Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology最新文献

Purpose: The current study aimed to describe the distribution of angle alpha and angle kappa offsets as well as their associated ocular biometric parameters in a large population of candidates for cataract surgery.

Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study included 8,119 eyes of 4,781 candidates for cataract surgery (mean age 70.7 ± 12.9 years). There were 49.9% right eyes, and 53.0% patients were females. The angles offset and ocular biometric parameters were measured by the IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, AG, Germany).

Results: Patient's age and gender, and most of their ocular biometric measurements were similar for the right and left eyes except for pupil diameter (4.01 ± 1.18 vs. 3.92 ± 1.14 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). The angle alpha offset magnitude was similar for the right and left eyes (0.50 ± 0.20 and 0.51 ± 0.21 mm, P = 0.08), whereas the angle kappa offset magnitude was greater in the right eyes (0.37 ± 0.21 vs. 0.33 ± 0.20 mm, P < 0.001). The angle kappa offset magnitudes were greater in the right eyes compared to the left eyes for both males (0.36 ± 0.21 vs. 0.33 ± 0.21 mm, respectively, P < 0.001) and females (0.37 ± 0.20 vs. 0.34 ± 0.20 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). The offset magnitudes of both angles varied significantly according to gender, eye laterality, angle location, and biometric parameters (e.g., axial length). The offset magnitudes of both angles were positively correlated in both right and left eyes.

Conclusions: The offset magnitudes of both the angle alpha and angle kappa present significant variations according to gender, eye laterality, angle location, and biometric parameters, such as AL. These values are also population-specific.

Purpose: To establish a normative database for vascular density (VD) of radial peripapillary capillary plexus (RPC) in healthy Caucasian subjects.

Methods: 633 healthy Caucasian subjects underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, best corrected visual acuity measurement with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts, intraocular pressure measurement, fundus examination, and macular and optic nerve head (ONH) structural optical coherence tomography (OCT). En-face 4.5 × 4.5 mm OCT angiography scans of the RPC plexus were recorded and VD values, automatically provided by the AngioAnalytics™ software, noted. We statistically estimated the impact of age and gender on RPC VD values using a linear mixed model.

Results: 560 subjects fully met inclusion criteria and, according to age, were stratified into 5 groups: 18-50 years (77), 51-60 years (160), 61-70 years (110), 71-80 years (132), and ≥ 81 years (81). Overall, mean RPC VD of the whole en-face image was 53.03 ± 4.27%. Age was significantly related to RPC VD values of whole en-face image (r = -0.454; p < 0.0001), which decreased with aging. The linear mixed model disclosed that age has a statistically significant effect on RPC VD values in whole en-face image (p = 0.0006). As age increases, RPC VD values decrease by 0.12 per year. Conversely, no significant gender-related differences were found in terms of RPC VD values of whole en-face image and each parapapillary quadrant analyzing all age group.

Conclusions: Results show that RPC VD values in healthy Caucasian subjects decrease with aging. These data may be used to create a reference normative database useful for clinical use.

Key messages: What is known Radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) plexus, consisting of long parallel capillaries with rare bifurcations and anastomosis and extending straight along the course of the retinal nerve fiber layer to the posterior pole, may be affected early in some optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal diseases. What is new This study reports RPC vascular density (VD) values, automatically measured on optical coherence tomography angiography, in healthy Caucasian subjects, demonstrating that age is negatively related to RPC VD values. Results show that RPC VD values in healthy Caucasian subjects decrease with aging. These data may be used to create a reference normative database useful for clinical use.

Purpose: To report the association between keratoconus (KC) and pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE). As secondary outcome, we explored the relation between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and topometric indexes.

Methods: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional, case-control study. Multicentric study including patients with KC and healthy controls. Each subject underwent a complete ophthalmological visit, Placido-based corneal topography, Scheimpflug corneal tomography and spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) with the enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode on. Linear mixed models (LMM) were employed for comparison between groups, and to examine the impact of different topometric factors on SFCT. KC stages were defined according to Belin grading.

Results: Overall, 56 eyes from 35 KC patients and 52 eyes from 27 healthy, age- and axial length-matched control subjects were included in the study. PPE was found in 10 (17.9%) eyes from 8 KC patients, whereas was absent in all healthy controls. SFCT was statistically significantly higher in keratoconic eyes (median: 390 µm; interquartile range (IQR): 339 - 425 µm) compared to healthy eyes (median: 240 µm; IQR: 200 - 288 µm) (p < 0.001). SFCT did not differ across different KC stages and between keratoconic eyes with and without PPE.

Conclusions: PPE is a relatively frequent finding in eyes with KC, being present in about 1 out of 6 cases, regardless of disease stage.

Key messages: What is known: Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal disorder commonly associated with other chorioretinal abnormalities. It is well known that keratoconic eyes display increased choroidal thickness, and the rare association between KC and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) has already been reported in the literature.

What is new: We identified an association between KC and pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), a precursor or forme fruste of pachychoroid diseases, such as CSC. PPE presence is independent from corneal parameters and is observed in about 1 out 6 KC eyes.

Purpose: In the current investigation, the effects of the mTOR inhibitors, Rapa and Torin1 on the TGF-β2-induced conjunctival fibrogenesis were studied.

Study design: Experimental research.

Methods: 2D and 3D cultures of HconF were subjected to the following analyses; (1) planar proliferation evaluated by TEER (2D), (2) Seahorse metabolic analyses (2D), (3) subepithelial proliferation evaluated by the 3D spheroids' size and hardness, and (4) the mRNA expression of ECM proteins and their regulators (2D and 3D).

Result: Rapa or Torin1 both significantly increased planar proliferation in the non-TGF-β2-treated 2D HconF cells, but in the TGF-β2-treated cells, this proliferation was inhibited by Rapa and enhanced by Torin1. Although Rapa or Torin1 did not affect cellular metabolism in the non-TGF-β2-treated HconF cells, mTOR inhibitors significantly decreased and increased the mitochondrial respiration and the glycolytic capacity, respectively, under conditions of TGF-β2-induced fibrogenesis. Subepithelial proliferation, as evidenced by the hardness of the 3D spheroids, was markedly down-regulated by both Rapa and Torin1 independent of TGF-β2. The mRNA expressions of several ECM molecules and their regulators fluctuated in the cases of 2D vs 3D and TGF-β2 untreated vs treated cultures.

Conclusion: The present findings indicate that mTOR inhibitors have the ability to increase and to reduce planar and subepithelial proliferation in HconF cells, depending on the inhibitor being used.

Purpose: To investigate, map, and synthesize evidence regarding the correlation between changes in binocular vision and fine motor skills among children.

Methods: We conducted a scoping review of existing evidence, following the guidelines and checklist outlined in "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Scoping Reviews" (PRISMAScR).

Results: Sixteen papers were systematically included in our scoping review. A predominant focus was placed on assessing the impact of strabismus on motor skills. Most of the studies used motor test batteries for comprehensive analysis, while the remaining employed methodologies, such as questionnaires or laboratory-based tests.

Conclusion: Vision stands as a pivotal perceptual modality essential for the optimal development of children. Alterations in visual acuity can significantly affect fine motor skills. Pediatric ophthalmology and orthoptics frequently encounter binocular vision disorders, such as amblyopia and strabismus. Our finding showed that impaired binocular vision affects fine motor skills.

Purpose: Previous studies implied that different types of statins may pose divergent impacts on the risk of glaucoma onset. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of various statins on the risk of glaucoma occurrence.

Methods: PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from February 1994 to February 2024. We included studies that investigated the effects of various types of statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, cholestyramine, niacin, PCSK9 inhibitors, omega-3 fatty acids, and any cholesterol-lowering medications on glaucoma onset or progression. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-1) tool were used to assess the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, respectively. The frequentist network meta-analysis framework was utilized to evaluate the comparative effectiveness, with the random effects model applied.

Results: This network meta-analysis comprised 12 studies, encompassing 262,217 individuals and including cholesterol-lowering medications such as statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, cholestyramine, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids. Our findings demonstrate that comparing to the placebo, rosuvastatin (risk ratio [RR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.46), simvastatin (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.43), and pravastatin (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.43) increased the risk of glaucoma onset with statistical significance.

Conclusion: Rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin were each associated with a significantly increased risk of glaucoma onset. We advise medical practitioners to exercise caution when prescribing these specific statins for patients who are at risk of developing glaucoma.

Key messages: What is known Previous studies have suggested a link between statins and the risk of developing glaucoma. However, there is still ongoing debate regarding the specific effects of each type of statin on the onset of glaucoma. What is new This network meta-analysis comprehensively evaluated the effects of various statins on the risk of glaucoma onset. Rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin were associated with a significantly increased risk of glaucoma onset.

Purpose: There have been many reports suggesting that glaucoma patients with visual field defects may have decreased silent reading ability compared with individuals without glaucoma. This study used an eye tracking system to assess the ability of glaucoma patients to silently read horizontally scrolling text.

Methods: Glaucoma patients who met the following criteria were recruited: age of ≤ 70 years, at least one eye with a 10 - 2 threshold on standard automated perimetry, a mean deviation value of n 4.0 dB or less, and corrected decimal visual acuity of 0.7 or better in both eyes. Using heat map images created from data from an eye tracking system operating during presentation of a video in which a sentence scrolled horizontally from right to left, reading time, average gaze position, and average fixation time (AFT) were compared between normal eyes (23 individuals, 46 eyes) and glaucomatous eyes (25 patients, 45 eyes). Four styles of sentences (large slow, large fast, small slow, and small fast) were scrolled in the top or bottom sections of the screen.

Results: Primary open-angle glaucoma was the most common type of glaucoma in 34 eyes (75.6%), followed by secondary glaucoma in six eyes (13.3%). In comparison with normal eyes, the reading time among right eyes was significantly longer in glaucomatous eyes when reading large fast text that was shown in the bottom area and left glaucomatous eyes showed a leftward shift in gaze position in the top, bottom, or both sections with all four sentence types. There was no significant difference in AFT between glaucomatous and normal eyes across the four sentence styles. In the left eye with inferior visual field loss, text presented at the top consistently showed a correlation with leftward shift of the gaze position across all scenarios.

Conclusion: Glaucoma patients with central visual field defects in their left eyes may experience greater difficulty reading horizontally scrolling text than individuals with normal eyes.