{"title":"Children as Philosophers","authors":"G. Matthews, Susannah Sheffer","doi":"10.4324/9780203927595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203927595","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116945648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-21DOI: 10.4135/9781529714388.n156
Johanna Motzkau
This entry considers children as witnesses in a legal context, i.e. where they testify, as part of criminal legal proceedings, and about events they are assumed to have experienced in their past, leaving to one side their participation in other types of civil or family law proceedings (including immigration law). It will not address children as witnesses of personal, historical or political events more generally (e.g. persecution, war or natural disaster). The majority of child witnesses called in criminal proceedings today are also victims of the alleged crime, which most frequently is a form of violence (including domestic abuse) or sexual exploitation. Against the backdrop of an historical outline, the entry will capture the key challenges children face as witnesses and consider questions about children as reliable and credible witnesses and the implications for legal practice. These issues prove to be relevant to their participation in those other contexts. Finally, it will give brief examples of international differences in child witness practice. Please note that the majority of the literature about child witnesses relates to jurisdictions in minority world countries, which thus form the backdrop of this entry. More diversity in this field is crucial and it is hoped in future a broader picture will emerge with a wider range of knowledge and practices being shared internationally.
{"title":"Children as Witnesses","authors":"Johanna Motzkau","doi":"10.4135/9781529714388.n156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714388.n156","url":null,"abstract":"This entry considers children as witnesses in a legal context, i.e. where they testify, as part of criminal legal proceedings, and about events they are assumed to have experienced in their past, leaving to one side their participation in other types of civil or family law proceedings (including immigration law). It will not address children as witnesses of personal, historical or political events more generally (e.g. persecution, war or natural disaster). \u0000 \u0000The majority of child witnesses called in criminal proceedings today are also victims of the alleged crime, which most frequently is a form of violence (including domestic abuse) or sexual exploitation. Against the backdrop of an historical outline, the entry will capture the key challenges children face as witnesses and consider questions about children as reliable and credible witnesses and the implications for legal practice. These issues prove to be relevant to their participation in those other contexts. \u0000 \u0000Finally, it will give brief examples of international differences in child witness practice. Please note that the majority of the literature about child witnesses relates to jurisdictions in minority world countries, which thus form the backdrop of this entry. \u0000 \u0000More diversity in this field is crucial and it is hoped in future a broader picture will emerge with a wider range of knowledge and practices being shared internationally.","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127867361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.4135/9781529714388.n22
M. Waites
{"title":"Age of Consent","authors":"M. Waites","doi":"10.4135/9781529714388.n22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714388.n22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133793158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-28DOI: 10.4135/9781071800492.n7
It is incumbent upon teachers to educate the whole student—academically, socially, and emotionally—if we are to expect students to benefit maximally from their limited time with us. Building relationships with and among students is key to holistic development. Research by the American Psychological Association suggests that student achievement in school is strongly dependent upon positive teacher-student relationships, and science itself is a communal endeavor, requiring students to build positive student-student relationships. The crux of social and emotional learning is to help students to improve their resilience as learners and to become well integrated, contributing members of society.
{"title":"Social and Emotional Learning","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781071800492.n7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071800492.n7","url":null,"abstract":"It is incumbent upon teachers to educate the whole student—academically, socially, and emotionally—if we are to expect students to benefit maximally from their limited time with us. Building relationships with and among students is key to holistic development. Research by the American Psychological Association suggests that student achievement in school is strongly dependent upon positive teacher-student relationships, and science itself is a communal endeavor, requiring students to build positive student-student relationships. The crux of social and emotional learning is to help students to improve their resilience as learners and to become well integrated, contributing members of society.","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"22 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141209557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecd054.pub2
Janet Wasko
{"title":"Disney","authors":"Janet Wasko","doi":"10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecd054.pub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecd054.pub2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122501836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.4135/9781506307633.n630
Alberto Acerbi
The tendency to copy the majority is the topic of the fourth chapter. The fact that online popularity produces long-tailed distributions is often presented as an argument to show the power of online social influence. However, long-tailed distributions are a trademark of many cultural domains, from first names to dog breeds. In addition, these distributions do not necessarily imply the existence of an individual-level tendency to prefer popular things, but they can be the result of bare availability: the more examples of an item, the more likely we will encounter it, and the more likely we will become interested in it. Conformity is next considered: as defined in cultural evolution, conformity implies an effective tendency to copy the majority. As for celebrities, various experiments are reviewed, and the author defends a view for which conformity is far from automatic, as it interacts with many other psychological tendencies. How digital technologies permit radically new forms of popularity advertisements, from the real-time quantification of “likes” in social media to the explosion of consumer reviews, or top-lists of virtually everything, is also examined and discussed in relation to cultural evolution theory.
{"title":"Popularity","authors":"Alberto Acerbi","doi":"10.4135/9781506307633.n630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506307633.n630","url":null,"abstract":"The tendency to copy the majority is the topic of the fourth chapter. The fact that online popularity produces long-tailed distributions is often presented as an argument to show the power of online social influence. However, long-tailed distributions are a trademark of many cultural domains, from first names to dog breeds. In addition, these distributions do not necessarily imply the existence of an individual-level tendency to prefer popular things, but they can be the result of bare availability: the more examples of an item, the more likely we will encounter it, and the more likely we will become interested in it. Conformity is next considered: as defined in cultural evolution, conformity implies an effective tendency to copy the majority. As for celebrities, various experiments are reviewed, and the author defends a view for which conformity is far from automatic, as it interacts with many other psychological tendencies. How digital technologies permit radically new forms of popularity advertisements, from the real-time quantification of “likes” in social media to the explosion of consumer reviews, or top-lists of virtually everything, is also examined and discussed in relation to cultural evolution theory.","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122939113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.4135/9781529714388.n260
トマス チャモロ・プレミュジック, デレク ラスク
{"title":"Emotional Intelligence","authors":"トマス チャモロ・プレミュジック, デレク ラスク","doi":"10.4135/9781529714388.n260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714388.n260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116552503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00175203
H. Zander
{"title":"Steiner, Rudolf","authors":"H. Zander","doi":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00175203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00175203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122776266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Islam","authors":"Peter Hutton, R. Mahajan, A. Kellehear","doi":"10.1111/rsr.14222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rsr.14222","url":null,"abstract":",","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130503849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-29DOI: 10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee708
T. Stanton
{"title":"Locke, John","authors":"T. Stanton","doi":"10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee708","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":137848,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126747575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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