Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.4324/9780429447341-45
G. Wells
{"title":"Methyl Alcohol","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.4324/9780429447341-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447341-45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73908767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.4324/9780429447341-76
G. Wells
Given that historically these types of offences did not come before the courts as frequently as others, Judges wanted more assistance. This lack of familiarity meant, however, that the fines imposed were often lower than might have been expected by those experienced in the field. Good news if you were defending. Not so good if you were prosecuting. As of the 1 February 2016, when the guidelines come into force, both sides can at least look forward to a more consistent approach.
{"title":"Health and Safety","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.4324/9780429447341-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447341-76","url":null,"abstract":"Given that historically these types of offences did not come before the courts as frequently as others, Judges wanted more assistance. This lack of familiarity meant, however, that the fines imposed were often lower than might have been expected by those experienced in the field. Good news if you were defending. Not so good if you were prosecuting. As of the 1 February 2016, when the guidelines come into force, both sides can at least look forward to a more consistent approach.","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74536398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6178-4
G. Wells
{"title":"Ethylene","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.1007/978-94-009-6178-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6178-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81718371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_169
G. Wells
{"title":"Acrolein","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84482546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.4324/9780429447341-34
G. Wells
{"title":"Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.4324/9780429447341-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447341-34","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84982138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.4324/9780429447341-43
G. Wells
{"title":"Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.4324/9780429447341-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447341-43","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82801767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.4324/9780429447341-10
G. Wells
SYNONYMS 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid; 1,6-Hexanedioic Acid; Adipinic Acid; Acifloctin; Acinetten; Hexanedioic acid; DERIVATION CLASSIFICATION PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL STATE white crystals MELTING POINT 152 154 C BOILING POINT 337 C SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.36 SOLUBILITY IN WATER Slightly soluble pH 3.45 (1%) VAPOR DENSITY 5 AUTOIGNITION 420 C REFRACTIVE INDEX NFPA RATINGS Health: 1; Flammability: 1; Reactivity: 0 FLASH POINT 210 C STABILITY Stable under ordinary conditions GENERAL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATIONS Adipic Acid (also called hexanedioic acid) is a white, crystalline compound of C6 straightchain dicarboxylic acid; slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and acetone. Almost all of the commercial adipic acid is produced from cyclohexane through two sequent oxidation processes. The first oxidation is the reacting of cyclohexane with oxygen in the presents of cobalt or manganese catalysts at a temperature of 150 160 C, which produce cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. Then, the intermediates are further reacted with nitric acid and air with a catalyst (copper or vanadium) or without nitric acid. Cyclohexane can be prepared by the hydrogenation of benzene. There are other ways such as the reactions using phenol, butadiene, and various fats as the starting material. Adipic acid consumption is linked almost 90% to nylon production by the polycondensation with hexamethylenediamine. Nylon, having a protein-like structure, is further processed into fibers for applications in carpeting, automobile tire cord and clothing. Adipic acid is used in manufacturing plasticizers and lubricants components. It is used in making polyester polyols for polyurethane systems. Food grade adipic acid is used as gelling aid, acidulant, leavening and buffering agent. Adipic acid has two carboxylic acid, -COOH, groups, which can yield two kinds of salts. Its derivatives, acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles, are used in making target products such as flavoring agents, internal plasticizers, pesticides, dyes, textile treatment agents, fungicides, and pharmaceuticals through further reactions of substitution, catalytic reduction, metal hydride reduction, diborane reduction, keto formation with organometallic reagents, electrophile bonding at oxygen, and condensation.
{"title":"Adipic Acid","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.4324/9780429447341-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447341-10","url":null,"abstract":"SYNONYMS 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid; 1,6-Hexanedioic Acid; Adipinic Acid; Acifloctin; Acinetten; Hexanedioic acid; DERIVATION CLASSIFICATION PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL STATE white crystals MELTING POINT 152 154 C BOILING POINT 337 C SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.36 SOLUBILITY IN WATER Slightly soluble pH 3.45 (1%) VAPOR DENSITY 5 AUTOIGNITION 420 C REFRACTIVE INDEX NFPA RATINGS Health: 1; Flammability: 1; Reactivity: 0 FLASH POINT 210 C STABILITY Stable under ordinary conditions GENERAL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATIONS Adipic Acid (also called hexanedioic acid) is a white, crystalline compound of C6 straightchain dicarboxylic acid; slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and acetone. Almost all of the commercial adipic acid is produced from cyclohexane through two sequent oxidation processes. The first oxidation is the reacting of cyclohexane with oxygen in the presents of cobalt or manganese catalysts at a temperature of 150 160 C, which produce cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. Then, the intermediates are further reacted with nitric acid and air with a catalyst (copper or vanadium) or without nitric acid. Cyclohexane can be prepared by the hydrogenation of benzene. There are other ways such as the reactions using phenol, butadiene, and various fats as the starting material. Adipic acid consumption is linked almost 90% to nylon production by the polycondensation with hexamethylenediamine. Nylon, having a protein-like structure, is further processed into fibers for applications in carpeting, automobile tire cord and clothing. Adipic acid is used in manufacturing plasticizers and lubricants components. It is used in making polyester polyols for polyurethane systems. Food grade adipic acid is used as gelling aid, acidulant, leavening and buffering agent. Adipic acid has two carboxylic acid, -COOH, groups, which can yield two kinds of salts. Its derivatives, acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles, are used in making target products such as flavoring agents, internal plasticizers, pesticides, dyes, textile treatment agents, fungicides, and pharmaceuticals through further reactions of substitution, catalytic reduction, metal hydride reduction, diborane reduction, keto formation with organometallic reagents, electrophile bonding at oxygen, and condensation.","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86737298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.4324/9780429447341-27
G. Wells
{"title":"Epichlorohydrin","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.4324/9780429447341-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447341-27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"12 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79628312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-26DOI: 10.4324/9780429447341-39
G. Wells
{"title":"Formaldehyde","authors":"G. Wells","doi":"10.4324/9780429447341-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429447341-39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12957,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87449192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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