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A Comparative Study of Sulfur Isotope Variations within the Flatreef and Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa 南非Bushveld杂岩Flatreef和Merensky Reef中硫同位素变化的比较研究
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100028
J. J. Keet, F. Roelofse, C. Gauert, D. Grobler, M. Butler
The Flatreef, a down-dip, sub-horizontal extension of the Platreef, which underlies the Turfspruit and Macalacaskop farms, represents the future of platinum mining in South Africa. The stratigraphic connection between the Platreef, located at the base of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, and the Merensky Reef in the western and eastern limbs of the complex, was disputed for many years due to the heterogeneous nature of the Platreef along strike. However, the discovery of the Flatreef led to a new perspective on the Platreef as the former allowed for the study of a magmatic stratigraphy less affected by footwall interaction. Here, we report whole-rock S isotope (δ34S) compositions across the stratigraphic units of the Flatreef and its footwall and hanging wall as intersected by boreholes UMT-276 and UMT-393, as well as stratigraphic units of the Merensky Reef at Two Rivers Platinum mine in the eastern limb. The units of the Flatreef containing platinum group element mineralization, namely the Main Reef and Upper Reef, have δ34S values that overlap with the range recorded for the Merensky Reef in the western and eastern limbs. In UMT-393, Main Reef δ34S values range between 0.2 and 1.5‰ (with the exception of three outliers, 9.7‰, 11.1‰, and 7.9‰), and 0.52‰ and 11.2‰ for two Upper Reef samples. However, in UMT-276, Main Reef δ34S values range between –0.96 and 2.24‰ and 3.19‰ was recorded for an Upper Reef sample. The S isotope compositions recorded for the Merensky Reef pyroxenite at Two Rivers Platinum mine are relatively higher with δ34S values ranging between 1.24 and 4.83‰. The top unit of the Flatreef, which is a transition zone below the Main Zone, as well as the Footwall Cyclic Unit have heavier S isotope compositions with δ34S values ranging between 6 and 17‰ for the former and 0.7 and 18.6‰ for the latter. At Two Rivers Platinum mine, the hanging-wall anorthosite has a δ34S value of 2.9‰ in contrast to the 5.7‰ measured for the footwall anorthosite and 3.27‰ for the footwall feldspathic pyroxenite. The consistent near-mantle S isotope signature and accompanying metal enrichment in the Main Reef of the Flatreef may be explained by extensive interaction of sulfide minerals in a Lower Zone conduit/pre-Platreef staging chamber with large volumes of uncontaminated magma. The δ34S values of the Merensky Reef at Two Rivers Platinum mine are slightly higher compared to that of the Main Reef at Turfspruit and Macalacaskop possibly due to interaction with underlying carbonate rocks.
Flatreef是Platreef的下倾亚水平延伸,位于Turfspruit和Macalacaskop农场的下方,代表着南非铂矿的未来。由于Platreef沿走向的非均质性,对于位于Bushveld杂岩北翼基底的Platreef与位于Bushveld杂岩西翼和东翼的Merensky Reef之间的地层连接,多年来一直存在争议。然而,扁礁的发现为研究受下盘相互作用影响较小的岩浆地层学提供了新的视角。在此,我们报告了由UMT-276和UMT-393井相交的Flatreef及其下盘和上盘地层单元以及两河铂矿东部Merensky Reef地层单元的全岩S同位素(δ34S)组成。含铂族元素成矿的Flatreef单元,即主礁和上礁,其δ34S值与Merensky礁的东、西翼记录范围重叠。在UMT-393中,主礁的δ34S值在0.2 ~ 1.5‰之间(除了三个异常值,分别为9.7‰、11.1‰和7.9‰),两个上礁样品的δ34S值在0.52‰和11.2‰之间。而在UMT-276中,Main Reef的δ34S值在-0.96 ~ 2.24‰之间,Upper Reef的δ34S值为3.19‰。两河铂矿梅伦斯基礁辉石岩的S同位素组成较高,δ34S值在1.24 ~ 4.83‰之间。扁礁顶部单元是主带之下的过渡带,下盘旋回单元的S同位素组成较重,前者δ34S值在6 ~ 17‰之间,后者δ34S值在0.7 ~ 18.6‰之间。两河铂矿上斜长岩δ34S值为2.9‰,下盘斜长岩δ34S值为5.7‰,下盘长石辉石岩δ34S值为3.27‰。扁礁主礁近地幔S同位素特征一致且金属富集,可能与下带导管/扁礁前分期室中硫化物矿物与大量未污染岩浆的广泛相互作用有关。两河铂矿Merensky礁的δ34S值略高于Turfspruit和Macalacaskop的Main礁,可能与下伏碳酸盐岩相互作用有关。
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引用次数: 1
Redox-controlled chalcophile element geochemistry of the Polaris Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complex, British Columbia, Canada 加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省北极星阿拉斯加型基性-超基性杂岩氧化还原控制的亲铜元素地球化学
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100006
D. Milidragovic, G. Nixon, J. Scoates, J. Nott, D. Spence
The Early Jurassic Polaris Alaskan-type intrusion in the Quesnel accreted arc terrane of the North American Cordillera is a zoned, mafic-ultramafic intrusive body that contains two main styles of magmatic mineralization of petrologic and potential economic significance: (1) chromitite-associated platinum group element (PGE) mineralization hosted by dunite (±wehrlite); and (2) sulfide-associated Cu-PGE-Au mineralization hosted by olivine (±magnetite) clinopyroxenite, hornblendite, and gabbro-diorite. Dunite-hosted PGE mineralization is spatially associated with thin discontinuous layers and schlieren of chromitite and chromitiferous dunite and is characterized by marked enrichments in iridium-subgroup PGE (IPGE) relative to palladium-subgroup PGE (PPGE). Discrete grains of platinum group minerals (PGM) are exceedingly rare, and the bulk of the PGE are inferred to reside in solid solution within chromite±olivine. The absence of Pt-Fe alloys in dunite of the Polaris intrusion is atypical, as Pt-enrichment of dunite-hosted chromitite is widely regarded as a characteristic feature of Alaskan-type intrusions. This discrepancy appears to be consistent with the strong positive dependence of Pt solubility on the oxidation state of sulfide-undersaturated magmas. Through comparison with experimentally determined PGE solubilities, we infer that the earliest (highest temperature) olivine-chromite cumulates of the Polaris intrusion crystallized from a strongly oxidized ultramafic parental magma with an estimated log f(O2) > FMQ+2. Parental magmas with oxygen fugacities more typical of volcanic arc settings [log f(O2) ∼ FMQ to ∼ FMQ+2] are, in turn, considered more favorable for co-precipitation of Pt-Fe alloys with olivine and chromite. More evolved clinopyroxene- and hornblende-rich cumulates of the Polaris intrusion contain low abundances of disseminated magmatic sulfides, consisting of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite with minor pentlandite, pyrite, and rare bornite (≤12 wt.% total sulfides), which occur interstitially or as polyphase inclusions in silicates and oxides. The sulfide-bearing rocks are characterized by strong primitive mantle-normalized depletions in IPGE and enrichments in Cu-PPGE-Au, patterns that resemble those of other Alaskan-type intrusions and primitive arc lavas. The absolute abundances and sulfur-normalized whole-rock concentrations (Ci/S, serving as proxy for sulfide metal tenor) of chalcophile elements, including Cu/S, in sulfide-bearing rocks are highest in olivine clinopyroxenite. Sulfide saturation in the relatively evolved magmas of the Polaris intrusion, and Alaskan-type intrusions in general, appears to be intimately tied to the appearance of magnetite. Fractional crystallization of magnetite during the formation of olivine clinopyroxenite at Polaris resulted in reduction of the residual magma to log f(O2) ≤ FMQ+2, leading to segregation of an immiscible sulfide melt with high Cu/Fe and Cu/S, and high PGE and Au tenors. Continued
早侏罗世北极星阿拉斯加型侵入体位于北美科迪勒拉的Quesnel吸积弧地体中,是一个分带的基性-超基性侵入体,其岩浆成矿作用主要有两种类型,具有岩石学和潜在的经济意义:(1)由泥质岩(±韦氏岩)为主的铬铁矿伴生铂族元素(PGE)成矿作用;(2)由橄榄石(±磁铁矿)斜辉石岩、角闪岩和辉长闪长岩组成的与硫化物相关的Cu-PGE-Au成矿。褐铁矿型PGE矿化在空间上与铬铁矿和含铬褐铁矿的薄间断层和纹影有关,其特征是铱亚群PGE (IPGE)相对于钯亚群PGE (PPGE)明显富集。铂族矿物(PGM)的离散颗粒极为罕见,大部分铂族矿物存在于铬铁矿±橄榄石中的固溶体中。北极星侵入体中不存在Pt-Fe合金,这是不典型的,因为人们普遍认为,在阿拉斯加型侵入体中,富含pt的黑铁矿是典型的特征。这种差异似乎与Pt溶解度对硫化物欠饱和岩浆氧化态的强烈正依赖性相一致。通过与实验测定的PGE溶解度的比较,我们推断北极星侵入岩最早(最高温度)的橄榄铬铁矿堆积是由强氧化超镁铁质母岩浆结晶而成,估计log f(O2) > FMQ+2。具有氧逸度的母岩浆更典型的火山弧环境[log f(O2) ~ FMQ ~ ~ FMQ+2],反过来,被认为更有利于Pt-Fe合金与橄榄石和铬铁矿的共沉淀。北极星侵入体中更发育的斜辉石和角闪石富集物含有低丰度浸染岩浆硫化物,由磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿与少量的镍黄铁矿、黄铁矿和稀有的斑铜矿组成(硫化物总量≤12 wt.%),它们以间质或多相包裹体形式出现在硅酸盐和氧化物中。含硫化物岩石具有强烈的原始幔正化IPGE耗尽和Cu-PPGE-Au富集的特征,与其他阿拉斯加型侵入体和原始弧熔岩相似。含硫岩石中亲铜元素(包括Cu/S)的绝对丰度和硫归一化全岩浓度(Ci/S,代表硫化物金属强度)在橄榄斜辉石岩中最高。北极星侵入岩和阿拉斯加型侵入岩相对演化的岩浆中的硫化物饱和度似乎与磁铁矿的出现密切相关。北极星橄榄石斜辉石岩形成过程中磁铁矿的分异结晶导致残余岩浆减少至log f(O2)≤FMQ+2,导致高Cu/Fe、高Cu/S、高PGE、高Au的不混溶硫化物熔体偏析。继续分馏导致硫化物熔体中贵重和碱性亲铜金属的含量逐渐减少。北极星阿拉斯加型岩体中两种类型的PGE矿化被解释为反映了强氧化、含水超镁铁质母岩浆通过岩浆分选过程的演化,该过程可能在没有围岩同化的情况下促进硫化物饱和度。
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引用次数: 8
Palladothallite, Pd3Tl, a new mineral from the Monchetundra layered intrusion, Kola Peninsula, Russia 俄罗斯科拉半岛Monchetundra层状侵入岩中一种新矿物——Palladothallite Pd3Tl
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100002
Tatiana L. Grokhovskaya, A. Vymazalová, F. Laufek, C. Stanley, S. Y. Borisovskiy
Palladothallite, Pd3Tl, is a new mineral discovered in the Monchetundra layered intrusion, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Palladothallite occurs in orthopyroxenite with disseminated Ni-Cu-Fe sulfides and in near-surface oxidized ore of an orthopyroxenite unit. In the holotype specimen, the new mineral forms anhedral grains about 1 to 20 μm in size intergrown with bortnikovite (Pt4Cu3Zn). Palladothallite and bortnikovite form a rim around tulameenite (Pt2FeCu), Pt-Pd-Fe-Cu alloys, and Pt-Pd-Fe-Cu “oxides” in a goethite matrix. In plane-polarized light, palladothallite is white, anisotropy was not observed; it exhibits no internal reflections. Reflectance values of palladothallite in air (R' in %) are: 53.9 at 470 nm, 57.1 at 546 nm, 59.4 at 589 nm and 61.7 at 650 nm. Twelve electron probe microanalyses of palladothallite gave an average composition (in wt.%): Pd 59.99, Cu 1.19, Fe 0.35, Ag 1.1, Tl 35.64, Se 0.34, and S 0.09, total 99.67, corresponding to the empirical formula (Pd2.894Cu0.096Fe0.032Ag0.053)∑3.075(Tl0.895Se0.023S0.008)∑0.926 based on four atoms, with the ideal formula Pd3Tl. The density, calculated on the basis of the empirical formula, is 13.04 g/cm3. Palladothallite crystallizes with the same structure as synthetic Pd3Tl, which was solved by Kurtzemann & Kohlmann (2010) from powder neutron diffraction data. Palladothallite is tetragonal, space group I4/mmm, with a 4.10659(9), c 15.3028(4) Å, V 258.07(1) Å3, and Z = 4. Palladothallite crystallizes in the ZrAl3 structure type. The name corresponds to its chemical composition, palladium and thallium.
Palladothallite, Pd3Tl,是在俄罗斯科拉半岛Monchetundra层状侵入岩中发现的一种新矿物。帕拉多辉石产于具有浸染镍铜铁硫化物的正辉石中和近表面氧化的正辉石中。在全模试样中,新矿物形成1 ~ 20 μm大小的四面体晶粒,与硼钛矿(Pt4Cu3Zn)共生。在针铁矿基体中,帕拉多长石和硼钛长石在图拉长石(Pt2FeCu)、Pt-Pd-Fe-Cu合金和Pt-Pd-Fe-Cu“氧化物”周围形成一个边缘。在平面偏振光下,palladothallite呈白色,未观察到各向异性;它没有内部反射。空气中palladothallite的反射率值(R′in %)分别为:470nm处53.9,546nm处57.1,589nm处59.4,650nm处61.7。12个电子探针显微分析得到钯石的平均组成(wt.%)为:Pd 59.99, Cu 1.19, Fe 0.35, Ag 1.1, Tl 35.64, Se 0.34, S 0.09,总计99.67,对应于基于四原子的实验式(Pd2.894Cu0.096Fe0.032Ag0.053)∑3.075(Tl0.895Se0.023S0.008)∑0.926,理想式为Pd3Tl。根据经验公式计算出的密度为13.04 g/cm3。Palladothallite的结晶结构与合成Pd3Tl相同,Kurtzemann & Kohlmann(2010)利用粉末中子衍射数据解决了这一问题。Palladothallite为四边形,空间群为I4/mmm,具有4.10659(9),c 15.3028(4) Å, V 258.07(1) Å3, Z = 4。Palladothallite以ZrAl3结构型结晶。这个名字对应于它的化学成分,钯和铊。
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引用次数: 1
Preface part II: Summary of contributions 前言第二部分:贡献总结
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.int012
M. Junge, F. Ford, A. Mcdonald
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引用次数: 0
Trace precious metals in major sulfide minerals from the Federova Tundra platinum group element deposit in the Fedorova-Pana layered intrusion, central Kola Peninsula, Russia 俄罗斯科拉半岛中部Fedorova-Pana层状侵入体Federova冻土带铂族元素矿床主要硫化物矿物中的痕量贵金属
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2000126
L. Cabri, V. Subbotin
Drill-core samples from the basal Cu-Ni-platinum-group element mineralization of the Early Proterozoic Fedorova Tundra intrusion in the Fedorova-Pana layered intrusion, central Kola Peninsula, Russia, were studied in two separate projects in Canada and Russia. In Canada, trace precious metal analyses by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry of 323 base metal sulfide particles [pentlandite (101), pyrrhotite (98), chalcopyrite (25), and pyrite (99)] show that Pd is highly concentrated in pentlandite. Most of the analyses (71%) were done using two master composite samples of comminuted drill core representative of the West Pit and East Pit mineralization, FWMC and FEMC, respectively. Fewer analyses were made of three other comminuted drill core samples from the West Pit referred to as “lithology” samples: OLFW (olivine-bearing rocks), ANFW (leucocratic rocks), and GNFW (gabbronorite). In Russia, 120 polished sections sliced from drill core from the West and East Pits and from four other Fedorova Tundra intrusion deposits (Kievey, Northern Kamennik, Eastern Chuarvy, and Southern Kievey) were studied mineralogically. Platinum group mineral characterization and trace Pd electron probe microanalyses of pentlandite were done using polished sections from all six locations (n = 95). The trace electron probe microanalysis data for Pd in pentlandite from the West (n = 35) and East (n = 19) Pit samples, though at much higher detection levels, are considered to be comparable to the laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry data. The Eastern Chuarvy samples show particularly high Pd concentrations averaging 0.49 wt.% Pd (n = 11) and as high as 1.64 wt.% Pd. The combined data from these studies guides our estimate that pentlandite accounts for 30 to 50% of the Pd in these ores and that Rh solid solution in sulfides may account for >98% of the total Rh.
在加拿大和俄罗斯的两个独立项目中,对俄罗斯科拉半岛中部Fedorova- pana层状侵入体早元古代Fedorova冻土带侵入体基底cu - ni -铂族元素矿化的岩心样品进行了研究。在加拿大,用激光烧蚀电感耦合质谱法对323个贱金属硫化物颗粒[镍黄铁矿(101)、磁黄铁矿(98)、黄铜矿(25)和黄铁矿(99)]进行了痕量贵金属分析,结果表明,钯在镍黄铁矿中含量很高。大多数分析(71%)分别使用了代表西坑和东坑矿化的两个主复合样品,即FWMC和FEMC。较少的分析来自西坑的其他三种粉碎的岩心样品被称为“岩性”样品:OLFW(含橄榄石岩石),ANFW(白岩质岩石)和GNFW(辉长花岗岩)。在俄罗斯,从西坑和东坑以及其他四个Fedorova Tundra侵入矿床(Kievey, Northern Kamennik, Eastern Chuarvy和Southern Kievey)的钻芯中切割出120个抛光切片进行了矿物学研究。铂族矿物表征和痕量钯电子探针微分析是利用所有六个地点(n = 95)的抛光切片进行的。西坑样品(n = 35)和东坑样品(n = 19)中钯的痕量电子探针微分析数据,虽然检测水平更高,但被认为与激光烧蚀电感耦合质谱数据相当。东丘瓦利样品显示出特别高的Pd浓度,平均为0.49 wt.% Pd (n = 11),最高可达1.64 wt.% Pd。这些研究的综合数据指导了我们的估计,即镍黄铁矿占这些矿石中Pd的30 - 50%,而硫化物中的Rh固溶体可能占总Rh的50 - 98%。
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引用次数: 0
Nano- and Micrometer-Sized PGM in Ni-Cu-Fe Sulfides from an Olivine Megacryst in the Udachnaya Pipe, Yakutia, Russia 俄罗斯雅库特乌达奇纳亚管道中橄榄石巨晶镍铜铁硫化物的纳米和微米级PGM
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100017
J. González-Jiménez, I. Tretiakova, M. Fiorentini, V. Malkovets, L. Martin, Júlia Farré-de-Pablo
This paper focuses on a nanoscale study of nano- and micrometer-size Os-rich mineral particles hosted in a Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide globule found in an olivine megacryst from the Udachnaya pipe (Yakutia, Russia). These platinum-group element mineral particles and their host sulfide matrices were investigated using a combination of techniques, including field emission gun electron probe microanalyzer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and focused ion beam and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The sulfide globule is of mantle origin, as it is hosted in primitive olivine (Fo90–93), very likely derived from the crystallization of Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide melt droplets segregated by liquid immiscibility from a basaltic melt in a volume of depleted subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Microscopic observations by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy and single-spot analysis and mapping by field emission gun electron probe microanalyzer reveal that the sulfide globule comprises a core of pyrrhotite with flame-like exsolutions (usually <10 μm thickness) of pentlandite, which is irregularly surrounded by a rim of granular pentlandite and chalcopyrite. Elemental mapping by energy dispersive spectroscopy (acquired using the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) of the pyrrhotite (+ pentlandite) core reveals that pentlandite exsolution in pyrrhotite is still observable at the nanoscale as fringes of 100 to 500 nm thicknesses. The sulfide matrices of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite contain abundant nano- and micrometer-size platinum group element mineral particles. A careful inspection of eight of these platinum group element particles under focused ion beam and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that they are crystalline erlichmanite (OsS2) with well-developed crystal faces that are distinctively oriented relative to their sulfide host matrices. We propose that the core of the Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide globule studied here was derived from a precursor monosulfide solid solution originally crystallized from a sulfide melt at >1100 °C, which later decomposed into pyrrhotite and the pentlandite flame-like exsolutions upon cooling at <600 °C. Once solidified, the solid monosulfide solid solution reacted with non-equilibrium Cu-and Ni-rich sulfide melt(s), giving rise to the granular pentlandite in equilibrium with chalcopyrite now forming the rim of the sulfide globule. Meanwhile, nano- to micron-sized crystals of erlichmanite crystallized directly from or slightly before monosulfide solid solution from the sulfide melt. Thus, Os, and to a lesser extent Ir and Ru, were physically partitioned by preferential uptake via early formation of nanoparticles at high temperature instead of low-temperature exsolution from solid Ni-Fe-Cu sulfides. The new data provided in this paper highlight the necessity of studying platinum group element mineral particles in Ni-Fe-Cu sulfides using analytical techniques that can
本文主要研究了一种纳米级和微米级的富含os的矿物颗粒,这些矿物颗粒存在于来自乌达奇纳亚管道(雅库特,俄罗斯)的橄榄石巨晶中发现的Ni-Fe-Cu硫化球中。利用场发射枪电子探针微量分析仪、场发射扫描电镜、聚焦离子束和高分辨率透射电镜等综合技术对这些铂族元素矿物颗粒及其宿主硫化物基质进行了研究。硫化物球是地幔起源的,因为它位于原始橄榄石中(Fo90-93),很可能来自于镍铁铜硫化物熔体的结晶,这些熔体是由枯竭的次大陆岩石圈地幔中玄武岩熔体中的液体不混溶分离出来的。通过场发射扫描电镜和场发射枪电子探针显微分析仪的单点分析和测图发现,硫化物球的核心为磁黄铁矿,其火焰状析出体(通常为1100℃)在<600℃冷却后分解为磁黄铁矿和镍黄铁矿的火焰状析出体。一旦凝固,固态的单硫化物固溶体与非平衡态的富cu和富ni硫化物熔体反应,产生颗粒状的镍黄铁矿,与黄铜矿处于平衡态,形成硫化物球体的边缘。与此同时,纳米到微米级的铁长石晶体在硫化物熔体中直接或稍早于单硫化物固溶体结晶。因此,在高温下形成纳米颗粒而不是低温下从Ni-Fe-Cu固体硫化物中析出,Os以及较小程度上的Ir和Ru被优先吸收而被物理分割。本文提供的新数据表明,为了更好地了解岩浆系统中铂族元素分馏机制,有必要利用纳米级结构特征的分析技术研究Ni-Fe-Cu硫化物中铂族元素矿物颗粒。这些过程可能在控制大范围幔源岩浆中亲铁和亲铜元素的背景地球化学收支中起关键作用。
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引用次数: 1
Sulfide mineral chemistry and platinum-group minerals of the UG-2 chromitite in the northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa 南非Bushveld火成岩杂岩北翼UG-2铬铁矿的硫化物矿物化学和铂族矿物
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100042
Malose M. Langa, P. Jugo, M. Leybourne, D. Grobler
The UG-2 chromitite layer, with its elevated platinum-group element content, is a key marker horizon in the eastern and western limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex and the largest platinum-group element chromite-hosted resource of its kind in the world. In contrast, much less is known about its stratigraphic equivalent in the northern limb, the “UG-2 equivalent” (UG-2E) chromitite. Recent studies on chromite mineral chemistry show similarities between the UG-2 and sections of the UG-2E, but also that the UG-2E was partially contaminated by assimilation of local metasedimentary rocks. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of sulfide minerals and platinum-group minerals in a suite of samples from the UG-2E and compare the results with data obtained from a reference suite of samples from the UG-2. Results from petrographic observations, electron probe microanalysis, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, quantitative evaluation of materials by scanning electron microscopy, and δ34S isotopes show that: (1) sulfide minerals in the UG-2E and UG-2 consist mainly of pentlandite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite, but pyrrhotite is significantly more abundant in the UG-2E and almost absent in the UG-2; (2) iron contents in pentlandite from the UG-2E are significantly higher than in the UG-2; (3) platinum-group element contents within sulfide minerals are different between the two chromitites; (4) UG-2E platinum-group minerals are dominated by arsenides and bismuthotellurides, and by alloys and platinum-group element-sulfide minerals in the UG-2; (5) sulfide mineral chemistry and δ34S values indicate some crustal contamination of the UG-2E; and (6) sulfide mineral and secondary silicate mineral textures in both the UG-2E and UG-2 are indicative of minor, millimeter- to centimeter-scale, hydrothermal alteration. From our observations and results, we consider the UG-2E chromitite in the northern limb to be the equivalent to the UG-2 in the eastern and western limbs that has been contaminated by assimilation of Transvaal Supergroup footwall rocks during emplacement. The contamination resulted in UG-2E sulfide mineral elemental contents and platinum-group mineral types and abundances that are distinct from those of the UG-2 in the rest of the Bushveld.
UG-2铬铁矿层铂族元素含量较高,是Bushveld火成岩杂岩东西翼的重要标志层,是目前世界上最大的铂族元素铬铁矿资源。相比之下,对其北部分支的地层等效物“UG-2等效”(UG-2E)铬铁矿的了解则少得多。近年来的铬铁矿矿物化学研究表明,UG-2与UG-2E剖面具有相似性,但UG-2E部分受到局部变质沉积岩同化的污染。在这里,我们提供了UG-2E样品中硫化物矿物和铂族矿物的详细特征,并将结果与UG-2参考样品的数据进行了比较。岩石学观察、电子探针显微分析、激光烧蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析、扫描电镜材料定量评价及δ34S同位素分析结果表明:(1)UG-2E和UG-2中硫化物矿物主要为戊黄铁矿-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿,但UG-2E中磁黄铁矿含量明显高于UG-2E, UG-2中几乎不含磁黄铁矿;(2) UG-2E的镍黄铁矿铁含量显著高于UG-2;(3)两种铬铁矿硫化物矿物中铂族元素含量不同;(4) UG-2中铂族矿物以砷化物和碲化铋为主,以合金和铂族元素硫化物矿物为主;(5)硫化物矿物化学和δ34S值表明UG-2E存在一定的地壳污染;(6) UG-2E和UG-2的硫化物矿物和次生硅酸盐矿物结构显示了较小的毫米至厘米尺度的热液蚀变。根据我们的观察和结果,我们认为北翼的UG-2E铬铁矿与东、西翼的UG-2铬铁矿相当,它们在侵位过程中受到了德兰士瓦超群下盘岩石的同化。污染导致UG-2E硫化物矿物元素含量、铂族矿物类型和丰度与Bushveld其他地区的UG-2不同。
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引用次数: 2
Relationships among the Geordie Lake Cu-Pd deposit, alkaline basalt, and syenites in the Coldwell Complex, Midcontinent Rift, Canada 加拿大中大陆裂谷Coldwell杂岩中乔迪湖铜钯矿床、碱性玄武岩和正长岩的关系
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100043
D. Good, R. Linnen, Imran Meghji, I. Samson, J. McBride
The Geordie Lake Cu-Pd deposit is associated with troctolite at the base of the Geordie Lake intrusion, located near the center of the Coldwell Complex (1106.5 + 1.2 Ma). It is the only platinum group element deposit in the Midcontinent Rift associated with alkaline rocks. This study focuses on the long-standing questions regarding genetic relationships among the Geordie Lake gabbros, the Wolfcamp basalt, and the various syenites that make up the east-central portion of the Coldwell Complex. Primitive mantle-normalized trace-element patterns for the Geordie Lake intrusion are nearly flat from Th to Ce and show negative Sr, Eu, and Zr anomalies. Characteristic ratios for the Geordie Lake gabbro and troctolite include Th/Nb (0.12), La/Nb (1.1), La/Lu (150), La/Sm (6.9), Zr/Sm (18), and Gd/Yb (2.8). Trace-element patterns that are useful for determining petrogenesis for gabbros are similar to the Wolfcamp basalt and augite syenite with some key exceptions, notably the middle rare earth element and Zr abundances. Affects due to metasomatism or crustal contamination in Wolfcamp basalt and Geordie Lake gabbros and syenites are negligible. Results of Rayleigh fractionation modeling show (1) the Geordie Lake intrusion and Wolfcamp basalt are very similar but not directly related by crystallization, (2) the gabbros and basalt are not related to the syenites, (3) the lower augite syenite can be related to the upper augite syenite and amphibole quartz syenite by fractionation of a hypothetical crystal cumulate composed of orthoclase (78%), clinopyroxene (15%), olivine (1%), and titanomagnetite (6%). We conclude that the Geordie Lake intrusion, Wolfcamp basalt, and saturated syenites in the Coldwell were derived by separate partial melting events in a common mantle source. The origin of the sulfide mineralization is enigmatic because it exhibits characteristics of both magmatic and hydrothermal processes. The sulfide assemblage changes from disseminated bornite and chalcopyrite in the basal zone to pyrrhotite plus chalcopyrite in the upper zones. Sulfides occur as coarse blebs interstitial to fresh or partly altered silicates, or as very fine grains intergrown with clusters of biotite and actinolite. Primitive mantle-normalized platinum group element patterns exhibit a W-shape for Pd-Pt-Rh-Ir-Ni, indicating a relative depletion of Pt and Ir. The Cu/Pd ratios in the mineralized zones are within the range of mantle values (1000–10,000), Pd/Pt is 14–19, Pd/Rh is 91 + 37, and Pd/Ir >16,000. The Pd/Pt, Pd/Rh, and Pd/Ir are considerably higher than in the Wolfcamp basalt (<1, 17, and 75, respectively). If the sulfides are magmatic in origin, then either the Geordie Lake magma was, unlike the Wolfcamp basalt magma, depleted in Pt, Rh, and Ir, or these elements were selectively removed from the sulfide assemblage. Alternatively, Pd was enriched by late-stage hydrothermal processes. Additional work is recommended to constrain petrogenesis of the sulfides by detail
位于Coldwell杂岩(1106.5 + 1.2 Ma)中心附近的乔迪湖侵入体底部与滑石岩伴生。它是中大陆裂谷中唯一与碱性岩伴生的铂族元素矿床。本研究的重点是长期存在的关于乔迪湖辉长岩、沃尔夫坎普玄武岩和构成科德威尔杂岩中东部部分的各种正长岩之间的遗传关系的问题。乔迪湖侵入岩的原始地幔归一化微量元素模式从Th到Ce几乎是平坦的,Sr、Eu和Zr呈负异常。其特征比值为Th/Nb(0.12)、La/Nb(1.1)、La/Lu(150)、La/Sm(6.9)、Zr/Sm(18)、Gd/Yb(2.8)。用于确定辉长岩成因的微量元素模式与沃尔夫坎普玄武岩和奥辉岩正长岩相似,但有一些关键的例外,特别是中稀土元素和Zr丰度。在沃尔夫坎普玄武岩和乔迪湖辉长岩和正长岩中,交代作用或地壳污染的影响可以忽略不计。Rayleigh分选模拟结果表明:(1)Geordie Lake侵入岩与Wolfcamp玄武岩非常相似,但没有直接的结晶关系;(2)辉长岩和玄武岩与正长岩没有直接的关系;(3)由正长岩(78%)、斜辉石(15%)、橄榄石(1%)和钛磁铁矿(6%)组成的假设晶体堆积分选后,下奥辉岩正长岩可与上奥辉岩正长岩和角闪石石英正长岩相关。我们认为,乔迪湖侵入岩、沃尔夫坎普玄武岩和科尔威尔的饱和正长岩是在一个共同的地幔源中由不同的部分熔融事件形成的。硫化物矿化成因具有岩浆和热液双重作用的特点,是一个谜。硫化物组合由基带浸染斑铜矿和黄铜矿演变为上部带磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿。硫化物以粗泡的形式存在于新鲜的或部分蚀变的硅酸盐之间,或以非常细的颗粒与黑云母和放线石簇共生。Pd-Pt-Rh-Ir-Ni的原始地幔归一化铂族元素模式呈w形,表明Pt和Ir相对枯竭。成矿带Cu/Pd比值在地幔值(1000 ~ 10000)范围内,Pd/Pt值为14 ~ 19,Pd/Rh值为91 + 37,Pd/Ir值为16000。Pd/Pt、Pd/Rh和Pd/Ir均显著高于沃尔夫坎普玄武岩(分别<1、17和75)。如果硫化物起源于岩浆,那么要么乔迪湖岩浆(与沃尔夫坎普玄武岩岩浆不同)的Pt、Rh和Ir含量被耗尽,要么这些元素被选择性地从硫化物组合中去除。Pd也可能是通过后期热液过程富集的。建议通过详细的贱金属和标签(Te, As, Bi, Sb和Sn)元素分析来限制硫化物的岩石成因。
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引用次数: 0
Structural and chemical characterization of dienerite, Ni3As, and its revalidation as a mineral species 二长辉石Ni3As的结构和化学特征及其作为矿物的再验证
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100012
P. Bonazzi, L. Bindi
Dienerite, ideally Ni3As, was discovered in 1919 near Radstadt (Salzburg, Austria) and its description and chemical characterization date back to the 1920s. The paucity of reliable experimental data, as well as the absence of any other documented occurrences of such a mineral in over 80 years, led to the supposition of a typographic error in the transcription of the original chemical analysis, suggesting the mineral might in fact be nickelskutterudite [(Ni,Co,Fe)As3]. As a consequence, the mineral was discredited and deleted in the post-2006 IMA list of valid mineral species. Nonetheless, several minerals having a metal/As ratio close to 3:1 and a description fitting that of dienerite were reported after its discreditation. Here we report the discovery of minute inclusions in a sample of josephinite from Josephine Creek (Oregon, USA) exhibiting high optical and electron reflectance. Structural and chemical investigations unequivocally showed that a mineral having cubic structure [a = 9.6206(9) Å, sp. gr. I3d; R1 = 0.0353] and ideal chemical formula Ni3As does exist, suggesting that dienerite could in fact be a valid species. The proposal to revalidate dienerite has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (IMA-Proposal 19-E). The neotype is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum, University of Florence, Italy, under catalogue number 3364/I.
双辉石,理想的Ni3As,于1919年在Radstadt(奥地利萨尔茨堡)附近被发现,其描述和化学表征可以追溯到20世纪20年代。由于缺乏可靠的实验数据,以及80多年来没有任何其他记录的这种矿物的出现,导致了对原始化学分析转录的排版错误的假设,表明这种矿物实际上可能是镍晶榴石[(Ni,Co,Fe)As3]。结果,该矿物失去了信誉,并在2006年后的IMA有效矿物名单中被删除。尽管如此,在其失信后,仍报道了几种金属/砷比接近3:1的矿物,其描述与双长辉石相吻合。在这里,我们报告了在美国俄勒冈州约瑟芬溪(Josephine Creek)的约瑟芬矿样品中发现的微小包裹体,它们具有高的光学和电子反射率。结构和化学研究明确表明,一种具有立方结构的矿物[a = 9.6206(9) Å, sp. gr. I3d;R1 = 0.0353],理想的化学式Ni3As确实存在,这表明二长辉石实际上可能是一种有效的物质。新矿物、命名法和分类委员会核可了重新确认双辉石的建议(ima -提案19-E)。该新类型沉积在意大利佛罗伦萨大学自然历史博物馆的矿物学收藏品中,目录号为3364/I。
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引用次数: 1
Genesis of sulfide vein mineralization at the Sakatti Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, Finland 芬兰Sakatti Ni-Cu-PGE矿床硫化物脉化成因
Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2100020
Fabian Fröhlich, J. Siikaluoma, Inga Osbahr, J. Gutzmer
The Sakatti Ni-Cu-platinum-group element deposit is situated in northern Finland and comprises massive, disseminated, and vein sulfide mineralization. A stockwork is formed by chalcopyrite-rich sulfide veins, which contain exceptionally high platinum-group elements and Au grades. The mineralogy and geochemistry of this stockwork zone ore is documented in this investigation. The results are used to develop the first robust genetic concept and its relationship to massive and disseminated mineralization of the Sakatti deposit. This model is similar to that proposed for many Cu-rich magmatic sulfide ores, most importantly the Cu-rich footwall veins described from the Sudbury Complex in Canada and the Cu-rich ore at Noril'sk-Talnakh in Russia. Detailed petrographic studies using a sample suite from exploration drill core intersecting vein-style mineralization revealed a classic magmatic sulfide assemblage of chalcopyrite ± pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite. More than 1000 platinum-group mineral grains belonging almost exclusively to the moncheite (PtTe2) – merenskyite (PdTe2) – melonite (NiTe2) solid solution series were identified in the studied samples. Notably, almost two thirds of the platinum-group element-bearing minerals consist of melonite. Some of the platinum-group minerals contain inclusions of Ag-rich gold (AgAu2) and muthmannite (AuAgTe2). Most of the platinum-group minerals occur as inclusions in chalcopyrite, although a few grains are located at base-metal sulfide grain boundaries and in fractures in base-metal sulfides. The whole-rock compositions of the stockwork veins are Cu-rich and are interpreted to represent a fractionated Cu-rich sulfide liquid enriched in Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, As, Bi, Pb, Se, Te, Zn, which separated from a monosulfide solid solution (mss). An intermediate solid solution (iss) solidified from the Cu-rich sulfide liquid, recrystallizing chalcopyrite at <550 °C. Simultaneously, small volumes of intercumulus residual melt contained mainly the precious metals, Bi, and Te due to their incompatibility in iss. Solitary and composite platinum-group minerals as well as Au-minerals crystallized first from the residual melt (<600 °C), followed by a succession of various Bi-, Ag-, and Pb-tellurides (∼540 °C), and finally sphalerite and galena. Melonite crystallized as mostly large, solitary grains exsolved directly from Ni-bearing intermediate solid solution (∼600 °C), shortly after the formation of moncheite and merenskyite from the residual melt. Finally, remobilization of the platinum-group minerals occurred at temperatures of <300 °C, as suggested by the presence of minor amounts of Cl-bearing minerals and ragged grain shapes.
Sakatti镍铜铂族元素矿床位于芬兰北部,为块状、浸染状、脉状硫化物矿化。由富含黄铜矿的硫化物矿脉组成网状,其中铂族元素和金的品位异常高。本文记录了该网带矿石的矿物学和地球化学特征。这些结果被用来建立第一个强有力的成因概念及其与Sakatti矿床块状和浸染状矿化的关系。该模型与许多富铜岩浆硫化物矿石类似,最重要的是加拿大萨德伯里杂岩中描述的富铜下盘脉和俄罗斯Noril'sk-Talnakh的富铜矿石。利用与脉状矿化相交叉的勘探钻芯样品组进行详细的岩石学研究,发现了一个典型的岩浆硫化物组合,包括黄铜矿±磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铁矿。在所研究的样品中鉴定出1000多个铂族矿物颗粒,几乎完全属于蒙脱石(PtTe2) -梅伦石(PdTe2) -梅伦石(NiTe2)固溶体系列。值得注意的是,铂族含元素矿物中几乎有三分之二是由melonite组成的。部分铂族矿物含有富银金(AgAu2)和铁锰矿(AuAgTe2)包裹体。多数铂族矿物以包裹体形式赋存于黄铜矿中,少数颗粒位于贱金属硫化物晶界和贱金属硫化物裂隙中。网状脉体的整体岩石组成是富cu的,可以解释为从单硫化物固溶体(mss)中分离出来的富集Pt、Pd、Au、Ag、As、Bi、Pb、Se、Te、Zn的富cu硫化物液体。一种中间固溶体(iss),由富铜硫化物液体凝固,在<550°C时使黄铜矿重结晶。同时,小体积的积云间残余熔体主要含有贵金属、Bi和Te,因为它们在iss中不相容。单独和复合铂族矿物以及金矿物首先从残余熔体(<600°C)结晶,其次是各种Bi-, Ag-和pb -碲化物(~ 540°C),最后是闪锌矿和方铅矿。在残余熔体形成蒙脱石和merenskyite后不久,Melonite结晶成大的、孤立的晶粒,直接从含镍的中间固溶体(~ 600°C)中析出。最后,铂族矿物的再活化发生在<300°C的温度下,这表明存在少量含cl矿物和粗糙的颗粒形状。
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引用次数: 1
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The Canadian Mineralogist
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