Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_135_21
S. Alim, A. Ammar, Mayank Yadav, Syed Rabbani, S. Chawla, A. Shama, M. Haseen
Subclavian artery thrombosis is a relatively rare and unheard complication postmodified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgery and it is still not reported in the literature. We report a case of a 55-year-old female who underwent MRM for Stage II left ductal carcinoma of breast with level 2 lymph node involvement in a private hospital. She developed ischemic pain in the left upper limb on postoperative day 3. She came to JNMCH and was referred to us and initial imaging with computed tomography angiography revealed occlusion from the origin of the subclavian to axillary artery. We discuss the management of the aforementioned condition in our setup and would also discuss the steps needed to avoid the same in the future.
{"title":"Subclavian artery thrombosis post modified radical mastectomy surgery - A rare case report","authors":"S. Alim, A. Ammar, Mayank Yadav, Syed Rabbani, S. Chawla, A. Shama, M. Haseen","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_135_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_135_21","url":null,"abstract":"Subclavian artery thrombosis is a relatively rare and unheard complication postmodified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgery and it is still not reported in the literature. We report a case of a 55-year-old female who underwent MRM for Stage II left ductal carcinoma of breast with level 2 lymph node involvement in a private hospital. She developed ischemic pain in the left upper limb on postoperative day 3. She came to JNMCH and was referred to us and initial imaging with computed tomography angiography revealed occlusion from the origin of the subclavian to axillary artery. We discuss the management of the aforementioned condition in our setup and would also discuss the steps needed to avoid the same in the future.","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"316 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44775189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_8_22
Animesh Singla, V. Cook, Krishna Kotecha, W. Mohabbat
This article provides a case and reviews the considerations involved in acute endovascular stent for penetrating aortic ulcers (PAU)/intramural hematoma (IMH). This case aims to highlight the decision-making and considerations in the acute endovascular management of a patient presenting with PAU and associated IMH. The literature was reviewed including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase. Acute aortic syndrome encompasses a spectrum of aortic disease ranging from aortic dissection to PAU and IMH. Whilst classical aortic dissection has been well studied, the PAU/IMH subset of this population is exceedingly rare. Only a handful of case reports have reported on technical considerations for repair. Despite limited natural history data, growing evidence suggests a more aggressive stance is warranted to prevent progression to rupture and late aortic-related mortality. This pathology poses unique challenges in anatomical and technical considerations of repair.
{"title":"A wolf in wolf's clothing? The complexities of decision involved with acute thoracic endovascular aortic intervention for penetrating aortic ulcer and intramural hematoma","authors":"Animesh Singla, V. Cook, Krishna Kotecha, W. Mohabbat","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_8_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_8_22","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a case and reviews the considerations involved in acute endovascular stent for penetrating aortic ulcers (PAU)/intramural hematoma (IMH). This case aims to highlight the decision-making and considerations in the acute endovascular management of a patient presenting with PAU and associated IMH. The literature was reviewed including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase. Acute aortic syndrome encompasses a spectrum of aortic disease ranging from aortic dissection to PAU and IMH. Whilst classical aortic dissection has been well studied, the PAU/IMH subset of this population is exceedingly rare. Only a handful of case reports have reported on technical considerations for repair. Despite limited natural history data, growing evidence suggests a more aggressive stance is warranted to prevent progression to rupture and late aortic-related mortality. This pathology poses unique challenges in anatomical and technical considerations of repair.","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"331 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49554749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_95_22
S. Rajendran, S. Natarajan
{"title":"Vascular awareness in India: What more needs to be done","authors":"S. Rajendran, S. Natarajan","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_95_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_95_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"277 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48425465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_4_22
Devender Singh, S. Aryala
Vascular injuries due to kite string are uncommon but are associated with significant morbidities and mortality. We report a case of 45 years female sustaining kite string injury to her ankle resulting in neurovascular injuries and total transection of the tendoachilles. The aim of the article is to highlight this rare injury, its mechanism and the importance of awareness which can prevent this to a large extent.
{"title":"Kite string injury: An unusual cause of extensive ankle trauma with vascular injury","authors":"Devender Singh, S. Aryala","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_4_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_4_22","url":null,"abstract":"Vascular injuries due to kite string are uncommon but are associated with significant morbidities and mortality. We report a case of 45 years female sustaining kite string injury to her ankle resulting in neurovascular injuries and total transection of the tendoachilles. The aim of the article is to highlight this rare injury, its mechanism and the importance of awareness which can prevent this to a large extent.","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"319 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47539012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_20_22
A. Dabas, Anand Katiyar, Sachin Srivastava, A. Chadha, R. Janardhanapillai, K. Bhat, D. Chadha
Introduction: Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions can lead to iatrogenic vascular injuries (IVIs). The spectrum of IVIs, their management, and outcomes is presented. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study from January 2016 to December 2020, included all successive IVIs managed by the vascular surgery department. IVI was defined as vascular injury manifesting as hemorrhage/vessel occlusion/and/or retained foreign body in vasculature. Those due to trauma and/or <30 days follow-up were excluded. Reasons for IVI, presentation, vessels involved, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Thirty-eight IVIs were analyzed. Age ranged from 3 days to 77 years. Sixteen were due to cardiology, seven due to orthopedics, four cases in end-stage kidney patients, 4 cases due to invasive arterial monitoring, and two following cardiac surgery. One case each was following laparoscopy, spine surgery, thrombectomy, endovascular aneurysm repair, and umbilical catheterization. Manifestations were limb ischemia (lower limb-13, upper limb-6), pseudoaneurysms-10, retained foreign body-4 (superior vena cava and/or right atrium-3; external iliac artery-1), hemorrhage-2, arterio-venous fistula-2, and compartment syndrome-1. Common femoral artery (with/without superficial femoral artery) was affected in 13, forearm arteries in 8, popliteal artery and crural arteries in three each, and one case, each of profunda femoris, carotid artery, external iliac artery branch, and thoracic aorta. IVIs were managed by thrombectomy in 13, arterial repair in 11, endovascular procedures in 5, bypass in 4, conservative in 3, and by laparotomy and open retrieval of a balloon in one case each. Four developed surgical site infections, three died, three suffered amputations, three had motor deficits, and two developed acute kidney injury. Conclusion: IVIs have heterogeneous presentation. Both open and endovascular skill sets are required for management. IVIs carry high morbidity and mortality.
{"title":"A single-center 5-year experience of iatrogenic vascular injuries and their outcomes","authors":"A. Dabas, Anand Katiyar, Sachin Srivastava, A. Chadha, R. Janardhanapillai, K. Bhat, D. Chadha","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_20_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_20_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions can lead to iatrogenic vascular injuries (IVIs). The spectrum of IVIs, their management, and outcomes is presented. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study from January 2016 to December 2020, included all successive IVIs managed by the vascular surgery department. IVI was defined as vascular injury manifesting as hemorrhage/vessel occlusion/and/or retained foreign body in vasculature. Those due to trauma and/or <30 days follow-up were excluded. Reasons for IVI, presentation, vessels involved, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Thirty-eight IVIs were analyzed. Age ranged from 3 days to 77 years. Sixteen were due to cardiology, seven due to orthopedics, four cases in end-stage kidney patients, 4 cases due to invasive arterial monitoring, and two following cardiac surgery. One case each was following laparoscopy, spine surgery, thrombectomy, endovascular aneurysm repair, and umbilical catheterization. Manifestations were limb ischemia (lower limb-13, upper limb-6), pseudoaneurysms-10, retained foreign body-4 (superior vena cava and/or right atrium-3; external iliac artery-1), hemorrhage-2, arterio-venous fistula-2, and compartment syndrome-1. Common femoral artery (with/without superficial femoral artery) was affected in 13, forearm arteries in 8, popliteal artery and crural arteries in three each, and one case, each of profunda femoris, carotid artery, external iliac artery branch, and thoracic aorta. IVIs were managed by thrombectomy in 13, arterial repair in 11, endovascular procedures in 5, bypass in 4, conservative in 3, and by laparotomy and open retrieval of a balloon in one case each. Four developed surgical site infections, three died, three suffered amputations, three had motor deficits, and two developed acute kidney injury. Conclusion: IVIs have heterogeneous presentation. Both open and endovascular skill sets are required for management. IVIs carry high morbidity and mortality.","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"229 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45771896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_10_22
K. Sivagnanam
This case report highlights our experience in managing two cases of acute lower limb ischemia with simultaneous acute coronary events. One patient was detected with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction while being evaluated for acute lower limb ischemia and another patient had NSTEMI with acute left ventricular failure and delayed presentation of acute lower limb ischemia. Both had good outcomes.
{"title":"Perioperative management of a double hit - Acute limb ischemia in a patient with acute myocardial infarction","authors":"K. Sivagnanam","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_10_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_10_22","url":null,"abstract":"This case report highlights our experience in managing two cases of acute lower limb ischemia with simultaneous acute coronary events. One patient was detected with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction while being evaluated for acute lower limb ischemia and another patient had NSTEMI with acute left ventricular failure and delayed presentation of acute lower limb ischemia. Both had good outcomes.","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"251 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49001664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_2_22
Neelamjingbha Sun, A. Pandey, Sriram Manchikanti, Shivanesan Pitchai
Renal artery aneurysm is a rare disorder with an incidence of < 1%. We describe a case of fibromuscular dysplasia with right renal artery branch aneurysm, who had uncontrolled renovascular hypertension. The patient was successfully managed with ex vivo repair and reconstruction of the renal artery using reverse saphenous vein graft, followed by autotransplantation of the right kidney. Although surgically demanding, the technique is feasible and yielded good results.
{"title":"Ex vivo Repair of renal artery branch aneurysm in fibromuscular dysplasia","authors":"Neelamjingbha Sun, A. Pandey, Sriram Manchikanti, Shivanesan Pitchai","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_2_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_2_22","url":null,"abstract":"Renal artery aneurysm is a rare disorder with an incidence of < 1%. We describe a case of fibromuscular dysplasia with right renal artery branch aneurysm, who had uncontrolled renovascular hypertension. The patient was successfully managed with ex vivo repair and reconstruction of the renal artery using reverse saphenous vein graft, followed by autotransplantation of the right kidney. Although surgically demanding, the technique is feasible and yielded good results.","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"260 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46068993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_46_22
M. Ayyappan, J. Sebastian
{"title":"Vein valves – From discovery to repair to bioprosthesis","authors":"M. Ayyappan, J. Sebastian","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_46_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_46_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"248 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45832297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_134_21
M. Periyanarkunan, E. Swamiappan, Ganesan Chinnasamy, J. Rajapandian
We present a case of penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer with pseudoaneurysm which was managed by a hybrid partial debranching thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (d-TEVAR) procedure. A 68-year-old professional singer with multiple comorbidities presented with mid-chest pain radiating to the back for the past 2 months. Computed tomography aortogram revealed a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer near the summit of the left subclavian artery (LSA) at the distal aortic arch. In view of the high risk of an open-heart surgery, TEVAR procedure with partial debranching of the aortic arch vessel was proposed. As the aneurysm was close to the origin of the LSA, an adequate proximal landing zone was not available. Hence, a bypass from the left common carotid artery to the LSA was done. Following this, an endovascular procedure was performed and the stent graft was placed covering the origin of the LSA. Check aortograms after the procedure revealed patent stent and complete obliteration of the pseudoaneurysm. There was no endoleak noted and the left carotid to subclavian artery bypass was functioning well. The postoperative period was uneventful. Follow-up over a 6-month period was satisfactory. The key elements of a successful thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair are appropriate patient selection, thorough planning, and careful procedural execution. This case demonstrates that a hybrid procedure with partial debranching and thoracic endovascular repair of penetrating aortic ulcers is a safe and less-invasive alternative for elderly, high-risk patients.
{"title":"Penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer with pseudoaneurysm: Role of hybrid procedure with d-TEVAR","authors":"M. Periyanarkunan, E. Swamiappan, Ganesan Chinnasamy, J. Rajapandian","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_134_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_134_21","url":null,"abstract":"We present a case of penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer with pseudoaneurysm which was managed by a hybrid partial debranching thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (d-TEVAR) procedure. A 68-year-old professional singer with multiple comorbidities presented with mid-chest pain radiating to the back for the past 2 months. Computed tomography aortogram revealed a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer near the summit of the left subclavian artery (LSA) at the distal aortic arch. In view of the high risk of an open-heart surgery, TEVAR procedure with partial debranching of the aortic arch vessel was proposed. As the aneurysm was close to the origin of the LSA, an adequate proximal landing zone was not available. Hence, a bypass from the left common carotid artery to the LSA was done. Following this, an endovascular procedure was performed and the stent graft was placed covering the origin of the LSA. Check aortograms after the procedure revealed patent stent and complete obliteration of the pseudoaneurysm. There was no endoleak noted and the left carotid to subclavian artery bypass was functioning well. The postoperative period was uneventful. Follow-up over a 6-month period was satisfactory. The key elements of a successful thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair are appropriate patient selection, thorough planning, and careful procedural execution. This case demonstrates that a hybrid procedure with partial debranching and thoracic endovascular repair of penetrating aortic ulcers is a safe and less-invasive alternative for elderly, high-risk patients.","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"263 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47892747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_33_22
N. Piller
Primary and secondary lymphedemas, irrespective of their cause, remain a significant issue around the world, impacting physical, functional, and psychological well-being, family relationships, and the ability of the affected person to undertake work and household tasks. Often, an accurate, objective differential diagnosis is not (or cannot) be made, sometimes resulting in treatment, which is suboptimal, or which does not achieve expected outcomes due to the impact of a range of comorbidities on lymphatic load or functioning. Diagnosis, Management, and targeted treatment of these comorbidities such as chronic edema, lipedema, and phlebedema will allow improved outcomes for the lymphedemas. To treat and manage lymphedemas well, there is a lifelong cost both to the affected individual, the family, and the health-care system. However, for those with lymphedemas irrespective of its stage, there are significant leverage points for obtaining a good outcome through an accurate differential diagnosis, but it is the group who are at risk of lymphedema where we can have the greatest impact with respect to optimizing their health and well-being. The solution is multifaceted involving three major components: (1) the recognition of those at elevated risk of developing lymphedema and the reduction or management of those risks; (2) the early detection of the subclinical stages of lymphedema; and (3) appropriately targeted and sequenced treatment delivered in a holistic sense within a compassionate caring community environment with appropriate integrated and continuing health professional support. We also need to be aware that high-level technology and equipment is not always needed for an accurate assessment of the lymphedema or its risk, with simple tape measurements and associated volume calculations along with the use of the pitting test and the Stemmer sign being acknowledged as dependable and informative. While the evidence is increasing that lymphovenous or lympho-lymphatic anastomoses, and lymph node transfers are of benefit when created in the earlier stages of lymphedema (and perhaps in those detected as being at a high risk of developing it), complex and invasive treatments are most often not needed when the lymphedema is detected early. In these stages, simple management strategies work well when we employ our knowledge of the importance of weight control, self-management through exercise and activity programs (which can include yoga and tai chi breathing techniques) and skin care, massage with compression provided by bandaging, garments, or wraps, in an environment of integrated professional functioning and advice. In today's COVID environment and when services are not available nearby or what the patient cannot travel, when it is not possible to physically see a therapist or other health professional, telemedicine and its associated information and interactive education programs are of increasing importance. We must together ensure that the informat
{"title":"Recognition of those at risk of lymphedema, benefits of subclinical detection, and the importance of targeted treatment and management","authors":"N. Piller","doi":"10.4103/ijves.ijves_33_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijves.ijves_33_22","url":null,"abstract":"Primary and secondary lymphedemas, irrespective of their cause, remain a significant issue around the world, impacting physical, functional, and psychological well-being, family relationships, and the ability of the affected person to undertake work and household tasks. Often, an accurate, objective differential diagnosis is not (or cannot) be made, sometimes resulting in treatment, which is suboptimal, or which does not achieve expected outcomes due to the impact of a range of comorbidities on lymphatic load or functioning. Diagnosis, Management, and targeted treatment of these comorbidities such as chronic edema, lipedema, and phlebedema will allow improved outcomes for the lymphedemas. To treat and manage lymphedemas well, there is a lifelong cost both to the affected individual, the family, and the health-care system. However, for those with lymphedemas irrespective of its stage, there are significant leverage points for obtaining a good outcome through an accurate differential diagnosis, but it is the group who are at risk of lymphedema where we can have the greatest impact with respect to optimizing their health and well-being. The solution is multifaceted involving three major components: (1) the recognition of those at elevated risk of developing lymphedema and the reduction or management of those risks; (2) the early detection of the subclinical stages of lymphedema; and (3) appropriately targeted and sequenced treatment delivered in a holistic sense within a compassionate caring community environment with appropriate integrated and continuing health professional support. We also need to be aware that high-level technology and equipment is not always needed for an accurate assessment of the lymphedema or its risk, with simple tape measurements and associated volume calculations along with the use of the pitting test and the Stemmer sign being acknowledged as dependable and informative. While the evidence is increasing that lymphovenous or lympho-lymphatic anastomoses, and lymph node transfers are of benefit when created in the earlier stages of lymphedema (and perhaps in those detected as being at a high risk of developing it), complex and invasive treatments are most often not needed when the lymphedema is detected early. In these stages, simple management strategies work well when we employ our knowledge of the importance of weight control, self-management through exercise and activity programs (which can include yoga and tai chi breathing techniques) and skin care, massage with compression provided by bandaging, garments, or wraps, in an environment of integrated professional functioning and advice. In today's COVID environment and when services are not available nearby or what the patient cannot travel, when it is not possible to physically see a therapist or other health professional, telemedicine and its associated information and interactive education programs are of increasing importance. We must together ensure that the informat","PeriodicalId":13375,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery","volume":"9 1","pages":"215 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47977093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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