Introduction: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV2) is a novel beta-coronaviridae family and its effects on the kidneys have been reported which included the increased requirement of renal replacement therapy during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our study is,thus, designed to determine the risk factors of AKI in critically ill patients with covid-19 and their outcomes Method and Material: It is a retrospective observational study of COVID-19 patients admitted in SIDH&RC(specialized facility center for COVID-19) from July 2020 to July 2021. The patients were divided into two groups; one with confirmed critical COVID-19 and had AKI during hospital stay and the other group who have confirmed critical COVID-19 and did not had AKI during hospital stay. Results: Total 232 patients included in this study who were critical at the time of admission in which 92(39.65%) of the patients had AKI during hospital stay. Most of the patients who had AKI were male 55(59.8%). We found that in this population mortality was not significant in critical COVID-19 patients with AKI. However, patients with AKI had worst survival distribution compared to non-AKI patients (p<0.05). Patients with AKI required mechanical ventilation compared to non-AKI patients (70.7% vs 50.7%, p<0.05) along with significant chances of occurrence of complications as superimposed bacterial infections (78.3% vs 52.9%, p<0.05), NSTEMI (33.7% vs 13.6%, p<0.05), septic shock (66.3% vs 38.6%, p<0.05) and progression to severe ARDS (78.3% vs 60.7%, p<0.05). Conclusion: We found that patients with AKI had a worst survival distribution than non AKI in Critical COVID-19 patients
简介:严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV2)是一种新型β -冠状病毒科，其对肾脏的影响已被报道，包括在Covid-19大流行期间对肾脏替代治疗的需求增加。因此，我们的研究旨在确定covid-19危重患者AKI的危险因素及其结局方法和材料:对2020年7月至2021年7月在SIDH&RC(covid-19专业设施中心)入院的covid-19患者进行回顾性观察研究。患者分为两组;一组确诊为重症COVID-19，住院期间有AKI，另一组确诊为重症COVID-19，住院期间没有AKI。结果:本研究共纳入入院时危重的232例患者，其中92例(39.65%)患者在住院期间发生AKI。AKI患者以男性55岁(59.8%)居多。我们发现，在这一人群中，重症COVID-19患者合并AKI的死亡率不显著。然而，与非AKI患者相比，AKI患者的生存分布最差(p<0.05)。与非AKI患者相比，AKI患者需要机械通气(70.7% vs 50.7%， p<0.05)，并发症发生的几率显著，如叠加细菌感染(78.3% vs 52.9%， p<0.05)、NSTEMI (33.7% vs 13.6%， p<0.05)、感染性休克(66.3% vs 38.6%， p<0.05)和进展为严重ARDS (78.3% vs 60.7%， p<0.05)。结论:我们发现在COVID-19危重患者中，AKI患者的生存分布比非AKI患者差
{"title":"Risk Factors and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical COVID-19 patients in Karachi, Pakistan: A Single center, Retrospective study","authors":"Anam Haider, Elisha Shalim, S. Afzal","doi":"10.53778/pjkd72221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd72221","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV2) is a novel beta-coronaviridae family and its effects on the kidneys have been reported which included the increased requirement of renal replacement therapy during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our study is,thus, designed to determine the risk factors of AKI in critically ill patients with covid-19 and their outcomes \u0000Method and Material: It is a retrospective observational study of COVID-19 patients admitted in SIDH&RC(specialized facility center for COVID-19) from July 2020 to July 2021. The patients were divided into two groups; one with confirmed critical COVID-19 and had AKI during hospital stay and the other group who have confirmed critical COVID-19 and did not had AKI during hospital stay. \u0000Results: Total 232 patients included in this study who were critical at the time of admission in which 92(39.65%) of the patients had AKI during hospital stay. Most of the patients who had AKI were male 55(59.8%). We found that in this population mortality was not significant in critical COVID-19 patients with AKI. However, patients with AKI had worst survival distribution compared to non-AKI patients (p<0.05). Patients with AKI required mechanical ventilation compared to non-AKI patients (70.7% vs 50.7%, p<0.05) along with significant chances of occurrence of complications as superimposed bacterial infections (78.3% vs 52.9%, p<0.05), NSTEMI (33.7% vs 13.6%, p<0.05), septic shock (66.3% vs 38.6%, p<0.05) and progression to severe ARDS (78.3% vs 60.7%, p<0.05). \u0000Conclusion: We found that patients with AKI had a worst survival distribution than non AKI in Critical COVID-19 patients","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132561931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Task Force Supervised Workshops: Initiative of Pakistan Society of Nephrology","authors":"S. Imtiaz","doi":"10.53778/pjkd72228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd72228","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132780976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PKRDS","authors":"Waqar Ahmad, M. Javed","doi":"10.53778/pjkd71224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd71224","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126118247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) represents a key feature to provide an accurate picture of systolic-diastolic left heart involvement in CKD patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in end stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. Material and Methods: Descriptive Cross Sectional was conducted at Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases Peshawar from 11th July 2018 to 10th January All the patients were stabilized and after initial stabilization and treatment of these patients, written informed consent was obtained from them. Echocardiogram was performed by consultant cardiologist in order to look for the presence of LV dysfunction. LV systolic dysfunction considered depressed when left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was found less than 45%. Clinical and electrocardiographic evidences of valvular heart disease, heart failure (EF<50%) and myocardial ischemia were excluded from this study. RESULTS: As per frequencies and percentages for LVDD, 121 (87.68%) patients were recorded with LVDD. CONCLUSION: In this study, we concluded that LVDD is a typical feature of CKD-related cardiomyopathy as LVDD and myocardial fibrosis are associated with mortality risk and cardiovascular events in CKD and ESRD as demonstrated by higher rates of sudden cardiac death in these patients.
{"title":"FREQUENCY OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUCTION IN END STAGE RENAL DISEASE PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS","authors":"R. Ahmed, S. Munib, T. Ahmed","doi":"10.53778/pjkd71207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd71207","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: \u0000Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) represents a key \u0000feature to provide an accurate picture of systolic-diastolic left heart involvement in CKD \u0000patients. \u0000 \u0000OBJECTIVE: \u0000 \u0000To determine the frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in end stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. \u0000 \u0000Material and Methods: Descriptive Cross Sectional was conducted at Department of \u0000Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases Peshawar from 11th July 2018 to 10th January \u0000 \u0000All the patients were stabilized and after initial stabilization and treatment of these patients, written informed consent was obtained from them. Echocardiogram was \u0000 \u0000performed by consultant cardiologist in order to look for the presence of LV dysfunction. LV systolic dysfunction considered depressed when left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was found less than 45%. Clinical and electrocardiographic evidences of valvular heart disease, heart failure (EF<50%) and myocardial ischemia were excluded from this study. \u0000 \u0000RESULTS: \u0000 \u0000As per frequencies and percentages for LVDD, 121 (87.68%) patients were recorded with \u0000LVDD. \u0000 \u0000CONCLUSION: \u0000 \u0000In this study, we concluded that LVDD is a typical feature of CKD-related cardiomyopathy as LVDD and myocardial fibrosis are associated with mortality risk and cardiovascular events in CKD and ESRD as demonstrated by higher rates of sudden cardiac death in these patients.","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"42 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120920458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: CKD is spreading like an epidemic. There is a dire need to understand the true prevalence as well as the causes of CKD in both urban and rural areas of Pakistan in relevance to age and gender. In this background, there is a need to know what has been done so far to understand the status of CKD in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: We selected the articles published through PubMed and Google scholar and the following keyword were used, epidemiology, demography, prevalence, chronic kidney disease, chronic renal insufficiency, etiology, and causes of CKD, Pakistan. We found four articles that evaluated the prevalence and five articles that dealt with the causes of CKD. We included all articles in our analysis. Results: The overall prevalence among all age groups was found to be 21.2%. The highest CKD prevalence was reported as 29.9% and the lowest at 12.5%. The highest prevalence was found in patients more than 50 years of age (43.6%). Two studies showed male predominance (62% and 54.4%), while two showed a female majority (64%,52%). The most common cause of CKD was found to be Diabetic nephropathy (27.1%), followed by CKD of unknown etiology (16.6%) and renal stone disease (12.4%) Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD is high, especially in the older population. Similarly, the leading causes of CKD are also different in all studies due to center dependence, hospital-specific and urban locations. DM, CKDu, and renal stone disease are common causes of CKD Keywords: Pakistan, chronic kidney disease, prevalence, epidemiology,
{"title":"Epidemiology and demography of Chronic Kidney Disease in Pakistan- A review of Pakistani literature","authors":"S. Imtiaz, A. Alam","doi":"10.53778/pjkd71209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd71209","url":null,"abstract":"Background: \u0000CKD is spreading like an epidemic. There is a dire need to understand the true prevalence as well as the causes of CKD in both urban and rural areas of Pakistan in relevance to age and gender. In this background, there is a need to know what has been done so far to understand the status of CKD in Pakistan. \u0000Materials and Methods: \u0000We selected the articles published through PubMed and Google scholar and the following keyword were used, epidemiology, demography, prevalence, chronic kidney disease, chronic renal insufficiency, etiology, and causes of CKD, Pakistan. We found four articles that evaluated the prevalence and five articles that dealt with the causes of CKD. We included all articles in our analysis. \u0000Results: \u0000The overall prevalence among all age groups was found to be 21.2%. The highest CKD prevalence was reported as 29.9% and the lowest at 12.5%. The highest prevalence was found in patients more than 50 years of age (43.6%). Two studies showed male predominance (62% and 54.4%), while two showed a female majority (64%,52%). The most common cause of CKD was found to be Diabetic nephropathy (27.1%), followed by CKD of unknown etiology (16.6%) and renal stone disease (12.4%) \u0000Conclusion: \u0000The prevalence of CKD is high, especially in the older population. Similarly, the leading causes of CKD are also different in all studies due to center dependence, hospital-specific and urban locations. DM, CKDu, and renal stone disease are common causes of CKD \u0000 \u0000Keywords: Pakistan, chronic kidney disease, prevalence, epidemiology,","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133305376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All kidney diseases if not treated early, culminate rapidly into End-stage kidney disease (ESKD). ESKD needs lifelong supportive care in the form of hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD)
{"title":"HEALTH POLICY FOR KIDNEY DISEASES IN PAKISTAN- A NEED OF TIME TO CONSIDER","authors":"Dr.salman Imtiaz, Dr. Ashar Alam","doi":"10.53778/pjkd64210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd64210","url":null,"abstract":"All kidney diseases if not treated early, culminate rapidly into End-stage kidney disease (ESKD). ESKD needs lifelong supportive care in the form of hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD)","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124205191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shahrukh Mirza, Nida Saleem, Syed Nayer Mahmud, M. Haneef
Background: Hemodialysis has been shown to increase protein catabolism and led to significant loss of proteins during hemodialysis. Hypoalbuminemia has been associated with adverse outcomes. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to determine the effect of intradialytic protein supplementation on serum albumin in hemodialysis patients. Methods: 116 hypoalbuminemic patients, as defined by the operational definition, on twice per week hemodialysis, from 15.09.15 to 15.03.16, were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. A non-randomized control trial was conducted after dividing the study population was divided into 2 groups; the study group which received 20g oral protein supplementation and the control group which have not received any supplementation. Outcome in terms of improvement in serum albumin was recorded on a predesigned proforma. SPSS version 17 was used for analysis. Effect modifiers were controlled by stratification. Chi square test was used to compare improvement in serum albumin between two groups and also after post stratification. Results: There were total 49 male and 67 female patients. Mean age of total patients was 57.25 years. 94.1% of the patients showed improvement in serum albumin in the intervention group and 56.9% in the control group. Patients of both genders between 46 to 75years, and those dialyzed for a shorter duration showed significant improvement in serum albumin levels. Conclusion: As intradialytic oral protein supplementation significantly improved serum albumin levels, specifically in elderly patients, it is therefore recommended to routinely administer nutritional supplements in hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis patients in order to reduce the overall mortality associated with hypoalbuminemia.
背景:血液透析已被证明会增加蛋白质分解代谢，并导致血液透析期间蛋白质的显著损失。低白蛋白血症与不良后果有关。因此，本研究的主要目的是确定透析内补充蛋白对血液透析患者血清白蛋白的影响。方法:经知情同意，于15年9月15日至16年3月15日接受每周2次血液透析的低白蛋白血症患者116例。将研究人群分为两组后，进行非随机对照试验;一组是服用20g口服蛋白质补充剂的研究组，另一组是未服用任何蛋白质补充剂的对照组。血清白蛋白改善的结果记录在预先设计的表格上。采用SPSS version 17进行分析。效果调节剂采用分层控制。采用卡方检验比较两组及分层后血清白蛋白的改善情况。结果:男性49例，女性67例。患者平均年龄57.25岁。干预组患者血清白蛋白改善率为94.1%，对照组为56.9%。46 - 75岁的男女患者和透析时间较短的患者血清白蛋白水平均有显著改善。结论:由于透析中口服蛋白补充可显著提高血清白蛋白水平，特别是在老年患者中，因此建议对低白蛋白血症血液透析患者常规给予营养补充，以降低低白蛋白血症相关的总死亡率。
{"title":"Comparison of Llevel of improvement in serum albumin after protein supplementation verses standard treatment in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.","authors":"Shahrukh Mirza, Nida Saleem, Syed Nayer Mahmud, M. Haneef","doi":"10.53778/pjkd64192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd64192","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hemodialysis has been shown to increase protein catabolism and led to significant loss of proteins during hemodialysis. Hypoalbuminemia has been associated with adverse outcomes. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to determine the effect of intradialytic protein supplementation on serum albumin in hemodialysis patients. \u0000Methods: 116 hypoalbuminemic patients, as defined by the operational definition, on twice per week hemodialysis, from 15.09.15 to 15.03.16, were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. A non-randomized control trial was conducted after dividing the study population was divided into 2 groups; the study group which received 20g oral protein supplementation and the control group which have not received any supplementation. Outcome in terms of improvement in serum albumin was recorded on a predesigned proforma. SPSS version 17 was used for analysis. Effect modifiers were controlled by stratification. Chi square test was used to compare improvement in serum albumin between two groups and also after post stratification. \u0000Results: There were total 49 male and 67 female patients. Mean age of total patients was 57.25 years. 94.1% of the patients showed improvement in serum albumin in the intervention group and 56.9% in the control group. Patients of both genders between 46 to 75years, and those dialyzed for a shorter duration showed significant improvement in serum albumin levels. \u0000Conclusion: As intradialytic oral protein supplementation significantly improved serum albumin levels, specifically in elderly patients, it is therefore recommended to routinely administer nutritional supplements in hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis patients in order to reduce the overall mortality associated with hypoalbuminemia.","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122603515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Imtiaz, Dr. Shahzad Ahmed, Dr. Sobia Tariq, Dr. Javeria Chughtai, Dr. Faiza Saeed, S. Memon, Dr. Ashar Alam, B. Salman
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in patients with CKD. The high cardiovascular risk may be due in part to excess vascular calcification. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of vascular calcification in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Material and Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Adult Nephrology, Indus Hospital, Karachi. This was a cross-sectional study. All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. After ethical approval and informed and written consent, a lateral abdominal x-ray was performed and reported according to the Kauppila score to reach the outcome i-e frequency of vascular calcification. Results: There was a total of 104 patients, of which 56(53.8%) were males. The mean age was 45.7± 14.2, with the minimum age being 20 years and the maximum 73 years. Most of our patients belonged to the middle socioeconomic group 96 (66.3%). The most prevalent cause of ESRD was DM in our patients 24 (23.1%), and almost all patients had AVF101 (97.1%) for HD access. Abdominal aortic calcification was present in 27 (26%) patients while ECHO revealed calcification in 10 (9.6%) patients. The degree of calcification according to the Kauppila score was mild to moderate in17(16.4%) and severe in 10(906%), while 77(74%) showed no calcification. The majority of patients were using calcium carbonate and calcium supplements 73 (70.2%). Conclusion: The frequency of vascular calcification in maintenance hemodialysis patients was low, it increases with the increase in age and no gender predominance was noted.
{"title":"Vascular Calcification in maintenance Hemodialysis patients in Pakistan – A single center Cross-sectional study","authors":"S. Imtiaz, Dr. Shahzad Ahmed, Dr. Sobia Tariq, Dr. Javeria Chughtai, Dr. Faiza Saeed, S. Memon, Dr. Ashar Alam, B. Salman","doi":"10.53778/pjkd64208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd64208","url":null,"abstract":"Background: \u0000Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in patients with CKD. The high cardiovascular risk may be due in part to excess vascular calcification. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of vascular calcification in maintenance hemodialysis patients. \u0000Material and Method: \u0000The study was conducted in the Department of Adult Nephrology, Indus Hospital, Karachi. This was a cross-sectional study. All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. After ethical approval and informed and written consent, a lateral abdominal x-ray was performed and reported according to the Kauppila score to reach the outcome i-e frequency of vascular calcification. \u0000Results: \u0000 There was a total of 104 patients, of which 56(53.8%) were males. The mean age was 45.7± 14.2, with the minimum age being 20 years and the maximum 73 years. Most of our patients belonged to the middle socioeconomic group 96 (66.3%). The most prevalent cause of ESRD was DM in our patients 24 (23.1%), and almost all patients had AVF101 (97.1%) for HD access. Abdominal aortic calcification was present in 27 (26%) patients while ECHO revealed calcification in 10 (9.6%) patients. The degree of calcification according to the Kauppila score was mild to moderate in17(16.4%) and severe in 10(906%), while 77(74%) showed no calcification. The majority of patients were using calcium carbonate and calcium supplements 73 (70.2%). \u0000Conclusion: \u0000 The frequency of vascular calcification in maintenance hemodialysis patients was low, it increases with the increase in age and no gender predominance was noted.","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130100394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, it’s a significant burden and becomes more prevalent with decreasing GFR. Though, erythropoietin deficiency remains the major cause of anemia in CKD patients due to decreased renal erythropoietin production, yet the frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients has not been well established in Pakistan. Objective: To determine the frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Materials and Methods: 188 pre-dialysis CKD patients of age 18-75 and both genders were included. Patients having obvious causes of anemia were excluded. The percentage of patients with IDA in pre-dialysis CKD was then determined during OPD follow up. Results: Mean age was 46.03±12.24 years. Out of 188 patients, 102 (54.26%) were males with male-female ratio of 1.2:1. The frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients was found in 73 (38.83%) patients. Conclusion: Study concluded that frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients is high and close attention to the causes and its replacement may improve the patient outcome. Keywords: CKD, Pre-dialysis , IDA, anemia
{"title":"FREQUENCY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN NON-DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY PATIENTS","authors":"Merina Khan, S. N. Mahmood, N. Fatima","doi":"10.53778/pjkd63191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53778/pjkd63191","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, it’s a significant burden and becomes more prevalent with decreasing GFR. Though, erythropoietin deficiency remains the major cause of anemia in CKD patients due to decreased renal erythropoietin production, yet the frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients has not been well established in Pakistan.\u0000Objective: To determine the frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients.\u0000Materials and Methods: 188 pre-dialysis CKD patients of age 18-75 and both genders were included. Patients having obvious causes of anemia were excluded. The percentage of patients with IDA in pre-dialysis CKD was then determined during OPD follow up.\u0000Results: Mean age was 46.03±12.24 years. Out of 188 patients, 102 (54.26%) were males with male-female ratio of 1.2:1. The frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients was found in 73 (38.83%) patients.\u0000Conclusion: Study concluded that frequency of IDA in pre-dialysis CKD patients is high and close attention to the causes and its replacement may improve the patient outcome.\u0000Keywords: CKD, Pre-dialysis , IDA, anemia","PeriodicalId":132286,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Kidney Diseases","volume":"2001 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127329187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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