Central America provides historical background to the crisis of the 1980s and deepens an understanding of Kissinger's worldviews. Whereas Kissinger may have been impervious to Central American violence, he acted boldly toward Panama, pushing both of his presidents to renegotiate U.S. control of the canal and the Canal Zone.
{"title":"Kissinger and Central America","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores U.S. relations with Central America during the Kissinger years. In the 1980s, civil wars in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala frightened the Reagan administration into reasoning that the Cold War had come to the doorstep of the United States. The civil wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua erupted during Henry Kissinger's tenure (in 1972 and 1974, respectively). Wholesale political violence carried out by “death squads” continued to characterize life in Guatemala in the 1970s. Examining the U.S. response to the mounting right-wing oppression in Central America provides historical background to the crisis of the 1980s and deepens an understanding of Kissinger's worldviews. Whereas Kissinger may have been impervious to Central American violence, he acted boldly toward Panama, pushing both of his presidents to renegotiate U.S. control of the canal and the Canal Zone.","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114491831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501749476-006
{"title":"4. Mass Murder and International Assassination: Argentina and Chile","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501749476-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501749476-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123234160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0003
Stephen G. Rabe
This chapter details how the first crisis for the Nixon administration came with the news that leftist Salvador Allende had captured a plurality of the vote in the September 1970 presidential election. It reviews the U.S. role in destabilizing the Allende government. The historical literature tends to give scant attention to the United States and Chile after September 11, 1973. To recount the complete story about the U.S. role in Chile demands investigating not only the war against Allende but also the myriad of ways that the Nixon and Ford administrations and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger bolstered the Pinochet dictatorship. The chapter also analyzes Kissinger's lead role in encouraging the overthrow of President Juan José Torres (1970–1971), the socialist political and military leader of Bolivia.
{"title":"Overthrowing Governments","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how the first crisis for the Nixon administration came with the news that leftist Salvador Allende had captured a plurality of the vote in the September 1970 presidential election. It reviews the U.S. role in destabilizing the Allende government. The historical literature tends to give scant attention to the United States and Chile after September 11, 1973. To recount the complete story about the U.S. role in Chile demands investigating not only the war against Allende but also the myriad of ways that the Nixon and Ford administrations and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger bolstered the Pinochet dictatorship. The chapter also analyzes Kissinger's lead role in encouraging the overthrow of President Juan José Torres (1970–1971), the socialist political and military leader of Bolivia.","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125779803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0009
Stephen G. Rabe
This concluding chapter offers a judgment of Henry Kissinger in Latin America. The customary approach for historians is to ask first the “change and continuity” question. Scholars sympathetic to Kissinger were troubled by Kissinger's actions in Latin America and fell back on the argument that his policies were no different than those of his predecessors or successors. Critical scholars assumed that Kissinger's actions in Chile and throughout Latin America were unprecedented in their depravity. What cannot be ignored is that the gross violation of human rights that marked life in the 1970s was unprecedented in the history of Latin America in the national period. Responsibility for the murders, disappearances, and tortures must be assigned.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter offers a judgment of Henry Kissinger in Latin America. The customary approach for historians is to ask first the “change and continuity” question. Scholars sympathetic to Kissinger were troubled by Kissinger's actions in Latin America and fell back on the argument that his policies were no different than those of his predecessors or successors. Critical scholars assumed that Kissinger's actions in Chile and throughout Latin America were unprecedented in their depravity. What cannot be ignored is that the gross violation of human rights that marked life in the 1970s was unprecedented in the history of Latin America in the national period. Responsibility for the murders, disappearances, and tortures must be assigned.","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116704072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501749476-008
Stephen G. Rabe
{"title":"6. Diplomatic Solutions: Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.1515/9781501749476-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501749476-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125950976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0004
Stephen G. Rabe
This chapter discusses Henry Kissinger's relationship with military dictatorships, analyzing U.S. policies toward Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay. What is evident is that the secretary of state was comfortable and loquacious in the presence of men who authorized mass murder, torture, and terrorism. His most revealing memorandums of conversations on political philosophy are with military dictators and their minions. The mayhem created by these military ideologues forced Kissinger to confront the issues of human rights and international terrorism. Kissinger's intellectual defense of military extremism, his reluctant embrace of human rights matters, and his policies toward the military dictatorships revealed fundamental tenets about his character and his concept of international relations.
{"title":"Kissinger and Friends","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses Henry Kissinger's relationship with military dictatorships, analyzing U.S. policies toward Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay. What is evident is that the secretary of state was comfortable and loquacious in the presence of men who authorized mass murder, torture, and terrorism. His most revealing memorandums of conversations on political philosophy are with military dictators and their minions. The mayhem created by these military ideologues forced Kissinger to confront the issues of human rights and international terrorism. Kissinger's intellectual defense of military extremism, his reluctant embrace of human rights matters, and his policies toward the military dictatorships revealed fundamental tenets about his character and his concept of international relations.","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"21 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127022320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501749476-005
Stephen G. Rabe
{"title":"3. Kissinger and Friends: Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.1515/9781501749476-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501749476-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128341007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0007
Stephen G. Rabe
This chapter demonstrates how Henry Kissinger engaged in resolving inter-American trade, investment, and treaty disputes. When they recalled the history of inter-American relations between 1969 and 1976, State Department officials who worked in Washington and foreign service officers assigned to posts in Latin America habitually lamented that Henry Kissinger did not prioritize relations with Latin America. They further noted that he launched no grand initiatives for the region, such as the Good Neighbor Policy or the Alliance for Progress. Their assessments were accurate. Nonetheless, the energetic Kissinger devoted more of his time to Latin America than did the prominent Cold War leaders that he succeeded. When he left public service in January of 1977, Kissinger could point to solid achievements in inter-American affairs. He took the lead in resolving both old and new issues that marred relations with Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
{"title":"Diplomatic Solutions","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter demonstrates how Henry Kissinger engaged in resolving inter-American trade, investment, and treaty disputes. When they recalled the history of inter-American relations between 1969 and 1976, State Department officials who worked in Washington and foreign service officers assigned to posts in Latin America habitually lamented that Henry Kissinger did not prioritize relations with Latin America. They further noted that he launched no grand initiatives for the region, such as the Good Neighbor Policy or the Alliance for Progress. Their assessments were accurate. Nonetheless, the energetic Kissinger devoted more of his time to Latin America than did the prominent Cold War leaders that he succeeded. When he left public service in January of 1977, Kissinger could point to solid achievements in inter-American affairs. He took the lead in resolving both old and new issues that marred relations with Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela.","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124198641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501749476-009
{"title":"7. Failed Initiatives: The New Dialogue, Cuba","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501749476-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501749476-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"34 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114113021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0002
Stephen G. Rabe
This chapter outlines the state of inter-American relations in the middle of the Cold War. President Richard Nixon came to office in 1969 in the aftermath of the Alliance for Progress, the ambitious ten-year, $20 billion economic aid program announced by President John F. Kennedy in March of 1961. Nixon had strong views about the shortcomings of the Alliance for Progress. Unlike Henry Kissinger, who had limited familiarity with Latin American thought, culture, and society, Nixon judged himself knowledgeable about Latin America. Nixon directed Kissinger to develop a comprehensive review of the U.S. policies toward Latin America. Kissinger then threw himself into the exercise with enthusiasm, perceiving the review of trade, investment, aid, and security issues as a learning experience. Nixon also dispatched his political rival and Kissinger's mentor, Governor Nelson Rockefeller (R-NY), on a fact-finding mission to Latin America.
本章概述了冷战中期美洲国家间的关系状况。理查德·尼克松总统于1969年上台，当时美国总统约翰·f·肯尼迪于1961年3月宣布了一项雄心勃勃的十年200亿美元经济援助计划——“进步联盟”(Alliance for Progress)。尼克松对进步联盟的缺点有着强烈的看法。基辛格对拉丁美洲的思想、文化和社会了解有限，而尼克松则认为自己对拉丁美洲很了解。尼克松指示基辛格对美国对拉丁美洲的政策进行全面评估。然后，基辛格满怀热情地投入到工作中，把对贸易、投资、援助和安全问题的回顾视为一种学习经验。尼克松还派遣他的政治对手、基辛格的导师、纽约州共和党州长纳尔逊·洛克菲勒(Nelson Rockefeller)前往拉丁美洲进行实况调查。
{"title":"Getting Started","authors":"Stephen G. Rabe","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the state of inter-American relations in the middle of the Cold War. President Richard Nixon came to office in 1969 in the aftermath of the Alliance for Progress, the ambitious ten-year, $20 billion economic aid program announced by President John F. Kennedy in March of 1961. Nixon had strong views about the shortcomings of the Alliance for Progress. Unlike Henry Kissinger, who had limited familiarity with Latin American thought, culture, and society, Nixon judged himself knowledgeable about Latin America. Nixon directed Kissinger to develop a comprehensive review of the U.S. policies toward Latin America. Kissinger then threw himself into the exercise with enthusiasm, perceiving the review of trade, investment, aid, and security issues as a learning experience. Nixon also dispatched his political rival and Kissinger's mentor, Governor Nelson Rockefeller (R-NY), on a fact-finding mission to Latin America.","PeriodicalId":126912,"journal":{"name":"Kissinger and Latin America","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122381760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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