T. Rick, J. Turck, Leslie A. Reeder-Myers, V. Thompson
From the icy shores of Labrador to the warm mangroves of the Florida Keys, North America’s Atlantic Coast was a magnet for human subsistence and settlement for millennia. North America’s Atlantic Coast is a land of diversity united by rich coastal and terrestrial ecosystems that were home to a wide variety of Native American societies and distinct cultural adaptations and systems. This introductory chapter synthesizes the coastal archaeology as well as historical ecology and paleography of North America’s Atlantic Coast, focusing on major research developments of the last 30 years. It also provides the context and framework for the rest of the volume.
{"title":"Conceptualizing the Archaeology of North America’s Atlantic Seacoast and Estuaries","authors":"T. Rick, J. Turck, Leslie A. Reeder-Myers, V. Thompson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.7","url":null,"abstract":"From the icy shores of Labrador to the warm mangroves of the Florida Keys, North America’s Atlantic Coast was a magnet for human subsistence and settlement for millennia. North America’s Atlantic Coast is a land of diversity united by rich coastal and terrestrial ecosystems that were home to a wide variety of Native American societies and distinct cultural adaptations and systems. This introductory chapter synthesizes the coastal archaeology as well as historical ecology and paleography of North America’s Atlantic Coast, focusing on major research developments of the last 30 years. It also provides the context and framework for the rest of the volume.","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126438857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review of the preceding chapters highlights their commonalities and differences, and discusses the extent to which they advance the understanding of the Atlantic Coast of North America as a region of study for archaeologists, particularly for maritime archaeology and historical ecology
{"title":"Making the Atlantic Coast a Smaller Place and a Stepping Stone to Larger Issues","authors":"T. Pluckhahn, V. Thompson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.16","url":null,"abstract":"This review of the preceding chapters highlights their commonalities and differences, and discusses the extent to which they advance the understanding of the Atlantic Coast of North America as a region of study for archaeologists, particularly for maritime archaeology and historical ecology","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131879395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sea Ice, Seals, and Settlement:","authors":"Christopher B. Wolff, D. Holly","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115985656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Island Chain Coastlines:","authors":"Traci Ardren, S. Fitzpatrick, V. Thompson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130164193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coastal occupation of North and South Carolina from the Late Archaic through Woodland periods demonstrates intensive use of shellfish, including unique patterns of shell ring construction along the southern coast of South Carolina and smaller middens to the north. Shell middens capture the complexity of the interactions between humans and their surroundings in prehistory, revealing how human action affected the environment. For shellfish specifically, harvest pressure was a selective force on coastal hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, populations, which is just one way in which human–environmental interactions may have permanently altered the ecosystem.
{"title":"Coastal Adaptations in North and South Carolina","authors":"C. Dillian, V. Thompson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.12","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal occupation of North and South Carolina from the Late Archaic through Woodland periods demonstrates intensive use of shellfish, including unique patterns of shell ring construction along the southern coast of South Carolina and smaller middens to the north. Shell middens capture the complexity of the interactions between humans and their surroundings in prehistory, revealing how human action affected the environment. For shellfish specifically, harvest pressure was a selective force on coastal hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, populations, which is just one way in which human–environmental interactions may have permanently altered the ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115896743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132782886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of Figures","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131745048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Northeast Florida’s wide variety of freshwater and marine biomes supported a diverse array of hunter-gatherer communities over the course of 9000 years. This chapter synthesizes the available evidence for subsistence, settlement, and ceremony across the region. Whereas there is little evidence for significant changes in the subsistence economy through time, there is abundant evidence for different modes of social interaction and monumentality. A historical approach to this diversity reveals that social gathering at various scales was enabled by the physical and symbolic resources of the region, including existing monuments and objects.
{"title":"Gathering for Nine Millennia along the Atlantic Coast and St. Johns River of Northeast Florida","authors":"Asa R. Randall, V. Thompson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.14","url":null,"abstract":"Northeast Florida’s wide variety of freshwater and marine biomes supported a diverse array of hunter-gatherer communities over the course of 9000 years. This chapter synthesizes the available evidence for subsistence, settlement, and ceremony across the region. Whereas there is little evidence for significant changes in the subsistence economy through time, there is abundant evidence for different modes of social interaction and monumentality. A historical approach to this diversity reveals that social gathering at various scales was enabled by the physical and symbolic resources of the region, including existing monuments and objects.","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114540502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter synthesizes and evaluates settlement and subsistence patterns in relation to landscape change for Native American occupations of the Georgia coast in the southeast USA. Dynamic coastal processes of the region have altered the topography and distribution of resources, including those important to humans. These processes were neither uniform in space nor time, with variations leading to the creation of micro-habitats. We assess these habitats, individually and as part of a complex whole, to better elucidate the nature of human–environmental interactions and socio-ecological systems. Understanding this complex relationship helps reveal social trajectories and environmental impacts on the ecosystem of coastal groups. This research, based on historical ecology, is used as a departure point to discuss the future of humans along changing coastlines. We argue that past peoples dealt with similar coastally-related issues as today, such as sea level fluctuations or changes to once productive resources. The knowledge archeologists have gained concerning past human–environmental interactions must be conveyed to the public, including policy-makers, to transform society for the better.
{"title":"Human-Environmental Dynamics of the Georgia Coast","authors":"V. Thompson, J. Turck","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter synthesizes and evaluates settlement and subsistence patterns in relation to landscape change for Native American occupations of the Georgia coast in the southeast USA. Dynamic coastal processes of the region have altered the topography and distribution of resources, including those important to humans. These processes were neither uniform in space nor time, with variations leading to the creation of micro-habitats. We assess these habitats, individually and as part of a complex whole, to better elucidate the nature of human–environmental interactions and socio-ecological systems. Understanding this complex relationship helps reveal social trajectories and environmental impacts on the ecosystem of coastal groups. This research, based on historical ecology, is used as a departure point to discuss the future of humans along changing coastlines. We argue that past peoples dealt with similar coastally-related issues as today, such as sea level fluctuations or changes to once productive resources. The knowledge archeologists have gained concerning past human–environmental interactions must be conveyed to the public, including policy-makers, to transform society for the better.","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122810310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew w. Betts, David W. Black, B. Robinson, A. Spiess, V. Thompson
The northern Gulf of Maine (NGOM) and its watershed have attracted humans for the last 12,500 years (cal BP), and evidence of Palaeoindian marine economies is well established in adjacent regions by ca. 8000 cal BP. Sea level rise (SLR) has obscured understandings of early coastal adaptations, although underwater research and some near-shore sites are providing important insights. The earliest evidence from surviving shell middens dates to ca. 5000 cal BP, and reveals that shellfish collecting and the seasonal exploitation of benthopelagic fish were important throughout the Late Maritime Archaic and Maritime Woodland periods. However, significant economic shifts have occurred. In particular, a Late Archaic focus on marine swordfish hunting was replaced by a dramatic increase in inshore seal hunting in the Maritime Woodland period. After ca. 3100 cal BP, inshore fishing for cod, flounder, sculpin, sturgeon and other species intensified. During the Late Maritime Woodland period, shellfish exploitation declined somewhat and the hunting of small seals, and, in some areas, white-tailed deer, increased sharply. The extent and nature of coastal economies in the NGOM was controlled, in part, by SLR, increasing tidal amplitude, and concomitant changes in surface-water temperatures, in tandem with broad regional cultural shifts.
北缅因湾(NGOM)和它的分水岭在过去的12500年里吸引了人类，古印度海洋经济的证据在大约8000年前就在邻近地区建立起来了。尽管水下研究和一些近岸地点提供了重要的见解，但海平面上升(SLR)掩盖了对早期沿海适应的理解。现存的贝丘最早的证据可以追溯到大约5000 cal BP，并揭示了贝类的收集和底栖鱼类的季节性开发在晚海洋古代史和海洋林地时期是重要的。然而，重大的经济变化已经发生。特别是，在海洋林地时期，对近海海豹狩猎的急剧增加取代了古代晚期对海洋剑鱼狩猎的关注。大约3100 cal BP之后，近岸捕捞鳕鱼、比目鱼、雕刻鱼、鲟鱼和其他物种的活动加强了。在海洋林地后期，贝类的开发有所减少，而小海豹的狩猎，在某些地区，白尾鹿的狩猎急剧增加。在非政府组织中，沿海经济的范围和性质在一定程度上受到SLR、潮汐振幅增加和伴随的地表水温度变化以及广泛的区域文化转变的控制。
{"title":"Coastal Adaptations to the Northern Gulf of Maine and Southern Scotian Shelf","authors":"Matthew w. Betts, David W. Black, B. Robinson, A. Spiess, V. Thompson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr35j.9","url":null,"abstract":"The northern Gulf of Maine (NGOM) and its watershed have attracted humans for the last 12,500 years (cal BP), and evidence of Palaeoindian marine economies is well established in adjacent regions by ca. 8000 cal BP. Sea level rise (SLR) has obscured understandings of early coastal adaptations, although underwater research and some near-shore sites are providing important insights. The earliest evidence from surviving shell middens dates to ca. 5000 cal BP, and reveals that shellfish collecting and the seasonal exploitation of benthopelagic fish were important throughout the Late Maritime Archaic and Maritime Woodland periods. However, significant economic shifts have occurred. In particular, a Late Archaic focus on marine swordfish hunting was replaced by a dramatic increase in inshore seal hunting in the Maritime Woodland period. After ca. 3100 cal BP, inshore fishing for cod, flounder, sculpin, sturgeon and other species intensified. During the Late Maritime Woodland period, shellfish exploitation declined somewhat and the hunting of small seals, and, in some areas, white-tailed deer, increased sharply. The extent and nature of coastal economies in the NGOM was controlled, in part, by SLR, increasing tidal amplitude, and concomitant changes in surface-water temperatures, in tandem with broad regional cultural shifts.","PeriodicalId":127570,"journal":{"name":"The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124989041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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