Immunology letters最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal patterns of myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies in Italy","authors":"Boaz Palterer ,&nbsp;Alessio Mazzoni ,&nbsp;Maria Infantino ,&nbsp;Roberto Semeraro ,&nbsp;Mariangela Manfredi ,&nbsp;Giampaola Pesce ,&nbsp;Brunetta Porcelli ,&nbsp;Lucia Terzuoli ,&nbsp;Gaia Deleonardi ,&nbsp;Giulia Previtali ,&nbsp;Maria Grazia Alessio ,&nbsp;Emirena Garrafa ,&nbsp;Sara Ghisellini ,&nbsp;Michela Boni ,&nbsp;Pierluigi Anzivino ,&nbsp;Teresa Carbone ,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Sacchi ,&nbsp;Maria Concetta Sorrentino ,&nbsp;Ignazio Brusca ,&nbsp;Nunzia Rita Tarricone ,&nbsp;Nicola Bizzaro","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of systemic autoimmune disorders affecting skeletal muscles but also other organs. There are different forms of IIM, each with peculiar clinical manifestations and prognosis. Accordingly, several autoantibodies have been described in IIM, with different prevalence in the different forms of the disease. The etiopathogenesis of IIM is still unclear, although environmental agents play certainly a role to trigger disease development in genetically predisposed individuals. Supporting this notion, some reports suggest that the incidence of IIM may be different throughout the year. In this work, we tested if the detection of autoantibodies typically observed in IIM has a seasonal pattern.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We collected serological data from line immunoassays (LIA) performed on 4277 patients with suspected IIM from January 2018 to December 2020 in ten Italian hospitals. Myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies were evaluated by line-immunoassay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings demonstrate that absolute numbers of anti-MDA5, anti-PM-Scl75, anti-Mi2b and anti-TIF1ɣ autoantibodies are more frequently detected in autumn-winter than in spring-summer. However, only anti-PM-Scl75 and anti-MDA5 display a similar pattern when analyzing frequencies of positive tests (for anti-PM-Scl75 100 positive tests and 2107 negative tests from September to February; 55 positive tests and 1903 negative tests from March to August, <em>p</em> = 0.003; for anti-MDA5 34 positive tests and 1983 negative tests from September to February; 17 positive tests and 1760 negative tests from March to August, <em>p</em> = 0.051).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggests that triggering agents promoting the development of these autoantibodies have a specific seasonal pattern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 106966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142835548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soluble CTLA-4 – A confounding factor in CTLA-4 based checkpoint immunotherapy in cancer","authors":"Parviz Azimnasab-sorkhabi ,&nbsp;Maryam Soltani-asl ,&nbsp;Musab Bouhajra ,&nbsp;Ephraim A. Ansa-Addo ,&nbsp;Jose Roberto Kfoury Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a receptor that inhibits the activity of T cells. The CTLA-4 gene consists of four different exons that enable four different isoforms of CTLA-4 to be generated through alternative splicing. Although sCTLA-4 might impede the therapeutic effect of anti-CTLA-4 treatments, the role of sCTLA-4 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is not well understood. Here, we provide novel perspectives on the inhibitory characteristics of sCTLA-4 in TME.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 106965"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142817924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early decrease of T-bet+ B cells during subcutaneous belimumab predicts response to therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","authors":"Francesca La Gualana ,&nbsp;Giulio Olivieri ,&nbsp;Begi Petriti ,&nbsp;Licia Picciariello ,&nbsp;Francesco Natalucci ,&nbsp;Maddalena Sciannamea ,&nbsp;Laura Gragnani ,&nbsp;Umberto Basile ,&nbsp;Milvia Casato ,&nbsp;Francesca Romana Spinelli ,&nbsp;Lucia Stefanini ,&nbsp;Stefania Basili ,&nbsp;Marcella Visentini ,&nbsp;Fulvia Ceccarelli ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Conti","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by B cell dysregulation and expansion of atypical B cells that may correlate with disease manifestations and activity. This study investigated the impact of subcutaneous (sc) Belimumab (BLM) on the peripheral B cell compartment and on the functional properties of CD21^low, T-bet⁺ and CD11c⁺ atypical B cells, in 21 active SLE patients over a 12-month period. At baseline, active SLE patients displayed reduced unswitched IgM memory B cells and expansion of atypical B cells, compared to healthy donors and to SLE patients in remission. <em>sc</em> BLM therapy promptly restored B cell homeostasis with a reduction of T-bet⁺ B cells, observed early in patients responsive to therapy. These findings highlight the pathogenic role of T-bet⁺ B cells in SLE disease and suggest their potential utility as biomarker of clinical response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 106962"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142791672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NLRC3 affects the development of psoriasis by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway mediated inflammatory response through its interaction with TRAF6","authors":"Wanlu Zhang,&nbsp;Gege Zhu,&nbsp;Huiya Sun,&nbsp;Congjun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The function and mechanism of NOD-like receptor family CARD-containing 3 (NLRC3) in psoriasis are not yet reported, even though it plays a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity by inhibiting inflammation. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the role and mechanism of NLRC3 in psoriasis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>HaCaT cells were induced to form a psoriasis cell model using 20 ng/mL IL-1β, 20 ng/mL IL-17A, 20 ng/mL IL-23, 50 ng/mL TNF-α, and 20 ng/mL oncostatin M. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry were assessed to determine the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of HaCaT cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was utilized to measure the knockdown efficiency of NLRC3 and TRAF6 interfering RNA in HaCaT cells. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of NLRC3, TRAF6, and proteins associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway. A mouse model of psoriasis-like dermatitis was established by evenly applying miquimod cream (62.5 mg/day) to both ears. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to measure ear thickness and inflammatory infiltrates in mice. Histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL were performed to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Interactions between NLRC3 and TRAF6 were predicted using the STRING database (<span><span>https://cn.string-db.org/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). Co-Immunoprecipitation was used to confirm interactions between NLRC3 and TRAF6. Ubiquitination of TRAF6 was assessed by Western blot.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Knockdown of NLRC3 expression promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis in HaCaT cells. In vivo, knockdown of NLRC3 expression significantly increased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the proliferation of Ki-67 positive cells within mouse ear epidermis, while decreasing the number of apoptotic cells. NLRC3 interacted with TRAF6 and influenced its K63 ubiquitination level. Knockdown of TRAF6 expression resulted in increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis in HaCaT cells. In vivo, knockdown of TRAF6 expression led to a significant increase in inflammatory cell infiltration and Ki-67 positive cells in mouse ear epidermis, and a decrease in apoptotic cells. Inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway alleviated the progression of psoriasis, and interfering with TRAF6 activated the NF-κB signaling axis, contributing to the onset and advancement of psoriasis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>NLRC3 affects the occurrence of psoriasis by regulating TRAF6 and influencing the NF-κB signaling axis-mediated inflammatory response. This finding offers a theoretical foundation for the treatment of psoriasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 106949"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease and coronary artery aneurysms","authors":"Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Anle Zeng ,&nbsp;Penghui Yang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Dong Liu ,&nbsp;Mengling Li ,&nbsp;Fengchuan Jing ,&nbsp;Qijian Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To elucidate the relationship between leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) and the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD) and coronary artery aneurysms(CAA).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study cohort comprises children who were diagnosed with KD and were categorized into two groups: KD patients with CAA (KD-CAA) and KD without CAA (KD-NCAA), with healthy children serving as control group (HC). LAIR-1 on leukocytes was examined via flow cytometry, while serum LAIR-1 (sLAIR-1) was quantified using ELISA. IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-α, IFN-γ and TNF-α were examined by Immunofluorescence assay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>sLAIR-1 levels were elevated in the KD and KD-CAA groups compared with those in the HC and KD-NCAA groups (P &lt; 0.05). sLAIR-1 exhibited an area under the curve value of 0.858 for predicting KD (P &lt; 0.001) and 0.628 for predicting CAA (P = 0.055, borderline significance). LAIR-1 was increased on the neutrophils in KD group, whereas it was lower in KD-CAA than that in KD-NCAA, and decreased in KD after IVIG treatment. In contrast, LAIR-1 was reduced on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte in KD group, and increased in KD after IVIG treatment (all P &lt; 0.05). LAIR-1 on neutrophils showed a positive correlation with IL-5, while on CD4+ T cells, it was negatively correlated with IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-8. On CD8+ T cells, LAIR-1 was negatively correlated with IL-2 and IFN-γ.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>sLAIR-1 may serve as a potential biomarker for KD and CAAs, while LAIR-1 might be implicated in KD pathogenesis and CAA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine safety in children with genetically confirmed mitochondrial disease","authors":"Annemarie de Vreugd ,&nbsp;Franz A. Zimmermann ,&nbsp;Katja Steinbrücker ,&nbsp;Maaike C. de Vries ,&nbsp;Lonneke de Boer ,&nbsp;Mirian CH Janssen ,&nbsp;Martina Huemer ,&nbsp;Saskia B. Wortmann","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We here explore adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in children with mitochondrial disease (MD) recruited from two expertise centers in Austria (SALK) and The Netherlands (RUMC). Parents completed a questionnaire on the type of immunizations received and AEFI in a post-vaccination exposure period of seven days.</div><div>95 individuals were invited to this study, of whom 30 (median age 13.4 years) participated. Together these individuals had received 376 immunizations with a median of 12 vaccinations each. In 316 of 376 (84 %) vaccinations no AEFI occurred, 22 patients (73 %) never experienced any AEFI. Eight patients experienced 76 AEFI after 60 vaccinations, these were mild (redness (<em>n</em> = 9) /pain at injection site (<em>n</em> = 21), fever (<em>n</em> = 44), gastrointestinal complaints (<em>n</em> = 2)). None had a metabolic deterioration or seizures, no patient was admitted to the hospital.</div><div>Although our data is limited by the small sample size, this may aid in discussing responsible immunization decisions with parents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106946"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The roles of collectins in renal diseases and transplantation","authors":"Fu Lv ,&nbsp;Wuding Zhou ,&nbsp;Ke Li","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The collectins are soluble C-type lectins and a group of proteins characterized with common structural features: a collagen-like domain and a carbohydrate-binding domain. These proteins are essential components of the innate immune system, pivotal for recognizing and eliminating pathogens to protect against infections. Over recent decades, research has significantly advanced our understanding of collectins. Beyond their fundamental role in host defense, collectins have been emerged as multifunctional proteins involved in modulating inflammatory and immune responses, facilitating the clearance of cellular debris, and even stimulating cell proliferation. These diverse roles are critical for maintaining physiological balance and hold substantial implications in various disease processes, particularly in renal diseases and transplantation. Here, we review the roles of collectins in renal diseases and transplantation focusing on four prominent members of the collectin family: mannose-binding lectin (MBL), surfactant proteins (SP-A and SP-D), and collectin-11 (CL-11). These proteins have gained considerable attention in current research due to their roles in renal diseases and transplantation, shedding light on their impact beyond traditional immune defense mechanisms. Understanding their involvement in these contexts is crucial for exploring potential therapeutic avenues and interventions aimed at mitigating renal pathology and improving outcomes in transplantation settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106945"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142619337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human dendritic cell differentiation in hematopoietic stem cell-transplanted NOG hFLT3L Tg/mFlt3 KO humanized mice","authors":"Yunmei Mu ,&nbsp;Yusuke Ohno ,&nbsp;Misa Mochizuki ,&nbsp;Kenji Kawai ,&nbsp;Motohito Goto ,&nbsp;Tomoyuki Ogura ,&nbsp;Riichi Takahashi ,&nbsp;Mamoru Ito ,&nbsp;Ryoji Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human immune system-reconstituted humanized mice are useful animal models to study human immunology <em>in vivo</em>. Human hematopoietic stem cell-transferred NOG mice are well recognized as humanized immune system models with reconstitution of mature lymphoid lineage cells such as T and B cells. However, human myeloid lineage cells including dendritic cells (DCs) do not fully differentiate in conventional NOG mice. DCs play a crucial role in adaptive immunity through antigen presentation to T cells to acquire antigen specificity. In this study, we established a novel humanized mouse with human DC differentiation. To induce DCs, we generated human Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (hFLT3L) transgenic NOG (hFLT3L-Tg) mice and transferred human CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into them. Unexpectedly, low frequency of human cell engraftment was observed in the hFLT3L-Tg mice after HPC reconstitution. In the Tg mice, mouse CD11b⁺Gr1⁻ myeloid cells were markedly expanded in the bone marrow due to the cross-reaction between hFLT3L and mouse Flt3 receptor, and these myeloid leukemia-like cells interfered with the engraftment of human hematopoietic cells in hFLT3L-Tg mice. To avoid this cross-reaction, we further generated NOG FLT3 receptor KO (mFlt3 KO) mice by CRISPR/Cas9 technique, and the KO mice combined with hFLT3L Tg mice to create hFLT3L Tg/mFlt3 KO (FL Tg/KO) mice. Mouse CD11b⁺Gr1⁻ leukemia-like cells did not proliferate in FL Tg/KO mice due to blockade of the FLT3 signals in mouse leukocytes. After human HSC transplantation, human CD45⁺ cells were successfully engrafted in FL Tg/KO mice. Furthermore, major subsets of human DC populations, cDC1, cDC2, and pDC, and skin Langerhans cells were significantly differentiated in FL Tg/KO mice. Therefore, these humanized mouse models are potentially valuable in the investigation of DC-mediated human adaptive immune responses <em>in vivo</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 106943"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142619333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescuing pathogen-specific memory B-cell from PBMC of prior Zika virus-infected individuals","authors":"Jacyelle Medeiros Silva ,&nbsp;Renato Kaylan Alves de Oliveira França ,&nbsp;Pedro Henrique Barros ,&nbsp;Hitallo Guilherme Costa Fontinele ,&nbsp;Simone Gonçalves Fonseca ,&nbsp;Marcelo Macedo Brigido ,&nbsp;Andrea Queiroz Maranhão","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immunological memory, a fundamental immune system mechanism, is instrumental in long-term protection. Successful vaccines can elicit and sustain immunological memory against pathogens for the long term. Memory B cells (MBC) are key players in secondary responses due to their longevity and rapid differentiation into high-affinity antibody-secreting cells upon second antigen exposure. However, the availability of circulating MBCs is limited. Here we describe a protocol, which presents a straightforward and practical method for activating and expanding Zika virus (ZIKV) specific MBC. PBMCs collected from individuals who had been infected with ZIKV two years prior were cultured by supplementing with IL-2 and R848, a TLR-7/8 agonist, and then pulsed with inactivated virus. After seven days, this stimulation led to a notable rise in virus-specific functional MBC, as evidenced by a significant increase in the production of anti-ZIKV IgG. Importantly, the ZIKV pulse did not induce changes in the PBMC culture of individuals without a history of ZIKV infection. These findings demonstrate that virus-specific MBC can be expanded <em>in vitro</em>, even using PBMC cultures from individuals infected years before. Therefore, our protocol is a practical and effective tool for studies that require a larger number of human MBCs from previously infected individuals that are functional and specific to the pathogen under investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142619335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eosinophils are sparse in homeostatic rectal tissue which impedes studying resident eosinophils","authors":"Thomas C. Pelgrim ,&nbsp;Bernard N. Jukema ,&nbsp;Nienke Vrisekoop,&nbsp;Leo Koenderman","doi":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106939","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13413,"journal":{"name":"Immunology letters","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 106939"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142604269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}