Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116945
Jacob Haqq-Misra
Evidence for fluvial features and standing liquid water indicate that Mars was a warmer and wetter place in its past; however, climate models have historically been unable to produce conditions to yield a warm early Mars under the faint young sun. Some models invoke thick greenhouse atmospheres to produce continuously warm conditions, but others have argued that available geologic evidence is more consistent with short-duration and transient warming events on an otherwise cold Mars. One possibility of harmonizing these perspectives is that early Mars experienced climate limit cycles that caused the climate to oscillate between short periods of warmth and prolonged periods of glaciation, due to modulation of greenhouse warming by the carbonate-silicate cycle. This study suggests that episodic limit cycling during the Noachian and Hesperian periods provides a hypothetical explanation for the timing and formation of fluvial features on Mars. A schematic time-forward trajectory of the full history of Mars is calculated using an energy balance climate model, which includes an active carbonate-silicate cycle, instellation changes due to the sun’s main sequence evolution, variations in the obliquity of Mars, and supplemental warming from additional greenhouse gases beyond carbon dioxide alone. These calculations demonstrate the viability of a climate history for Mars involving episodic limit cycling to enable the formation of the valley networks at 4.1-3.5 Ga and delta features at 3.3-3.0 Ga, interspersed with cold stable climates and ending in the late Amazonian in a carbon dioxide condensation regime. This schematic climate trajectory provides a plausible narrative that remains consistent with available geologic data, and further exploration of warming mechanisms for the climate of Mars should consider the possibility of episodic transient events driven by carbonate-silicate limit cycling.
{"title":"Limit cycles and the climate history of Mars","authors":"Jacob Haqq-Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evidence for fluvial features and standing liquid water indicate that Mars was a warmer and wetter place in its past; however, climate models have historically been unable to produce conditions to yield a warm early Mars under the faint young sun. Some models invoke thick greenhouse atmospheres to produce continuously warm conditions, but others have argued that available geologic evidence is more consistent with short-duration and transient warming events on an otherwise cold Mars. One possibility of harmonizing these perspectives is that early Mars experienced climate limit cycles that caused the climate to oscillate between short periods of warmth and prolonged periods of glaciation, due to modulation of greenhouse warming by the carbonate-silicate cycle. This study suggests that episodic limit cycling during the Noachian and Hesperian periods provides a hypothetical explanation for the timing and formation of fluvial features on Mars. A schematic time-forward trajectory of the full history of Mars is calculated using an energy balance climate model, which includes an active carbonate-silicate cycle, instellation changes due to the sun’s main sequence evolution, variations in the obliquity of Mars, and supplemental warming from additional greenhouse gases beyond carbon dioxide alone. These calculations demonstrate the viability of a climate history for Mars involving episodic limit cycling to enable the formation of the valley networks at 4.1-3.5<!--> <!-->Ga and delta features at 3.3-3.0<!--> <!-->Ga, interspersed with cold stable climates and ending in the late Amazonian in a carbon dioxide condensation regime. This schematic climate trajectory provides a plausible narrative that remains consistent with available geologic data, and further exploration of warming mechanisms for the climate of Mars should consider the possibility of episodic transient events driven by carbonate-silicate limit cycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"449 ","pages":"Article 116945"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116948
M.N. Barrington , C.D. Tate , A.G. Hayes
Mastcam-Z is a stereoscopic, zoomable multispectral imaging system located on the Remote Sensing Mast (RSM) of the Perseverance Rover. Mastcam-Z is the first zoomable multispectral imaging system flown on a NASA spacecraft. The Mastcam-Z Analog Spectral Imager is a Mastcam-Z emulator built at Cornell University for three primary purposes: 1) to serve as a testbed for the pre-flight radiometric and geometric calibration of Mastcam-Z, 2) to characterize Mastcam-Z anomalies observed during calibration and operation, and 3) to act as a field instrument for collecting terrestrial analog multispectral data with the same resolution and spectral characteristics as Mastcam-Z images. MASI is engineered using a combination of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and Mastcam-Z flight spare hardware and is calibrated using a similar set of algorithms to Mastcam-Z. Herein, we show that MASI produces reflectance values that are similar to Mastcam-Z laboratory and inflight values, and provide a detailed description of MASI's hardware, software, and spectral data products.
{"title":"Mastcam-Z analog spectral imager (MASI): A Mastcam-Z testbed and field instrument","authors":"M.N. Barrington , C.D. Tate , A.G. Hayes","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mastcam-Z is a stereoscopic, zoomable multispectral imaging system located on the Remote Sensing Mast (RSM) of the Perseverance Rover. Mastcam-Z is the first zoomable multispectral imaging system flown on a NASA spacecraft. The Mastcam-Z Analog Spectral Imager is a Mastcam-Z emulator built at Cornell University for three primary purposes: 1) to serve as a testbed for the pre-flight radiometric and geometric calibration of Mastcam-Z, 2) to characterize Mastcam-Z anomalies observed during calibration and operation, and 3) to act as a field instrument for collecting terrestrial analog multispectral data with the same resolution and spectral characteristics as Mastcam-Z images. MASI is engineered using a combination of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and Mastcam-Z flight spare hardware and is calibrated using a similar set of algorithms to Mastcam-Z. Herein, we show that MASI produces reflectance values that are similar to Mastcam-Z laboratory and inflight values, and provide a detailed description of MASI's hardware, software, and spectral data products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"449 ","pages":"Article 116948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116947
Alexander M. Barrett , Matthew R. Balme , Elena A. Favaro , Mark J. Woods , Mateusz Malinowski , Laila Elsarky , Kylash Rajendran , James A. Holmes , Manish R. Patel
In this investigation, a Deep Learning (DL) approach was applied to measure the morphometry of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on the surface of Mars. A large sample of TARs was segmented from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images, the highest resolution remote sensing dataset presently available for the planet. HiRISE images located between 50°N and 50°S, and from all longitudes were selected. Morphometric parameters such as area, elongation, and orientation were retrieved for this sample using a supervised instance segmentation and geospatial analysis pipeline. The result is the most extensive catalogue of TAR morphometry to date extracted from ∼14 million candidate TARs in ∼7000 HiRISE Images. This was accomplished by training off-the-shelf DL models within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. A significant TAR population was found in approximately half of the images surveyed. TAR area, and the lengths of the long and short axes, were found to exhibit a positively skewed log-normal distribution; the median short axis length is 5 m, while the median long axis is 24 m. Median elongation is 0.24. Global TAR orientations are varied, although North-South oriented TARs are the most populous group. This is likely due to the strong east blowing winds predicted by GCM simulations of the modern martian climate. Here we present our latest results and use TAR orientation statistics to describe the emerging picture of global wind patterns on Mars during TAR forming epochs.
{"title":"Detecting and measuring Transverse Aeolian Ridges on Mars using deep learning","authors":"Alexander M. Barrett , Matthew R. Balme , Elena A. Favaro , Mark J. Woods , Mateusz Malinowski , Laila Elsarky , Kylash Rajendran , James A. Holmes , Manish R. Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this investigation, a Deep Learning (DL) approach was applied to measure the morphometry of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on the surface of Mars. A large sample of TARs was segmented from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images, the highest resolution remote sensing dataset presently available for the planet. HiRISE images located between 50°N and 50°S, and from all longitudes were selected. Morphometric parameters such as area, elongation, and orientation were retrieved for this sample using a supervised instance segmentation and geospatial analysis pipeline. The result is the most extensive catalogue of TAR morphometry to date extracted from ∼14 million candidate TARs in ∼7000 HiRISE Images. This was accomplished by training off-the-shelf DL models within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. A significant TAR population was found in approximately half of the images surveyed. TAR area, and the lengths of the long and short axes, were found to exhibit a positively skewed log-normal distribution; the median short axis length is 5 m, while the median long axis is 24 m. Median elongation is 0.24. Global TAR orientations are varied, although North-South oriented TARs are the most populous group. This is likely due to the strong east blowing winds predicted by GCM simulations of the modern martian climate. Here we present our latest results and use TAR orientation statistics to describe the emerging picture of global wind patterns on Mars during TAR forming epochs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"449 ","pages":"Article 116947"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116946
M. Chwała , G. Komatsu , P. D'Incecco
In this study, we estimate the theoretical upper bounds of Venusian lava tube dimensions by performing parametric numerical analyses under two scenarios of rock-mass strength. Using Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) with both lower- and upper-bound estimates of the limit load, we determine the maximum possible widths of lava tubes for given heights and roof thicknesses. This approach provides a range of plausible dimensions for structurally stable Venusian lava tubes. Our results suggest that lava tubes with widths of a few hundred meters may remain stable, and these dimensions are consistent with observed Venusian channel sizes. The study also indicates that future missions with higher-resolution imaging and geophysical investigation capacities should be able to detect possible surface expressions of lava tubes, such as pit chains, skylights, subsurface voids and gravity anomalies to further support their existence.
{"title":"Upper estimate of possible sizes of Venusian lava tubes from the perspective of structural stability","authors":"M. Chwała , G. Komatsu , P. D'Incecco","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we estimate the theoretical upper bounds of Venusian lava tube dimensions by performing parametric numerical analyses under two scenarios of rock-mass strength. Using Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) with both lower- and upper-bound estimates of the limit load, we determine the maximum possible widths of lava tubes for given heights and roof thicknesses. This approach provides a range of plausible dimensions for structurally stable Venusian lava tubes. Our results suggest that lava tubes with widths of a few hundred meters may remain stable, and these dimensions are consistent with observed Venusian channel sizes. The study also indicates that future missions with higher-resolution imaging and geophysical investigation capacities should be able to detect possible surface expressions of lava tubes, such as pit chains, skylights, subsurface voids and gravity anomalies to further support their existence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"449 ","pages":"Article 116946"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116943
V.F. Peixoto , B.E. Morgado , F.M.W. Tognoli , C. Haslebacher
Europa’s surface is dominated by lineaments that record its tectonic evolution and provide key constraints on ice-shell dynamics. While previous studies have primarily relied on descriptive mapping, here we apply a quantitative framework integrating geometric and topological analyses to characterize fracture networks within high-resolution Galileo SSI mosaics. Lineaments were mapped using the deep learning tool LineaMapper followed by manual refinements in QGIS, producing a consistent dataset across two representative areas located in the leading and trailing hemispheres. From these networks, we computed spacing, density (), and orientation, and performed a topological analysis with the Python package Fractopo. Within the specific areas investigated, the trailing-hemisphere area exhibits higher lineament density, greater node frequency, and more segmented networks, whereas the leading-hemisphere area contains longer, more continuous lineaments with lower connectivity. Orientation patterns further show that longer fractures preferentially align E–W, consistent with tidal stress predictions. These results indicate that fracture networks in the examined sectors are moderately connected and spatially heterogeneous, reflecting local variations in stress and terrain type. The integrated approach presented here provides a quantitative baseline for future studies and will be particularly valuable for interpreting the unprecedented spatial coverage and resolution expected from ESA’s JUICE and NASA’s Europa Clipper missions.
{"title":"Topological analysis of Europa’s fracture networks","authors":"V.F. Peixoto , B.E. Morgado , F.M.W. Tognoli , C. Haslebacher","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Europa’s surface is dominated by lineaments that record its tectonic evolution and provide key constraints on ice-shell dynamics. While previous studies have primarily relied on descriptive mapping, here we apply a quantitative framework integrating geometric and topological analyses to characterize fracture networks within high-resolution Galileo SSI mosaics. Lineaments were mapped using the deep learning tool <span>LineaMapper</span> followed by manual refinements in QGIS, producing a consistent dataset across two representative areas located in the leading and trailing hemispheres. From these networks, we computed spacing, density (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>21</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), and orientation, and performed a topological analysis with the Python package Fractopo. Within the specific areas investigated, the trailing-hemisphere area exhibits higher lineament density, greater node frequency, and more segmented networks, whereas the leading-hemisphere area contains longer, more continuous lineaments with lower connectivity. Orientation patterns further show that longer fractures preferentially align E–W, consistent with tidal stress predictions. These results indicate that fracture networks in the examined sectors are moderately connected and spatially heterogeneous, reflecting local variations in stress and terrain type. The integrated approach presented here provides a quantitative baseline for future studies and will be particularly valuable for interpreting the unprecedented spatial coverage and resolution expected from ESA’s JUICE and NASA’s Europa Clipper missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"449 ","pages":"Article 116943"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116942
Georgios Tsirvouils , Mikael Granvik , Leonard Schirner , Athanasia Toliou , Jooyeon Geem , Axel Hagermann
Recent models of the near-Earth asteroid population show that asteroids must be super-catastrophically destroyed when they evolve to orbits with perihelion passages well inside of Mercury’s orbit. The heliocentric distances at which the disruptions typically occur are tens of solar radii, which is too far from the Sun for asteroids to be destroyed by sublimation and tidal disruption. The typical disruption distance also appears to be larger for darker asteroids. Here, by carrying out irradiance experiments in vacuum that replicate the conditions in the near-Sun environment, we show that CI meteorite simulants are destroyed within minutes when exposed to the level of solar irradiance encountered at heliocentric distances of up to about 0.2 au. Our results provide an explanation for the scarcity of dark, carbonaceous asteroids with perihelion distances less than 0.2 au, and for the observed mass-loss rate of the asteroid-like object 322P/SOHO 1 assuming its composition is similar to CI carbonaceous chondrites.
{"title":"Instantaneous thermally-driven erosion can explain dearth of dark near-Sun asteroids","authors":"Georgios Tsirvouils , Mikael Granvik , Leonard Schirner , Athanasia Toliou , Jooyeon Geem , Axel Hagermann","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent models of the near-Earth asteroid population show that asteroids must be super-catastrophically destroyed when they evolve to orbits with perihelion passages well inside of Mercury’s orbit. The heliocentric distances at which the disruptions typically occur are tens of solar radii, which is too far from the Sun for asteroids to be destroyed by sublimation and tidal disruption. The typical disruption distance also appears to be larger for darker asteroids. Here, by carrying out irradiance experiments in vacuum that replicate the conditions in the near-Sun environment, we show that CI meteorite simulants are destroyed within minutes when exposed to the level of solar irradiance encountered at heliocentric distances of up to about 0.2 au. Our results provide an explanation for the scarcity of dark, carbonaceous asteroids with perihelion distances less than 0.2 au, and for the observed mass-loss rate of the asteroid-like object 322P/SOHO 1 assuming its composition is similar to CI carbonaceous chondrites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"448 ","pages":"Article 116942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116937
Simon Gouzy , Fabien Stalport , Benjamin Rondeau , Vassilissa Vinogradoff , Elisabeth Lapp , Florian Massuyeau , Maxime Pineau , Rachel Gonthier , Hervé Cottin , John Carter
On Earth, alteration minerals, such as clays and amorphous silica, have proved to be able to preserve organic molecules linked to life over geological timescales. These minerals are also widespread on the Martian surface and have been shown to be associated with organic molecules by the rovers. However, continuous bombardment by radiation of the surface, including UV, raises questions about the alteration state of the organic molecules and, consequently, the preservation capacity of the mineral phases that host them. To investigate this, we experimentally exposed natural organo-mineral complexes to UV radiation, comprising four mineral matrices (opal, chalcedony, sepiolite and silicified sepiolite) naturally coloured in pink by chromophoric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons known to be photodegradable. We monitored the evolution of the intensity of the pink colour through UV–visible spectroscopy as a proxy of the degradation of the organic molecules. Results show that all the mineral matrices possess a distinct preservation capacity of their pink colour for which opal and silicified sepiolite (channels filled with amorphous silica) proved to be the most effective. Moreover, our results tend to indicate that less than an equivalent of 100 years of UV-exposure at the surface of Mars are sufficient to drastically alter the organic molecules, even embedded in a mineral matrix. We infer that to maximize the chances of detecting the best-preserved organic molecules on the surface of Mars, priority should be given to silica-rich alteration phases and silicification events as key astrobiological targets.
{"title":"Preservation of organic molecules in silica and sepiolite clay under UV radiation","authors":"Simon Gouzy , Fabien Stalport , Benjamin Rondeau , Vassilissa Vinogradoff , Elisabeth Lapp , Florian Massuyeau , Maxime Pineau , Rachel Gonthier , Hervé Cottin , John Carter","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On Earth, alteration minerals, such as clays and amorphous silica, have proved to be able to preserve organic molecules linked to life over geological timescales. These minerals are also widespread on the Martian surface and have been shown to be associated with organic molecules by the rovers. However, continuous bombardment by radiation of the surface, including UV, raises questions about the alteration state of the organic molecules and, consequently, the preservation capacity of the mineral phases that host them. To investigate this, we experimentally exposed natural organo-mineral complexes to UV radiation, comprising four mineral matrices (opal, chalcedony, sepiolite and silicified sepiolite) naturally coloured in pink by chromophoric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons known to be photodegradable. We monitored the evolution of the intensity of the pink colour through UV–visible spectroscopy as a proxy of the degradation of the organic molecules. Results show that all the mineral matrices possess a distinct preservation capacity of their pink colour for which opal and silicified sepiolite (channels filled with amorphous silica) proved to be the most effective. Moreover, our results tend to indicate that less than an equivalent of 100 years of UV-exposure at the surface of Mars are sufficient to drastically alter the organic molecules, even embedded in a mineral matrix. We infer that to maximize the chances of detecting the best-preserved organic molecules on the surface of Mars, priority should be given to silica-rich alteration phases and silicification events as key astrobiological targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"449 ","pages":"Article 116937"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116936
C. Pilorget , C. Ye , C.S. Edwards
Thermal IR spectroscopy has been widely used in the exploration of the Solar System to characterize the mineralogical composition of planetary surfaces. Beyond the identification of the different compounds, estimating their abundances presents significant challenges, hence the usual application of simplified models that generally assume linear mixtures for example. These approaches, relatively easy to use, might however lead to important biases. Here we present a novel model based on a Monte-Carlo approach to compute the radiative transfer within a granular medium where the grains are resolved. A critical aspect of our model is that it can more directly accept data acquired from lab experiments to simulate various types of mixtures (linear, intimate, layered) in a realistic manner. Variable thermal profiles can also be simulated in the sample. Such a model can be used to better constrain the abundances of mineral compounds in natural planetary surfaces. We present some first applications, in particular estimating potential biases when neglecting multiple scattering in the models. We also evaluate the effect of porosity and thermal gradients in a few limited cases to prove the feasibility for future applications.
{"title":"A Monte-Carlo radiative transfer model to simulate thermal infrared emission spectra from planetary surfaces: Mineralogical mixtures and thermal gradients","authors":"C. Pilorget , C. Ye , C.S. Edwards","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal IR spectroscopy has been widely used in the exploration of the Solar System to characterize the mineralogical composition of planetary surfaces. Beyond the identification of the different compounds, estimating their abundances presents significant challenges, hence the usual application of simplified models that generally assume linear mixtures for example. These approaches, relatively easy to use, might however lead to important biases. Here we present a novel model based on a Monte-Carlo approach to compute the radiative transfer within a granular medium where the grains are resolved. A critical aspect of our model is that it can more directly accept data acquired from lab experiments to simulate various types of mixtures (linear, intimate, layered) in a realistic manner. Variable thermal profiles can also be simulated in the sample. Such a model can be used to better constrain the abundances of mineral compounds in natural planetary surfaces. We present some first applications, in particular estimating potential biases when neglecting multiple scattering in the models. We also evaluate the effect of porosity and thermal gradients in a few limited cases to prove the feasibility for future applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"448 ","pages":"Article 116936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116923
M. Escudero-Jiménez , M.A. López-Valverde , J. Peralta , T. Moya , A. Belmonte , A. Brines , I. Thomas , G. Villanueva , G. Liuzzi , E. Knutsen , S. Viscardy , F. González-Galindo , A. Modak , B. Funke , J.J. López-Moreno , J. Rodríguez , R. Sanz , F. Daerden , L. Trompet , A.S.J. Khayat , A.C. Vandaele
Here we update the search for two trace species of high interest in the Martian atmosphere, methane (CH) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS), using solar occultation (SO) measurements from the NOMAD spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). Neither species has been detected in previous analyses of TGO’s dedicated SO instruments, ACS and NOMAD. Our approach focused on NOMAD-SO data, assessing in detail the calibration uncertainties to quantify systematic error components, and investigating if vertical averaging of spectra to reduce random noise would enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The latter step required careful data cleaning with precise radiative transfer modeling and should improve upon earlier searches that analyzed spectra individually.
We examined 19,330 NOMAD SO spectra targeting CH and OCS, from diffraction orders 134 and 129, corresponding to 76 and 142 vertical scans, respectively. These scans span a wide range of latitudes and seasons over three Martian years (April 2018 to November 2022, MY34-MY36). No CH or OCS absorption features were detected and our composite vertical profiles (5–50 km tangent altitude) yielded stringent upper limits. For methane, the 1- upper limits typically lie around 0.5 ppbv, reaching 0.2 ppbv at some altitudes and locations. Our methane limits were primarily constrained by systematic uncertainties, particularly the residual baseline shape, and are therefore relatively higher than those previously reported in Knutsen et al. (2021), who processed the spectra differently to remove this effect. For OCS, our composite profiles indicate concentrations below 5 ppbv at low altitudes and below 2 ppbv in some cases, also at the 1- significance level.
Further improvements will require additional calibration refinements, ideally through better characterization of instrument behavior under thermal variations. As a practical step, narrowing the analyzed spectral intervals can reduce continuum uncertainties, provided contaminating features are absent. For methane features in diffraction order 134, such narrowing lowers uncertainties by a factor of three, getting closer to the most stringent limits previously reported (Knutsen et al., 2021).
在这里，我们更新了对火星大气中两种高度感兴趣的痕量物质的搜索，甲烷（CH4）和羰基硫化物（OCS），使用来自痕量气体轨道器（TGO）上的NOMAD光谱仪的太阳掩星（SO）测量。在TGO的专用SO仪器ACS和NOMAD之前的分析中都没有检测到这两种物种。我们的方法侧重于NOMAD-SO数据，详细评估校准不确定性以量化系统误差分量，并研究垂直平均光谱以减少随机噪声是否会提高信噪比（SNR）。后一步需要用精确的辐射传输建模仔细地清理数据，并且应该改进先前单独分析光谱的搜索。我们研究了19330个针对CH4和OCS的NOMAD SO光谱，分别对应于衍射阶134和129，分别对应于76和142垂直扫描。这些扫描跨越了三个火星年（2018年4月至2022年11月，MY34-MY36）的广泛纬度和季节。没有检测到CH4或OCS吸收特征，我们的复合垂直剖面（切线高度5-50 km）产生了严格的上限。对于甲烷，1-σ上限通常在0.5 ppbv左右，在某些高度和位置达到0.2 ppbv。我们的甲烷限值主要受到系统不确定性的限制，特别是剩余基线形状，因此相对高于Knutsen等人（2021）先前报道的数据，他们对光谱进行了不同的处理以消除这种影响。对于OCS，我们的复合剖面显示低海拔地区浓度低于5 ppbv，在某些情况下低于2 ppbv，也在1-σ显著水平上。进一步的改进将需要额外的校准改进，理想情况下，通过更好地表征仪器在热变化下的行为。作为一个实际步骤，在没有污染特征的情况下，缩小分析的光谱间隔可以减少连续体的不确定性。对于衍射阶为134的甲烷特征，这种缩小将不确定性降低了三倍，更接近先前报道的最严格限制（Knutsen et al., 2021）。
{"title":"Upper limits of CH4 and OCS in the Martian atmosphere from NOMAD/TGO solar occultation: A study of vertical averaging and systematic uncertainties","authors":"M. Escudero-Jiménez , M.A. López-Valverde , J. Peralta , T. Moya , A. Belmonte , A. Brines , I. Thomas , G. Villanueva , G. Liuzzi , E. Knutsen , S. Viscardy , F. González-Galindo , A. Modak , B. Funke , J.J. López-Moreno , J. Rodríguez , R. Sanz , F. Daerden , L. Trompet , A.S.J. Khayat , A.C. Vandaele","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here we update the search for two trace species of high interest in the Martian atmosphere, methane (CH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS), using solar occultation (SO) measurements from the NOMAD spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). Neither species has been detected in previous analyses of TGO’s dedicated SO instruments, ACS and NOMAD. Our approach focused on NOMAD-SO data, assessing in detail the calibration uncertainties to quantify systematic error components, and investigating if vertical averaging of spectra to reduce random noise would enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The latter step required careful data cleaning with precise radiative transfer modeling and should improve upon earlier searches that analyzed spectra individually.</div><div>We examined 19,330 NOMAD SO spectra targeting CH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and OCS, from diffraction orders 134 and 129, corresponding to 76 and 142 vertical scans, respectively. These scans span a wide range of latitudes and seasons over three Martian years (April 2018 to November 2022, MY34-MY36). No CH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> or OCS absorption features were detected and our composite vertical profiles (5–50 km tangent altitude) yielded stringent upper limits. For methane, the 1-<span><math><mi>σ</mi></math></span> upper limits typically lie around 0.5 ppbv, reaching 0.2 ppbv at some altitudes and locations. Our methane limits were primarily constrained by systematic uncertainties, particularly the residual baseline shape, and are therefore relatively higher than those previously reported in Knutsen et al. (2021), who processed the spectra differently to remove this effect. For OCS, our composite profiles indicate concentrations below 5 ppbv at low altitudes and below 2 ppbv in some cases, also at the 1-<span><math><mi>σ</mi></math></span> significance level.</div><div>Further improvements will require additional calibration refinements, ideally through better characterization of instrument behavior under thermal variations. As a practical step, narrowing the analyzed spectral intervals can reduce continuum uncertainties, provided contaminating features are absent. For methane features in diffraction order 134, such narrowing lowers uncertainties by a factor of three, getting closer to the most stringent limits previously reported (Knutsen et al., 2021).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"448 ","pages":"Article 116923"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116926
Logan Dewsnap , Margaret Campbell-Brown
We examine the effects of assumptions in the calculation of electron line density of radar meteors on the value of luminous efficiency calculated using simultaneous radar and optical observations. We combine high-resolution optical measurements from the Canadian Automated Meteor Observatory (CAMO) with multi-frequency radar echoes from the Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar (CMOR). Previous work relating and has been limited to single-frequency radar observations, which requires additional modeling assumptions such as the initial trail radius (Weryk and Brown, 2013). In this work, we require model fits to all three frequencies at which CMOR operates, which provides better constraints which reduce the need for these assumptions, at the cost of significantly shrinking the pool of suitable data. Between 2017–2022, 299 candidates for three-frequency CMOR simultaneously observed by CAMO were identified, of which 1% were suitable for fitting. Although the fittable data set was too small to determine statistical trends, all events showed lower luminous efficiencies than those that would be found through single-frequency modeling. This emphasizes the need for better models of scattering from meteor trails in these studies.
{"title":"Meteor luminous efficiencies from simultaneous multi-frequency radar and high-resolution optical observations","authors":"Logan Dewsnap , Margaret Campbell-Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the effects of assumptions in the calculation of electron line density of radar meteors on the value of luminous efficiency calculated using simultaneous radar and optical observations. We combine high-resolution optical measurements from the Canadian Automated Meteor Observatory (CAMO) with multi-frequency radar echoes from the Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar (CMOR). Previous work relating <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>τ</mi></math></span> has been limited to single-frequency radar observations, which requires additional modeling assumptions such as the initial trail radius (Weryk and Brown, 2013). In this work, we require model fits to all three frequencies at which CMOR operates, which provides better constraints which reduce the need for these assumptions, at the cost of significantly shrinking the pool of suitable data. Between 2017–2022, 299 candidates for three-frequency CMOR simultaneously observed by CAMO were identified, of which 1% were suitable for fitting. Although the fittable data set was too small to determine statistical trends, all events showed lower luminous efficiencies than those that would be found through single-frequency modeling. This emphasizes the need for better models of scattering from meteor trails in these studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13199,"journal":{"name":"Icarus","volume":"448 ","pages":"Article 116926"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号