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The Dragons and the Snakes最新文献

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Note on Terminology 术语说明
Pub Date : 2020-03-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190265687.003.0002
David J. Kilcullen
Throughout this book, I use the capitalized term “Western” or “the West” to describe a particular military methodology, along with the group of countries whose warfighting style is characterized by that methodology. In essence, it is an approach to war that emphasizes battlefield dominance, achieved through high-tech precision engagement, networked communications, and pervasive intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). It is characterized by an obsessive drive to minimize casualties, a reluctance to think about the long-term consequences of war, a narrow focus on combat, and a lack of emphasis on war termination—the set of activities needed in order to translate battlefield success into enduring and favorable political outcomes....
在本书中,我使用大写的术语“西方”或“西方”来描述一种特定的军事方法,以及以这种方法为特征的作战风格的国家集团。从本质上讲,它是一种强调战场优势的战争方法,通过高科技精确交战、网络通信和无处不在的情报、监视和侦察(ISR)来实现。它的特点是强迫性地减少伤亡,不愿考虑战争的长期后果,对战斗的狭隘关注,缺乏对战争结束的强调——这是将战场上的成功转化为持久和有利的政治结果....所需要的一系列活动
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引用次数: 0
Liminal Warfare 阈限的战争
Pub Date : 2020-03-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190265687.003.0006
David J. Kilcullen
This chapter discusses Russian evolution and adaptation since the Cold War, surveys the post-Soviet military evolution of Russian forces, offers case studies of the Norwegian-Russian border and the Russo-Georgian War of 2008, introduces and analyzes the concept of liminal warfare as practiced by Russia, and discusses the “Gerasimov doctrine,”, reflexive control, and Russian political warfare methods, including those allegedly used during the 2016 US presidential election. It argues that, in recovering from its post-Cold War eclipse of the 1990s, the Russian Federation engaged in a process of adaptation under pressure, developing significantly more capable conventional and nuclear forces (especially after the Five-Day War of 2008 in Georgia) but also evolving a form of warfare, liminal maneuver, designed to offset US conventional dominance.
本章讨论了自冷战以来俄罗斯的演变和适应,调查了俄罗斯军队的后苏联军事演变,提供了挪威-俄罗斯边境和2008年俄罗斯-格鲁吉亚战争的案例研究,介绍和分析了俄罗斯实践的阈限战争的概念,并讨论了“格拉西莫夫主义”,反射性控制和俄罗斯的政治战争方法,包括据称在2016年美国总统大选期间使用的方法。它认为,在从上世纪90年代冷战后的衰退中恢复过来的过程中,俄罗斯联邦在压力下进行了适应过程,发展了更强大的常规和核力量(特别是在2008年格鲁吉亚五天战争之后),但也发展了一种战争形式,即有限机动,旨在抵消美国的常规优势。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptual Envelopment 概念上的包络
Pub Date : 2020-03-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190265687.003.0007
David J. Kilcullen
This chapter discusses China’s evolution and adaptation since the Cold War, surveys the evolution of Chinese forces, offers case studies of the Sino-Vietnamese War and the South China Sea, introduces and analyzes the concept of conceptual envelopment as it relates to China, discusses the transformative effect of China’s emergence as a global oceanic and maritime power, and explores the concept of unrestricted warfare and China’s Three Warfares doctrine. It argues that, in the quarter century since 1993, China has learned by watching the West struggle in the post-Cold War era, and has taken advantage of Western preoccupation with terrorism since 2001. The 1991 Gulf War, the 1996 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, and the 1999 bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade prompted strategists in Beijing to shift from a peacetime, concept-led adaptation process to a wartime, reactive approach that treats the United States as a “pacing threat.”
本章讨论了中国自冷战以来的演变和适应,调查了中国军队的演变,提供了中越战争和南海的案例研究,介绍和分析了概念包膜的概念,因为它与中国有关,讨论了中国作为全球海洋和海洋大国的崛起的变革影响,并探讨了无限制战的概念和中国的三战学说。文章认为,自1993年以来的25年里,中国通过观察西方在后冷战时期的斗争吸取了教训,并利用了西方自2001年以来对恐怖主义的关注。1991年的海湾战争,1996年的第三次台湾海峡危机,以及1999年中国驻贝尔格莱德大使馆被炸事件,促使北京的战略家们从和平时期以概念为主导的适应过程,转变为将美国视为“不断变化的威胁”的战时反应性方法。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive Enemies 自适应的敌人
Pub Date : 2020-03-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190265687.003.0004
David J. Kilcullen
This chapter draws on key concepts from evolutionary theory, anthropology, and social science to explore how adaptive enemies evolve and adapt under conditions of conflict. It identifies four key mechanisms of evolution in irregular warfare—social learning, natural selection, artificial selection (including both unconscious artificial selection and predator effects), and institutional adaptation—and gives examples of each. It also examines forms of conscious military innovation by states, and draws a distinction between peacetime (concept led) and wartime (reactive) modes of innovation. The chapter argues that domination of the operational environment by Western armed forces since the end of the Cold War has created evolutionary pressure to which all adversaries—state and non-state—have responded, and that this response is shaping new approaches to war.
本章借鉴了进化论、人类学和社会科学的关键概念,探讨了适应性敌人是如何在冲突条件下进化和适应的。它确定了不规则战争中进化的四个关键机制——社会学习、自然选择、人工选择(包括无意识的人工选择和捕食者效应)和制度适应——并给出了每个机制的例子。它还考察了国家有意识的军事创新形式,并区分了和平时期(概念主导)和战时(反应性)创新模式。本章认为,自冷战结束以来,西方武装力量对作战环境的统治创造了进化压力,所有对手——国家和非国家——都对这种压力做出了反应,这种反应正在形成新的战争方式。
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引用次数: 0
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The Dragons and the Snakes
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