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Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 2 [Working Title]最新文献

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Biologic Hemostatic Agents in Obstetrics and Gynecology 生物止血剂在妇产科
M. Patriarco, S. Shenoy, N. Taylor
In Obstetrics and Gynecology, the practice of biologic hemostatic agents in the field are generally used to augment the basic tenets of hemostasis to decrease the morbidity and mortality of such procedures. These hemostatic agents work along with the body’s physiology to rapidly aid in platelet plug formation, activation of the clotting cascade, the creation of fibrin, and to form a stable clot. The four main sub-categories of hemostatic agents include mechanical, biological, flowable, and fibrin sealants. Mechanical agents act as scaffolding for platelet aggregation to form a platelet plug. Biological agents activate clotting factors in the coagulation cascade to aid in hemostasis. Flowable agents combine biologic with mechanical agents to stabilize clot formation while also providing mechanical tamponade. Fibrin sealants combine high levels of fibrin and thrombin that when combined, form a fibrin clot at an accelerated speed. Hemostatic agents in obstetrics are often used in the setting of postpartum hemorrhage, cesarean delivery and postpartum hysterectomy to decrease the rate of morbidity most commonly seen with abnormal placentation and uterine atony. With gynecologic surgery, hemostatic agents are more commonly used then in obstetrics. They aid in hemostasis with common gynecologic procedures including hysterectomies, ovarian cystectomies, myomectomies, endometriosis cases, incontinence procedures and malignant debulking procedures. Also, with the increase in minimally invasive surgical techniques, topical hemostasis can aid in fewer transfusions, improved visualization in the surgical field decreased operative time and reduction in the risk of conversion to laparotomy.
在妇产科,生物止血剂的应用通常是为了加强止血的基本原则,以降低此类手术的发病率和死亡率。这些止血药物配合身体的生理机能,迅速帮助血小板栓的形成,激活凝血级联,产生纤维蛋白,形成稳定的凝块。止血剂的四个主要子类包括机械、生物、流动和纤维蛋白密封剂。机械制剂充当血小板聚集的支架,形成血小板栓。生物制剂激活凝血级联中的凝血因子,帮助止血。可流动剂结合生物制剂和机械制剂稳定凝块形成,同时也提供机械填塞。纤维蛋白密封剂结合了高水平的纤维蛋白和凝血酶,当它们结合时,以加速的速度形成纤维蛋白凝块。产科止血药物常用于产后出血、剖宫产和产后子宫切除术的情况,以降低最常见于胎盘异常和子宫张力的发病率。在妇科手术中,止血剂比在产科中更常用。他们在常见的妇科手术中帮助止血,包括子宫切除术、卵巢囊肿切除术、子宫肌瘤切除术、子宫内膜异位症、失禁手术和恶性减容手术。此外,随着微创手术技术的增加,局部止血可以减少输血,提高手术视野的可视性,减少手术时间,降低转剖腹手术的风险。
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引用次数: 2
The Role of Biosurgical Agents in Dermatologic Surgery 生物外科药物在皮肤外科中的作用
Laraib Safeer, S. Agarwala, A. Krakowski, Ryan P. Johnson
Performed in an outpatient, office-based setting, dermatologic surgery reduces healthcare costs of hospitalization while maintaining low rates of surgical complications such as infection, dehiscence, and hematoma formation. However, the potential for complications requiring hospitalization or IV antibiotic therapy still exists and varies depending on patient risk factors, such as the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. Furthermore, measured outcomes in dermatologic surgery expand beyond surgical wound complications to include optimization of wound healing and reduction of scar formation, especially in cosmetically sensitive areas of the body. Biosurgical agents are increasingly being used in surgical fields to achieve hemostasis and to optimize wound healing. This chapter reviews the typical methods to achieve hemostasis in dermatologic surgery and examines the current and future role of biosurgical agents in procedural dermatology.
在门诊、办公室环境中进行皮肤外科手术,可降低住院医疗费用,同时保持低手术并发症(如感染、裂开和血肿形成)发生率。然而,需要住院治疗或静脉抗生素治疗的并发症的可能性仍然存在,并且根据患者的危险因素(如使用抗血小板和抗凝药物)而有所不同。此外,皮肤科手术的测量结果不仅限于手术伤口并发症,还包括伤口愈合的优化和疤痕形成的减少,特别是在身体的美容敏感区域。生物外科药物越来越多地用于外科领域,以实现止血和优化伤口愈合。本章回顾了在皮肤外科手术中实现止血的典型方法,并检查了生物外科药物在程序皮肤病学中的当前和未来的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Biosurgical Hemostasis in Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery: A Practical Approach 生物外科止血在胸外科和心脏外科:一个实用的方法
Z. Frenzel, D. Manchester
Patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, especially open cardiac procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, are exposed to several alterations in primary and secondary hemostasis. These derangements are associated with increased microvascular bleeding that is refractory to conventional surgical maneuvers aimed at achieving hemostasis. This poses a technical problem for the surgeon and exposes the patient to increased morbidity from uncontrolled bleeding and any associated transfusion of blood products. Use of biosurgical hemostatic agents, specifically in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, have been shown to be safe and effective in reducing time to hemostasis, decreasing transfusion of blood products, and improving patient outcomes. Despite their merits, selection of a topical hemostat is frequently based on anecdotal experience and limited knowledge of the available agents. The prepared surgeon is familiar with these agents and can anticipate opportunities for their deployment in the setting of coagulopathy.
接受心胸外科手术的患者,特别是需要体外循环的心内直视手术的患者,其原发性和继发性止血会发生一些变化。这些紊乱与微血管出血的增加有关,而传统的手术手段难以达到止血目的。这给外科医生提出了一个技术问题,并使患者因不受控制的出血和任何相关的血液制品输血而增加发病率。使用生物外科止血剂,特别是在接受心脏手术的患者中,已被证明在缩短止血时间、减少血液制品输血和改善患者预后方面是安全有效的。尽管他们的优点,选择局部止血往往是基于轶事经验和有限的知识,可用的药物。有准备的外科医生熟悉这些药物,并能预测在凝血病的情况下使用这些药物的机会。
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引用次数: 0
The Use of Biomaterials in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 生物材料在胃肠内镜检查中的应用
Rodrigo Duarte-Chavez, S. Mehta, J. Bahirwani, R. Modi, S. Stawicki
Gastrointestinal endoscopy has evolved to become a therapeutic resource for multiple pathologic conditions, utilizing many techniques, tools and materials from the field of conventional surgery. Thermal, mechanical or chemical modalities are often employed to expedite the process of hemostasis and achieve a stable coagulum. Thermocoagulation coupled with devices for mechanical hemostasis have been adapted successfully to endoscopy. Chemical hemostasis from biomaterials can be obtained from biologically active materials such as thrombin and fibrin, absorbable products such as gelatins, collagen and oxidized cellulose or synthetic products and inorganic powders. Aside from hemostatic properties, biomaterials are also appealing due to its ability to promote wound healing. However, the use of biomaterials has not been as widespread in endoscopy as in conventional surgery, mainly because of the constraint of delivering these materials through an endoscope. Over the last decade, the options for biomaterials have expanded and its incorporation in endoscopy has slowly increased. Although the cost of biomaterials is higher compared to traditional hemostatics, this may be offset by the potential benefits of decreased bleeding related complications, procedure time, hospital stay and blood transfusions. Biomaterials have demonstrated an improvement in clinical outcomes during conventional surgery. Nevertheless, more studies are required to extrapolate these benefits to endoscopy.
胃肠内窥镜已经发展成为多种病理条件的治疗资源,利用了传统外科领域的许多技术、工具和材料。通常采用热、机械或化学方法来加速止血过程并达到稳定的凝血。热凝结合机械止血装置已成功应用于内窥镜检查。生物材料的化学止血可以从生物活性材料,如凝血酶和纤维蛋白,可吸收产品,如明胶,胶原蛋白和氧化纤维素或合成产品和无机粉末中获得。除了止血特性外,生物材料也因其促进伤口愈合的能力而吸引人。然而,生物材料在内窥镜手术中的应用还没有像在常规手术中那样广泛,主要是因为通过内窥镜传递这些材料的限制。在过去的十年中,生物材料的选择已经扩大,其在内窥镜检查中的应用也在缓慢增加。虽然与传统止血药相比,生物材料的成本更高,但这可能被减少出血相关并发症、手术时间、住院时间和输血的潜在益处所抵消。在常规手术中,生物材料已经证明可以改善临床结果。然而,需要更多的研究来推断内窥镜检查的这些好处。
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引用次数: 0
Hemostatic Adjuncts in Orthopedic Surgery: Innovations in Technique, Technology, and Biosurgical Applications 骨科手术中的止血辅助工具:技术、技术和生物外科应用的创新
Andrew Konopitski, C. Nwachuku
Significant blood loss is an obstacle frequently encountered in orthopedic surgery in both elective and trauma settings. Notwithstanding the nature of orthopedic surgery creates a unique environment, where hemostasis may be difficult to achieve. In total hip and knee arthroplasty, freshly cut bone edges bleed persistently and often do not respond to typical hemostatic methods utilized in soft tissues. Spine surgery requires strict adherence to hemostatic principles as uncontrolled bleeding can result in compression of neural elements. Blood loss in orthopedic trauma presents a highly variable environment where methods of hemostasis must match the severity of the injury. Lastly, orthopedic tumor procedures often require bloodless fields in order to limit the risk of hemostatic spread. The following chapter takes a subspecialized approach to blood loss management in orthopedic surgery, including perioperative management of anticoagulant medications, protocols for utilization of pharmacologic agents, and techniques for the application of topical hemostatic compounds.
大量失血是骨科手术中经常遇到的障碍,无论是择期手术还是创伤手术。尽管骨科手术的性质创造了一个独特的环境,其中止血可能难以实现。在全髋关节和膝关节置换术中,新切割的骨边缘持续出血,通常对软组织使用的典型止血方法没有反应。脊柱手术需要严格遵守止血原则,因为不受控制的出血会导致神经元件的压迫。骨科创伤的失血呈现出高度可变的环境,止血方法必须与损伤的严重程度相匹配。最后,骨科肿瘤手术通常需要无血区域,以限制止血扩散的风险。下一章将介绍骨科手术中失血管理的亚专业方法,包括抗凝药物的围手术期管理、药物使用方案和局部止血化合物的应用技术。
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引用次数: 0
Use of Biosurgicals in Hepatobiliary Surgery 生物外科在肝胆外科中的应用
J. Clanton, K. Seal
Through innovative technologies and refinement of surgical technique over the last several decades, hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgeries have become increasingly common for both malignant and benign disease. HBP surgeries often present unique challenges even for the experienced surgeon, whether due to liver cirrhosis causing portal hypertension and impairment of natural clotting abilities or a large pancreatic mass invading into nearby mesenteric vessels. Major intraoperative blood loss is still a concern and is known to be a major factor influencing morbidity and mortality. Biosurgicals are increasingly used as adjuncts to reduce blood loss during these complex procedures, but also to even reduce rates of biliary and pancreatic leaks and fistulas postoperatively. While initially biosurgical agents offered some hope to make the difference in completing a safe and effective operation, more recent and rigorous studies have failed to demonstrate reproducible benefits. This chapter reviews the use of hemostatic agents in the setting of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, including for the maintenance of hemostasis and the prevention of biliary and pancreatic leaks. We also discuss what factors should be considered when choosing the correct agents for different clinical scenarios during HPB surgery.
在过去的几十年里,通过创新技术和外科技术的改进,肝胆胰(HPB)手术在恶性和良性疾病中越来越普遍。即使对于经验丰富的外科医生来说,HBP手术也经常面临独特的挑战,无论是由于肝硬化导致门静脉高压和自然凝血能力的损害,还是由于大的胰腺肿块侵入附近的肠系膜血管。术中大量失血仍然是一个值得关注的问题,并且已知是影响发病率和死亡率的主要因素。在这些复杂的手术过程中,生物外科手术越来越多地被用作辅助手段,以减少失血,甚至还可以减少术后胆道和胰腺渗漏和瘘管的发生率。虽然最初的生物外科药物为完成安全有效的手术提供了一些希望,但最近更严格的研究未能证明可重复的益处。本章回顾了在肝胆胰手术中止血药物的使用,包括维持止血和预防胆胰泄漏。我们还讨论了在HPB手术中针对不同临床情况选择正确的药物时应考虑哪些因素。
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引用次数: 0
Bleeding in Dental Surgery 牙科手术出血
N. Campos, F. Furlaneto, Y. Buischi
Excessive bleeding complicates surgery and may result in a higher risk of morbidity in dentistry. Although multiple evidence-based clinical guidelines regard dental interventions as minor procedures, with low risk of bleeding, patients on anticoagulation therapy are at elevated risk of bleeding complications, during and following dental surgeries. In many instances, discontinuation or altering of anticoagulation can be avoided through the use of local hemostatic agents during or after the procedure (or both), while patients are therapeutically continued on their prescribed anticoagulant doses. In addition, patients with diagnosis of hereditary bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease and hemophilia, and individuals without any history of bleeding complications can present the need for the use of topical hemostatic agents. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms of action, practical applications, effectiveness, and potential negative effects of biosurgical topical hemostatic agents, such as gelatin sponges, collagen, oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) and oxidized cellulose, fibrin sealants, flowables, adhesives, and topical thrombin in dental surgery.
过多的出血使手术复杂化,并可能导致牙科发病率更高的风险。尽管多个循证临床指南将牙科干预视为小手术,出血风险低,但在牙科手术期间和之后,接受抗凝治疗的患者出血并发症的风险较高。在许多情况下,可以通过在手术中或手术后使用局部止血剂(或两者兼而有之)来避免停药或改变抗凝治疗,同时患者继续使用处方剂量的抗凝治疗。此外,诊断为遗传性出血性疾病的患者,如血管性血友病和血友病,以及没有任何出血并发症史的个体,可能需要使用局部止血剂。在本章中,我们讨论了生物外科局部止血剂的作用机制、实际应用、有效性和潜在的负面影响,如明胶海绵、胶原蛋白、氧化再生纤维素(ORC)和氧化纤维素、纤维蛋白密封剂、流动剂、粘合剂和局部凝血酶在牙科手术中的应用。
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引用次数: 8
Optimal Management of Elective Joint Replacement Surgery in Patients with Hemophilia 血友病患者择期关节置换手术的优化管理
O. Badulescu, Iris Bararu Bojan, M. Vlădeanu, C. Bădescu, Andrei Bojan, P. Sîrbu, M. Ciocoiu
Hemophilia is a genetic or acquired disease that leads to spontaneous and recurrent bleedings, which affect the joints and muscles, thus determining chronic damage to the cartilage which will lead to joint disease and hemophilic arthropathy. Even though hemophilic patients were initially thought to have a low incidence of atherothrombotic complications, it is now clear that atherothrombotic events occur. The administration of plasmatic factor VIII has better clinical results in type A hemophilic patients than the transfusion with plasma. We analyzed five patients with hemophilia type A, aged between 35 and 62 years. Two of them had a severe form of hemophilia with factor VIII less than 1%, while the other three had a moderate form with factor VIII ranging between 1 and 5%. The five patients underwent total knee repair interventions and received substitution treatment with clotting factors but also prophylactic anticoagulant treatment. The postsurgical evolution of these patients was favorable, with similar hemostatic profile as the non-hemophilic patients. Moroctocog alfa is an efficient substitutive treatment that manages to normalize the hemostatic profile of patients. Therefore, it is recommended to provide prophylactic antithrombotic therapy after the orthopedic interventions.
血友病是一种遗传性或获得性疾病,可导致自发和反复出血,影响关节和肌肉,从而确定软骨的慢性损伤,从而导致关节疾病和血友病关节病。尽管血友病患者最初被认为动脉粥样硬化血栓并发症发生率低,但现在很清楚动脉粥样硬化血栓事件的发生。在A型血友病患者中,给予血浆因子VIII比血浆输注有更好的临床效果。我们分析了5例年龄在35岁至62岁之间的A型血友病患者。其中两人患有严重形式的血友病,因子VIII低于1%,而其他三人患有中度形式的血友病,因子VIII介于1%至5%之间。这5名患者接受了全膝关节修复干预,并接受了凝血因子替代治疗,同时也接受了预防性抗凝治疗。这些患者术后进展良好,止血情况与非血友病患者相似。Moroctocog alfa是一种有效的替代治疗方法,可以使患者的止血情况正常化。因此,建议在骨科干预后提供预防性抗血栓治疗。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 2 [Working Title]
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