Background: Childhood gratification syndrome (CGS) refers to self-stimulatory or masturbatory behaviors in children, which may have an onset as early as in infancy (IGS).
Aim: The aim of this review is to understand the various clinical manifestations of CGS/IGS and their clinical differentiation from commonly misdiagnosed neurological and physical illnesses and to formulate a preliminary approach to their diagnosis and management.
Methods: This narrative review is based on a search of literature over the past 50 years (1972-2022) in three online databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar).
Results: The behaviors are episodic, occurring for brief periods, involving posturing, stereotypical limb movements, pubic pressure with autonomic hyperactivity, and postepisodic lethargy. They mimic seizures, movement disorders, abdominal pain, and tics. The paper also highlights the gap in the current knowledge to guide future research in the area. CGS usually represents nonpathological "pleasure-seeking" habits of childhood, but at times, it may become problematic for the child and his family. A careful history and videotape analysis of the events confirms the diagnosis and behavioral therapy with parental reassurance as the mainstay of treatment.
Conclusion: A better understanding and clinical awareness of the CGS are necessary to prevent misdiagnosis and delay in appropriate intervention.
{"title":"Childhood gratification syndrome: Demystifying the clinical conundrum with a narrative literature review of the past 5 decades.","authors":"Tathagata Biswas, Santanu Nath, Biswa Ranjan Mishra","doi":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_46_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_46_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Childhood gratification syndrome (CGS) refers to self-stimulatory or masturbatory behaviors in children, which may have an onset as early as in infancy (IGS).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this review is to understand the various clinical manifestations of CGS/IGS and their clinical differentiation from commonly misdiagnosed neurological and physical illnesses and to formulate a preliminary approach to their diagnosis and management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This narrative review is based on a search of literature over the past 50 years (1972-2022) in three online databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The behaviors are episodic, occurring for brief periods, involving posturing, stereotypical limb movements, pubic pressure with autonomic hyperactivity, and postepisodic lethargy. They mimic seizures, movement disorders, abdominal pain, and tics. The paper also highlights the gap in the current knowledge to guide future research in the area. CGS usually represents nonpathological \"pleasure-seeking\" habits of childhood, but at times, it may become problematic for the child and his family. A careful history and videotape analysis of the events confirms the diagnosis and behavioral therapy with parental reassurance as the mainstay of treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A better understanding and clinical awareness of the CGS are necessary to prevent misdiagnosis and delay in appropriate intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 6","pages":"516-527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11293787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01Epub Date: 2024-04-22DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_4_24
Vindhya K Sridhar, Samir Kumar Praharaj
Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been found to be closely linked to childhood trauma, particularly betrayal trauma.
Aim: In our study, we aimed to investigate the association between betrayal trauma and anxiety among young adults.
Methods: We assessed a total of 305 young adults using a Google form utilizing three assessment tools: the 10-item McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), the 12-item Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey (BBTS), and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) to evaluate borderline personality traits, betrayal trauma experiences, and anxiety level.
Results: Our findings revealed that 22% [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.7 to 26.9] of the participants screened positive for BPD on MSI-BPD assessment; self-reported anxiety as reported by GAD-7 was observed in 27.9% (95% CI 23.1 to 33.2), while 82% (95% CI 77.3 to 85.9) reported experiencing betrayal trauma. A significantly higher proportion of individuals with BPD (97%) reported experiencing betrayal trauma compared to those without the disorder. High betrayal trauma [odds ratio (OR) 8.14, 95% CI 3.06 to 21.67] and medium betrayal trauma (OR 7.06, 95% CI 2.64 to 18.92) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of BPD. The associations held true across genders, although they were stronger in females.
Conclusions: Our study highlights the strong relationship between betrayal trauma and BPD, with significant implications for the development of anxiety in young adults. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing and addressing childhood trauma, particularly betrayal trauma, in individuals at risk for BPD.
背景：边际型人格障碍（BPD）被发现与童年创伤密切相关，尤其是背叛创伤。研究目的：我们的研究旨在调查背叛创伤与年轻人焦虑之间的关系：我们使用谷歌表格对305名年轻人进行了评估，利用三种评估工具：10个项目的麦克莱恩边缘型人格障碍筛查工具（MSI-BPD）、12个项目的简短背叛创伤调查（BBTS）和7个项目的广泛性焦虑症（GAD-7）来评估边缘型人格特质、背叛创伤经历和焦虑水平：我们的研究结果显示，22% [95% 置信区间 (CI) 17.7 至 26.9]的参与者在 MSI-BPD 评估中筛查出 BPD 阳性；27.9% (95% CI 23.1 至 33.2)的参与者通过 GAD-7 自我报告焦虑，82% (95% CI 77.3 至 85.9)的参与者报告经历过背叛创伤。与未患此症的人相比，有更高比例（97%）的 BPD 患者报告经历过背叛创伤。高度背叛创伤[几率比（OR）8.14，95% CI 3.06 至 21.67]和中度背叛创伤（OR 7.06，95% CI 2.64 至 18.92）与 BPD 诊断显著相关。这些关联在不同性别中均存在，但女性的关联性更强：我们的研究强调了背叛创伤与 BPD 之间的密切关系，这对青少年焦虑症的发展具有重要意义。这些发现强调了认识和解决童年创伤（尤其是背叛创伤）对有罹患 BPD 风险的个体的重要性。
{"title":"The elephant in the room: Is betrayal trauma associated with borderline personality disorder?","authors":"Vindhya K Sridhar, Samir Kumar Praharaj","doi":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_4_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_4_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been found to be closely linked to childhood trauma, particularly betrayal trauma.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In our study, we aimed to investigate the association between betrayal trauma and anxiety among young adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed a total of 305 young adults using a Google form utilizing three assessment tools: the 10-item McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), the 12-item Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey (BBTS), and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) to evaluate borderline personality traits, betrayal trauma experiences, and anxiety level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed that 22% [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.7 to 26.9] of the participants screened positive for BPD on MSI-BPD assessment; self-reported anxiety as reported by GAD-7 was observed in 27.9% (95% CI 23.1 to 33.2), while 82% (95% CI 77.3 to 85.9) reported experiencing betrayal trauma. A significantly higher proportion of individuals with BPD (97%) reported experiencing betrayal trauma compared to those without the disorder. High betrayal trauma [odds ratio (OR) 8.14, 95% CI 3.06 to 21.67] and medium betrayal trauma (OR 7.06, 95% CI 2.64 to 18.92) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of BPD. The associations held true across genders, although they were stronger in females.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study highlights the strong relationship between betrayal trauma and BPD, with significant implications for the development of anxiety in young adults. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing and addressing childhood trauma, particularly betrayal trauma, in individuals at risk for BPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 4","pages":"381-387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11107931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141081282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-01-25DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_631_23
Shaika Shamsudeen, Anil Kakunje
{"title":"Comments on: \"Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of nicotine chewing gum and nicotine patches as nicotine replacement therapy using salivary cotinine levels as a biochemical validation measure\".","authors":"Shaika Shamsudeen, Anil Kakunje","doi":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_631_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_631_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 1","pages":"119-120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10898521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139989905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Message from President.","authors":"Vinay Kumar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 Suppl 1","pages":"S1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-01-24DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_33_24
Om Prakash Singh
{"title":"Message from the Editor.","authors":"Om Prakash Singh","doi":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_33_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_33_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 Suppl 2","pages":"S228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140039253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-01-17DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_36_24
{"title":"Message from Organising Committee.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_36_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_36_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 Suppl 1","pages":"S3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Message from Hon General Secretary.","authors":"Arabinda Brahma","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 Suppl 1","pages":"S2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10917317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-01-24DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_977_23
Vinay Kumar
{"title":"Message from President.","authors":"Vinay Kumar","doi":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_977_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_977_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"66 Suppl 2","pages":"S225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140039252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_838_23
Bhavika Vajawat, S. Suhas, S. Moirangthem, C. Kumar, Mathew Varghese, G. Gururaj, V. Benegal, Girish N. Rao
Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) merits careful consideration within the medical and healthcare communities, researchers, and policymakers. This is due to its substantial disability burden, elevated prevalence of co-morbidities, heightened lifetime risk of suicidality, and a significant treatment gap. This article focuses on the lifetime and current prevalence, correlates, co-morbidities, associated disabilities, socio-economic impact, and treatment gap for BPAD in the adult population of the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) 2016. The NMHS 2016 was a nationally representative study conducted across 12 Indian states between 2014 and 2016. A multi-stage, stratified, random cluster sampling technique based on probability proportionate to size at each stage was used. The diagnosis of BPAD was based on Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 6.0.0. Sheehan's Disability Scale was used to assess the disability. A total of 34,802 adults were interviewed. The overall weighted prevalence of BPAD was 0.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29–0.31] for current and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.49–0.51) for lifetime diagnosis. Male gender [odds ratio (OR) 1.56] and residence in urban metropolitans (OR 2.43) had a significantly higher risk of a lifetime diagnosis of BPAD. Substantial cross-sectional co-morbidities were noted as per MINI 6.0.0 with the diagnosis of current BPAD such as tobacco use disorder (33.3%), other substance use disorders (14.6%), and anxiety disorders (10.4%). Two-thirds of persons with current BPAD reported disability of varying severity at work (63%), social (59.3%), and family life (63%). The treatment gap for current BPAD was 70.4%. Most individuals with current BPAD reported moderate–severe disability. There were substantial co-morbidities and a large treatment gap. These warrant concentrated efforts from policymakers in devising effective strategies.
{"title":"Bipolar affective disorder in India: A multi-site population-based cross-sectional study","authors":"Bhavika Vajawat, S. Suhas, S. Moirangthem, C. Kumar, Mathew Varghese, G. Gururaj, V. Benegal, Girish N. Rao","doi":"10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_838_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_838_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) merits careful consideration within the medical and healthcare communities, researchers, and policymakers. This is due to its substantial disability burden, elevated prevalence of co-morbidities, heightened lifetime risk of suicidality, and a significant treatment gap. This article focuses on the lifetime and current prevalence, correlates, co-morbidities, associated disabilities, socio-economic impact, and treatment gap for BPAD in the adult population of the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) 2016.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The NMHS 2016 was a nationally representative study conducted across 12 Indian states between 2014 and 2016. A multi-stage, stratified, random cluster sampling technique based on probability proportionate to size at each stage was used. The diagnosis of BPAD was based on Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 6.0.0. Sheehan's Disability Scale was used to assess the disability.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A total of 34,802 adults were interviewed. The overall weighted prevalence of BPAD was 0.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29–0.31] for current and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.49–0.51) for lifetime diagnosis. Male gender [odds ratio (OR) 1.56] and residence in urban metropolitans (OR 2.43) had a significantly higher risk of a lifetime diagnosis of BPAD. Substantial cross-sectional co-morbidities were noted as per MINI 6.0.0 with the diagnosis of current BPAD such as tobacco use disorder (33.3%), other substance use disorders (14.6%), and anxiety disorders (10.4%). Two-thirds of persons with current BPAD reported disability of varying severity at work (63%), social (59.3%), and family life (63%). The treatment gap for current BPAD was 70.4%.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Most individuals with current BPAD reported moderate–severe disability. There were substantial co-morbidities and a large treatment gap. These warrant concentrated efforts from policymakers in devising effective strategies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13345,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138615996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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