Pub Date : 2019-02-17DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.01
Thomas May, Mariko Nakano-Okuno
Controversies resulting from genetic testing on skeletal remains of disputed stewardship raise important questions about obligations inherent on genetic researchers to assure ethical chain of custody. In this article, we analyze and evaluate several proposed positions on whether such research should be published. Following jurisprudential standards for legitimate regulatory systems, we argue that responsible conduct of research requires reasonable attention to chain of custody but cannot require guarantees, particularly in cases of ancient remains.
{"title":"How the Atacama Skeleton Might Advance Discussion of Responsible Conduct of Research Responsibilities.","authors":"Thomas May, Mariko Nakano-Okuno","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controversies resulting from genetic testing on skeletal remains of disputed stewardship raise important questions about obligations inherent on genetic researchers to assure ethical chain of custody. In this article, we analyze and evaluate several proposed positions on whether such research should be published. Following jurisprudential standards for legitimate regulatory systems, we argue that responsible conduct of research requires reasonable attention to chain of custody but cannot require guarantees, particularly in cases of ancient remains.</p>","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37656622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-17DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology91.1.03
Rebecca Rogers Ackermann, Michelle Bezanson, Michael Hammer, David Raichlen
2Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 3Department of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA. 4ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. 5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. *Correspondence to: Rebecca Rogers Ackermann, University of Cape Town, Department of Archaeology, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. E-mail: becky.ackermann@uct.ac.za.
{"title":"Stephen L. Zegura (2 July 1943-26 May 2019).","authors":"Rebecca Rogers Ackermann, Michelle Bezanson, Michael Hammer, David Raichlen","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology91.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology91.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"2Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 3Department of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA. 4ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. 5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. *Correspondence to: Rebecca Rogers Ackermann, University of Cape Town, Department of Archaeology, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. E-mail: becky.ackermann@uct.ac.za.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37657030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.03
Ackermann,Bezanson,Hammer,Raichlen
{"title":"Stephen L. Zegura (2 July 1943–26 May 2019)","authors":"Ackermann,Bezanson,Hammer,Raichlen","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.91.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138536147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terrie Simmons-Ehrhardt, C. Falsetti, A. Falsetti, C. Ehrhardt
abstract:Computed tomography (CT) scans provide anthropologists with a resource to generate three-dimensional (3D) digital skeletal material to expand quantification methods and build more standardized reference collections. The ability to visualize and manipulate the bone and skin of the face simultaneously in a 3D digital environment introduces a new way for forensic facial approximation practitioners to access and study the face. Craniofacial relationships can be quantified with landmarks or with surface-processing software that can quantify the geometric properties of the entire 3D facial surface. This article describes tools for the generation of dense facial tissue depth maps (FTDMs) using deidentified head CT scans of modern Americans from the Cancer Imaging Archive public repository and the open-source program Meshlab. CT scans of 43 females and 63 males from the archive were segmented and converted to 3D skull and face models using Mimics and exported as stereolithography files. All subsequent processing steps were performed in Meshlab. Heads were transformed to a common orientation and coordinate system using the coordinates of nasion, left orbitale, and left and right porion. Dense FTDMs were generated on hollowed, cropped face shells using the Hausdorfff sampling filter. Two new point clouds consisting of the 3D coordinates for both skull and face were colorized on an RGB (red-green-blue) scale from 0.0 (red) to 40.0-mm (blue) depth values and exported as polygon (PLY) file format models with tissue depth values saved in the "vertex quality" field. FTDMs were also split into 1.0-mm increments to facilitate viewing of common depths across all faces. In total, 112 FTDMs were generated for 106 individuals. Minimum depth values ranged from 1.2 mm to 3.4 mm, indicating a common range of starting depths for most faces regardless of weight, as well as common locations for these values over the nasal bones, lateral orbital margins, and forehead superior to the supraorbital border. Maximum depths were found in the buccal region and neck, excluding the nose. Individuals with multiple scans at visibly diffferent weights presented the greatest diffferences within larger depth areas such as the cheeks and neck, with little to no diffference in the thinnest areas. A few individuals with minimum tissue depths at the lateral orbital margins and thicker tissues over the nasal bones (>3.0 mm) suggested the potential influence of nasal bone morphology on tissue depths. This study produced visual quantitative representations of the face and skull for forensic facial approximation research and practice that can be further analyzed or interacted with using free software. The presented tools can be applied to preexisting CT scans, traditional or cone beam, adult or subadult individuals, with or without landmarks, and regardless of head orientation, for forensic applications as well as for studies of facial variation and facial growth. In contrast with other
{"title":"Open-Source Tools for Dense Facial Tissue Depth Mapping of Computed Tomography Models","authors":"Terrie Simmons-Ehrhardt, C. Falsetti, A. Falsetti, C. Ehrhardt","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.0044","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Computed tomography (CT) scans provide anthropologists with a resource to generate three-dimensional (3D) digital skeletal material to expand quantification methods and build more standardized reference collections. The ability to visualize and manipulate the bone and skin of the face simultaneously in a 3D digital environment introduces a new way for forensic facial approximation practitioners to access and study the face. Craniofacial relationships can be quantified with landmarks or with surface-processing software that can quantify the geometric properties of the entire 3D facial surface. This article describes tools for the generation of dense facial tissue depth maps (FTDMs) using deidentified head CT scans of modern Americans from the Cancer Imaging Archive public repository and the open-source program Meshlab. CT scans of 43 females and 63 males from the archive were segmented and converted to 3D skull and face models using Mimics and exported as stereolithography files. All subsequent processing steps were performed in Meshlab. Heads were transformed to a common orientation and coordinate system using the coordinates of nasion, left orbitale, and left and right porion. Dense FTDMs were generated on hollowed, cropped face shells using the Hausdorfff sampling filter. Two new point clouds consisting of the 3D coordinates for both skull and face were colorized on an RGB (red-green-blue) scale from 0.0 (red) to 40.0-mm (blue) depth values and exported as polygon (PLY) file format models with tissue depth values saved in the \"vertex quality\" field. FTDMs were also split into 1.0-mm increments to facilitate viewing of common depths across all faces. In total, 112 FTDMs were generated for 106 individuals. Minimum depth values ranged from 1.2 mm to 3.4 mm, indicating a common range of starting depths for most faces regardless of weight, as well as common locations for these values over the nasal bones, lateral orbital margins, and forehead superior to the supraorbital border. Maximum depths were found in the buccal region and neck, excluding the nose. Individuals with multiple scans at visibly diffferent weights presented the greatest diffferences within larger depth areas such as the cheeks and neck, with little to no diffference in the thinnest areas. A few individuals with minimum tissue depths at the lateral orbital margins and thicker tissues over the nasal bones (>3.0 mm) suggested the potential influence of nasal bone morphology on tissue depths. This study produced visual quantitative representations of the face and skull for forensic facial approximation research and practice that can be further analyzed or interacted with using free software. The presented tools can be applied to preexisting CT scans, traditional or cone beam, adult or subadult individuals, with or without landmarks, and regardless of head orientation, for forensic applications as well as for studies of facial variation and facial growth. In contrast with other","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72385893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelly R. Kamnikar, Nicholas P. Herrmann, A. Plemons
abstract:Dental development is one of the most widely utilized and accurate methods available for estimating age in subadult skeletal remains. The timing of tooth growth and development is regulated by genetics and less afffected by external factors, allowing reliable estimates of chronological age. Traditional methodology focuses on comparing tooth developmental scores to corresponding age charts. Using the Moorrees, Fanning, and Hunt (MFH) developmental scores, Shackelford and colleagues embed the dental development method in a statistical framework based on transition analysis. They generated numerical parameters underlining each "stage" and age-at-death distribution and applied them to fossil hominins and Neanderthals with limited application to modern humans. We use this same method on a subadult test sample (n = 201), representing modern individuals that may become part of the forensic record. We assess the probability coverage of the Shackelford et al. method derived from MFH standards as it applies to all available dentition. Results indicate promise: the age range at 90% and 95% confidence levels includes the chronological age of almost every individual tested. The maximum likelihood age estimates underestimate age by 0.5–2.5 years for individuals 0–15 years of age and by >2.5 years for individuals 16–18 years of age, as previously shown. In an attempt to refine the method, we adjusted the numerical parameters underlying the stages for developing teeth based on a combined modern reference sample (n = 1,964) and tested these revised parameters using the same test sample. The estimated ages from the modified method difffer from the original Shackelford et al. methodology by underestimating age to a lesser degree. The modified method does include mean age-at-attainment values for earlier stages of several teeth, allowing for the calculation of narrower confidence intervals. While this study highlights areas of future research in refining dental developmental aging by transition analysis, it also demonstrates that the Shackelford et al. method is applicable and accurate when aging modern subadults in forensic work.
牙齿发育是估计亚成人骨骼遗骸年龄最广泛和最准确的方法之一。牙齿生长和发育的时间受基因的影响，受外部因素的影响较小，因此可以可靠地估计实际年龄。传统的方法侧重于将牙齿发育评分与相应的年龄图表进行比较。利用Moorrees, Fanning, and Hunt (MFH)发育评分，Shackelford和同事将牙齿发育方法嵌入到基于过渡分析的统计框架中。他们生成了强调每个“阶段”和死亡年龄分布的数值参数，并将其应用于古人类化石和尼安德特人，但对现代人的应用有限。我们对亚成人测试样本(n = 201)使用相同的方法，代表可能成为法医记录一部分的现代个体。我们评估了来自MFH标准的Shackelford等方法的概率覆盖率，因为它适用于所有可用的牙列。结果显示出希望:在90%和95%置信水平上的年龄范围包括几乎每个被测试个体的实足年龄。如前所述，最大似然年龄估计对0-15岁的个体低估了0.5-2.5岁，对16-18岁的个体低估了>2.5岁。为了改进该方法，我们根据合并的现代参考样本(n = 1964)调整了牙齿发育阶段的数值参数，并使用相同的测试样本测试了这些修改后的参数。修正后的方法估计的年龄与最初的Shackelford等人的方法不同，低估了年龄的程度较小。修改后的方法确实包括了几颗牙齿早期发育阶段的平均年龄值，允许计算更窄的置信区间。虽然这项研究强调了通过过渡分析来细化牙齿发育老化的未来研究领域，但它也表明，Shackelford等人的方法在法医工作中对现代亚成人进行老化时是适用的和准确的。
{"title":"New Approaches to Juvenile Age Estimation in Forensics: Application of Transition Analysis via the Shackelford et al. Method to a Diverse Modern Subadult Sample","authors":"Kelly R. Kamnikar, Nicholas P. Herrmann, A. Plemons","doi":"10.1353/hub.2017.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2017.0048","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Dental development is one of the most widely utilized and accurate methods available for estimating age in subadult skeletal remains. The timing of tooth growth and development is regulated by genetics and less afffected by external factors, allowing reliable estimates of chronological age. Traditional methodology focuses on comparing tooth developmental scores to corresponding age charts. Using the Moorrees, Fanning, and Hunt (MFH) developmental scores, Shackelford and colleagues embed the dental development method in a statistical framework based on transition analysis. They generated numerical parameters underlining each \"stage\" and age-at-death distribution and applied them to fossil hominins and Neanderthals with limited application to modern humans. We use this same method on a subadult test sample (n = 201), representing modern individuals that may become part of the forensic record. We assess the probability coverage of the Shackelford et al. method derived from MFH standards as it applies to all available dentition. Results indicate promise: the age range at 90% and 95% confidence levels includes the chronological age of almost every individual tested. The maximum likelihood age estimates underestimate age by 0.5–2.5 years for individuals 0–15 years of age and by >2.5 years for individuals 16–18 years of age, as previously shown. In an attempt to refine the method, we adjusted the numerical parameters underlying the stages for developing teeth based on a combined modern reference sample (n = 1,964) and tested these revised parameters using the same test sample. The estimated ages from the modified method difffer from the original Shackelford et al. methodology by underestimating age to a lesser degree. The modified method does include mean age-at-attainment values for earlier stages of several teeth, allowing for the calculation of narrower confidence intervals. While this study highlights areas of future research in refining dental developmental aging by transition analysis, it also demonstrates that the Shackelford et al. method is applicable and accurate when aging modern subadults in forensic work.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78309065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.02
D. C. Ortega, H. Cárdenas, G. Barreto
abstract Malaria is an endemic disease in a large part of Colombia, and the city of Buenaventura reports one of the highest malaria infection rates. Some genetic variants confer resistance to malaria, such as the heterozygote for hemoglobin S (HbS) and the homozygous variant FYBES/FYBES of the Duffy gene. The aim of this work was the molecular characterization of these genes in an Afrodescendant population from the urban area of Buenaventura. A total of 819 individuals from a stratified random sampling in each of the 12 communities of this city were analyzed. Molecular analysis was performed using PCR-RFLP, and data analysis was performed using Arlequin 3.5, SPSS 20.0, and R 3.4.1. Frequencies of 3.1% and 72.2% were obtained for the S and FYBES alleles, respectively, with 6.1% AS heterozygous and 55% FYBES/FYBES homozygous genotypes. The highest percentages of the resistant genotype (genotypic combination AA*FYBES/FYBES) were found for the 13–27-year age group (8.2%) and communities 1 and 3 (18% and 10.3%, respectively). Therefore, it would be pertinent to consider the remaining communities and age groups when performing epidemiological studies and preventive and health care campaigns on malaria in the urban areas of the city of Buenaventura.
{"title":"Genetic Variants of Duffy and Hemoglobin S Genes in an Afrodescendant Population from Colombia","authors":"D. C. Ortega, H. Cárdenas, G. Barreto","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.02","url":null,"abstract":"abstract Malaria is an endemic disease in a large part of Colombia, and the city of Buenaventura reports one of the highest malaria infection rates. Some genetic variants confer resistance to malaria, such as the heterozygote for hemoglobin S (HbS) and the homozygous variant FYBES/FYBES of the Duffy gene. The aim of this work was the molecular characterization of these genes in an Afrodescendant population from the urban area of Buenaventura. A total of 819 individuals from a stratified random sampling in each of the 12 communities of this city were analyzed. Molecular analysis was performed using PCR-RFLP, and data analysis was performed using Arlequin 3.5, SPSS 20.0, and R 3.4.1. Frequencies of 3.1% and 72.2% were obtained for the S and FYBES alleles, respectively, with 6.1% AS heterozygous and 55% FYBES/FYBES homozygous genotypes. The highest percentages of the resistant genotype (genotypic combination AA*FYBES/FYBES) were found for the 13–27-year age group (8.2%) and communities 1 and 3 (18% and 10.3%, respectively). Therefore, it would be pertinent to consider the remaining communities and age groups when performing epidemiological studies and preventive and health care campaigns on malaria in the urban areas of the city of Buenaventura.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78548239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.05
C. Roseman
abstract Hereditarians have claimed that recent advances in psychological and psychiatric genetics support their contention that socially important aspects of behavior and cognition in individuals and groups are largely insensitive to environmental context. This has been countered by anti-hereditarians who (correctly) claim that the conclusion of genetic ineluctability is false. Anti-hereditarians, however, sometimes use problematic arguments based on complexity and the ignorance that comes with complexity and a demand for mechanistic, as opposed to variational, explanations for the ways in which genes affect phenotype. I argue here, as a committed anti-hereditarian, that the complexity gambit and the demand for mechanisms open anti-hereditarian arguments to counterattack from hereditarians. Refocusing the argument onto issues about when heritability, genotypic scores, and genome-wide association studies may be appropriately applied and reemphasizing the point that context matters are stronger measures to counter hereditarian claims.
{"title":"Complexity, Genetic Causation, and Hereditarianism","authors":"C. Roseman","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.05","url":null,"abstract":"abstract Hereditarians have claimed that recent advances in psychological and psychiatric genetics support their contention that socially important aspects of behavior and cognition in individuals and groups are largely insensitive to environmental context. This has been countered by anti-hereditarians who (correctly) claim that the conclusion of genetic ineluctability is false. Anti-hereditarians, however, sometimes use problematic arguments based on complexity and the ignorance that comes with complexity and a demand for mechanistic, as opposed to variational, explanations for the ways in which genes affect phenotype. I argue here, as a committed anti-hereditarian, that the complexity gambit and the demand for mechanisms open anti-hereditarian arguments to counterattack from hereditarians. Refocusing the argument onto issues about when heritability, genotypic scores, and genome-wide association studies may be appropriately applied and reemphasizing the point that context matters are stronger measures to counter hereditarian claims.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83420466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.04
Wafaa Mohamed El-Sehly, Fatma Mohamed Magdy Badr El Dine, M. Shaban
abstract The sella turcica has gained importance as a stable bony landmark in cephalometric studies. This study explored the changes that accompany postnatal ontogeny of the sella turcica until full development and verified its contribution in age estimation and sexual assignment among Egyptians. Six selected measurements of the sella turcica of 215 Egyptian patients were assessed using multidetector computed tomography. The patients represented different ages and were referred to the Diagnostic and Interventional Radiological Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. The gathered data were then subjected to statistical analysis, including correlation and regression analysis. The measurements of the sella showed a strong correlation with age. Three selected measurements demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism: sella width and anterior and median height in subjects 20–25 years old. Six regression equations were derived. The accuracy achieved by the combined parameters in the younger group (<25 years old) was higher than that in the older individuals. This study provides useful tools in the determination of age and sex in both forensic and bioarcheological disciplines. However, further studies concerning the shape are strongly suggested.
{"title":"Ontogenesis of the Sella Turcica among Egyptians: Forensic and Radiological Study","authors":"Wafaa Mohamed El-Sehly, Fatma Mohamed Magdy Badr El Dine, M. Shaban","doi":"10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.04","url":null,"abstract":"abstract The sella turcica has gained importance as a stable bony landmark in cephalometric studies. This study explored the changes that accompany postnatal ontogeny of the sella turcica until full development and verified its contribution in age estimation and sexual assignment among Egyptians. Six selected measurements of the sella turcica of 215 Egyptian patients were assessed using multidetector computed tomography. The patients represented different ages and were referred to the Diagnostic and Interventional Radiological Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. The gathered data were then subjected to statistical analysis, including correlation and regression analysis. The measurements of the sella showed a strong correlation with age. Three selected measurements demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism: sella width and anterior and median height in subjects 20–25 years old. Six regression equations were derived. The accuracy achieved by the combined parameters in the younger group (<25 years old) was higher than that in the older individuals. This study provides useful tools in the determination of age and sex in both forensic and bioarcheological disciplines. However, further studies concerning the shape are strongly suggested.","PeriodicalId":13053,"journal":{"name":"Human Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79434456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.90.4.03
A. González-Oliver, Dircé Pineda-Vázquez, Ernesto Garfias-Morales, Isabel De La Cruz-Laina, L. Medrano-González, L. Márquez-Morfín, A. Ortega-Muñoz
abstract We identified mitochondrial DNA haplogroups A, B, C, and D in 75 present-day Maya individuals, 24 Maya individuals of the colonial period, and 1 pre-Columbian Maya individual from Quintana Roo, Mexico. We examined these data together with those of 21 Maya populations reported in the literature, comprising 647 present-day Maya individuals and 71 ancient Maya individuals. A demographic study based on analysis of fertility and endogamy was carried out in two modern Maya populations to identify cultural factors that influence the mitochondrial haplogroup genetic diversity. Most present-day and ancient Maya populations show a distribution pattern of mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies A, C, B, and D in decreasing order, with haplogroup D absent in several populations. Considering only modern Maya populations with at least 50 individuals analyzed, the present-day Tzotzil and Lacandon populations from Chiapas show the highest and lowest genetic diversity, 0.706 and 0.025, respectively. Our results show small genetic differences between the Maya populations, with the exception of the present-day Tojolabal and Lacandon populations from Chiapas. The present-day Lacandon population from Chiapas differs from other Maya populations in showing almost only haplogroup A. This result suggests a long history of isolation and endogamy as well as a possible founder effect inside the Lacandonian rain forest. The contemporary Tojolabal population is the only one with an unusual mitochondrial haplogroup pattern, exhibiting a frequency of haplogroup B higher than A and the absence of haplogroup C. With a small sample size, the pre-Columbian Copán Maya show a high content of haplogroup C and a low frequency of haplogroup D. The genetic homogeneity of the Maya populations is indicative of a common origin and nearly continuous gene flow in the long term within a general isolation of the whole group, in contrast to the Nahua populations that had different origins. Our demographic study showed high fertility rates and high levels of endogamy in the present-day Maya populations from Quintana Roo that are consistent with their general low genetic diversity. We propose that the genetic similarity among ancient and present-day Maya populations persists due to a strong sense of social cohesion and identity that impacts their marriage practices, keeping this cultural group isolated. These factors have constrained gene flow inside the Maya region and have impeded the differentiation among the Maya. Discernment of genetic differentiation within the peninsula is constrained by the lack of sampling documentation in the literature.
研究人员在75名现代玛雅人、24名殖民时期玛雅人以及1名来自墨西哥金塔纳罗奥的前哥伦布时期玛雅人身上鉴定出线粒体DNA单倍群A、B、C和D。我们将这些数据与文献中报道的21个玛雅人的数据一起进行了检查，其中包括647个现代玛雅人和71个古代玛雅人。一项基于生育和内婚制分析的人口统计学研究在两个现代玛雅人群中进行，以确定影响线粒体单倍群遗传多样性的文化因素。大多数现代和古代玛雅人的线粒体单倍群频率a、C、B和D按降序排列，在一些人群中没有单倍群D。只考虑至少有50个个体的现代玛雅人，来自恰帕斯的今天的Tzotzil和Lacandon群体显示出最高和最低的遗传多样性，分别为0.706和0.025。我们的研究结果显示，除了今天来自恰帕斯的Tojolabal和Lacandon种群外，玛雅种群之间存在微小的遗传差异。恰帕斯地区的拉坎东人与其他玛雅人的不同之处在于，他们几乎只有单倍群a。这一结果表明，拉坎东人有着长期的隔离和内婚历史，也可能是拉坎东雨林内部的奠基人效应。当代Tojolabal人口是唯一一个不寻常的线粒体haplogroup模式,表现出haplogroup B的频率高于和缺乏haplogroup C .小样本大小,哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的科潘玛雅显示haplogroup C的含量高和低频率haplogroup d .玛雅人口的遗传同质性是一个共同起源的象征,几乎连续长期基因流动在整个集团的一般隔离,与起源不同的纳华人形成鲜明对比。我们的人口统计研究表明，在金塔纳罗奥的现代玛雅人口中，高生育率和高水平的内婚制与他们普遍的低遗传多样性是一致的。我们认为，古代和现代玛雅人之间的遗传相似性之所以持续存在，是因为强烈的社会凝聚力和身份意识影响了他们的婚姻习俗，使这个文化群体保持孤立。这些因素限制了玛雅地区内部的基因流动，阻碍了玛雅人之间的分化。在半岛内的遗传分化的辨别受到文献中缺乏采样文件的限制。
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