Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.164325
Hebatollah Alkhaddour
In this work, Fast Marching Method (FMM) has been suggested for Retinal blood vessels segmentation. FMM is an optimization technique; and the main advantage of the FMM is its ability to deal with branches and bifurcations without any additional computational cost. This advantage had been used in robotics to find the optimal path for the robot to move from the starting point to the goal with no collisions. Considereing the tree structure of blood vessel, I will use FMM to find the shortest bath between the optic disk and the blood vessels ends to draw the tree of the blood vessels.This method has been implemented using the M language in MATLAB R2016b. In this work local mathematical analysis has been implemented so that we can have an initial estimation of blood vessels distribution in an image in order to minimize the huge amount of noise included in retinal images and to make FMM implementing easier. FMM performance had been compared to other techniques used for retinal blood vessel detection like “Matched Filters”. The results showed that the FMM performance overcame some of those techniques and close to other high resolution methods. The FMM algorithm has been validated using the well-known “DRIVE” database and the resulting resolution ranged between 80% to 93% (depending on the noise amount in image) with iteration number between 500 to 1000 (according to the optic disk position in the image) with an average time of 0.57 seconds for each iteration which mean that the total running time is 5-10 minutes. FMM had also been validated using STARE data set and achieved a TPR of 90% for 700x605 STARE images in 15 minutes, and a TPR of 86% in 2.6 minutes when reducing image size to 350x303.
{"title":"Automated Segmentation of Retinal Blood Vessels using Fast Marching Method and local mathematical analysis","authors":"Hebatollah Alkhaddour","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.164325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.164325","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, Fast Marching Method (FMM) has been suggested for Retinal blood vessels segmentation. FMM is an optimization technique; and the main advantage of the FMM is its ability to deal with branches and bifurcations without any additional computational cost. This advantage had been used in robotics to find the optimal path for the robot to move from the starting point to the goal with no collisions. Considereing the tree structure of blood vessel, I will use FMM to find the shortest bath between the optic disk and the blood vessels ends to draw the tree of the blood vessels.This method has been implemented using the M language in MATLAB R2016b. In this work local mathematical analysis has been implemented so that we can have an initial estimation of blood vessels distribution in an image in order to minimize the huge amount of noise included in retinal images and to make FMM implementing easier. FMM performance had been compared to other techniques used for retinal blood vessel detection like “Matched Filters”. The results showed that the FMM performance overcame some of those techniques and close to other high resolution methods. The FMM algorithm has been validated using the well-known “DRIVE” database and the resulting resolution ranged between 80% to 93% (depending on the noise amount in image) with iteration number between 500 to 1000 (according to the optic disk position in the image) with an average time of 0.57 seconds for each iteration which mean that the total running time is 5-10 minutes. FMM had also been validated using STARE data set and achieved a TPR of 90% for 700x605 STARE images in 15 minutes, and a TPR of 86% in 2.6 minutes when reducing image size to 350x303.","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130935575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163196
S. Al-khayyt
As the demands for more robot's complex tasks were increased, force and torque control had become necessary. When contact forces are present, the performance of the trajectory tracking controller is degraded. Impedance force / position controller is proposed in this paper. The impedance force at the tip is controlled by fuzzy PID controller. PID controller tuned by adaptive linear network is used for trajectory tracking. A combination of fuzzy PID controller and PID controller tuned by neural network is used to generate the required torque at the robot manipulator's joints. The Jacobian matrix is derived for planar 3-DOF to transform the forces into joints' torque. Simulations are presented for robot manipulator with force contact at the tip. The trajectory tracking is improved by using fuzzy PID controller for impedance force of the environment.
{"title":"Impedance Force / Position Control for Planar 3DOF Robot Manipulator by Fuzzy Neural Network Combination","authors":"S. Al-khayyt","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163196","url":null,"abstract":"As the demands for more robot's complex tasks were increased, force and torque control had become necessary. When contact forces are present, the performance of the trajectory tracking controller is degraded. Impedance force / position controller is proposed in this paper. The impedance force at the tip is controlled by fuzzy PID controller. PID controller tuned by adaptive linear network is used for trajectory tracking. A combination of fuzzy PID controller and PID controller tuned by neural network is used to generate the required torque at the robot manipulator's joints. The Jacobian matrix is derived for planar 3-DOF to transform the forces into joints' torque. Simulations are presented for robot manipulator with force contact at the tip. The trajectory tracking is improved by using fuzzy PID controller for impedance force of the environment.","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125083437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163124
Layla Raswol
The aim of this research is to introduce guidelines and concepts to optimize the urban Design and planning for residential area and to contribute to the sustainable housing development in Kurdistan cities. The Housing Sector as one of the most important sectors in the city development has facing a lot of challenges in terms of sustainability due to the rapid population growth in cities of Iraqi Kurdistan. The city of Duhok as an example of other cities in the region has experienced dynamic urban growth in the last decades as a result of the unstable political and economic conditions in the Region. The local government has tried to cover housing shortage by many strategies such as plot distribution as well as supporting investors to provide housing units to meet people 's housing need. The main research objective is to evaluate the urban sustainability of the selected neighborhoods in the new developed area of Duhok city. The research used the principles of UNHabitat for analyzing neighborhood sustainability by quantitative measurement of: efficient streets network, high density, mix use, social mix and limited land use specialization. The research outcomes indicate that there is an urgent need to direct the urban growth to more walkable mixed land use neighborhoods rather than car-oriented development by integrating the urban sustainability principles in the new housing projects to create healthier living environment for the residents.
{"title":"Neighborhood Sustainability Evaluation Based on UN-Habitat … Principles: Case Study Masike and Avro city in Duhok","authors":"Layla Raswol","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163124","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to introduce guidelines and concepts to optimize the urban Design and planning for residential area and to contribute to the sustainable housing development in Kurdistan cities. The Housing Sector as one of the most important sectors in the city development has facing a lot of challenges in terms of sustainability due to the rapid population growth in cities of Iraqi Kurdistan. The city of Duhok as an example of other cities in the region has experienced dynamic urban growth in the last decades as a result of the unstable political and economic conditions in the Region. The local government has tried to cover housing shortage by many strategies such as plot distribution as well as supporting investors to provide housing units to meet people 's housing need. The main research objective is to evaluate the urban sustainability of the selected neighborhoods in the new developed area of Duhok city. The research used the principles of UNHabitat for analyzing neighborhood sustainability by quantitative measurement of: efficient streets network, high density, mix use, social mix and limited land use specialization. The research outcomes indicate that there is an urgent need to direct the urban growth to more walkable mixed land use neighborhoods rather than car-oriented development by integrating the urban sustainability principles in the new housing projects to create healthier living environment for the residents.","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129643048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163131
N. Hasan
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), which are used in road's courses and flexible pavement structures, consisting of fine and coarse aggregates, filler, and binder(asphalt) ,mixed together in percent's according to a specific specifications. The main objective of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of adding Steel Filing Aggregate (SFA) on the properties of Hot Mixtures Asphalt for surface layers. Steel filing Aggregate is a product of filing, drilling, and cutting of steel industry which, can be used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in the creating Hot Asphalt Mixtures, for economical , environmental, and improvement purposes. The proposed mix designs specimens test of HMA for surface layer were prepared using : obtained Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) (where the asphalt of penetration grade 40 was provided from Begi Oil Refinery, which was determined to be equaled 5.07 % (of the total weight mix) , ordinary portland cement as the mineral filler by 5 % (of the total weight of aggregates) and locally aggregates, and then tested according to Marshall test method (ASTMD1559&MS-2). Steel Filling Aggregates (SFA), which were passing through the sieve No.4 (4.75 mm) were added to the above HMA samples in three different percentages which were 5 % , 10 % and 20 % (of the total weight of mix) in order to evaluate their effects on some of the Marshall test properties of HMA . The experimental results and calculations for Marshall Tests on mix designs specimens test of HMA showed that adding SFA by above percentages on HMA, satisfy the requirements of the Iraqi General Specification for Roads & Bridges (SORB/2003) and has given significant improvement .The results also showed that 10% of SFA (of the total weight of mix) is the optimum percent .
{"title":"Effect of Adding Steel Filings Aggregates on The Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt","authors":"N. Hasan","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163131","url":null,"abstract":"Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), which are used in road's courses and flexible pavement structures, consisting of fine and coarse aggregates, filler, and binder(asphalt) ,mixed together in percent's according to a specific specifications. The main objective of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of adding Steel Filing Aggregate (SFA) on the properties of Hot Mixtures Asphalt for surface layers. Steel filing Aggregate is a product of filing, drilling, and cutting of steel industry which, can be used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in the creating Hot Asphalt Mixtures, for economical , environmental, and improvement purposes. The proposed mix designs specimens test of HMA for surface layer were prepared using : obtained Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) (where the asphalt of penetration grade 40 was provided from Begi Oil Refinery, which was determined to be equaled 5.07 % (of the total weight mix) , ordinary portland cement as the mineral filler by 5 % (of the total weight of aggregates) and locally aggregates, and then tested according to Marshall test method (ASTMD1559&MS-2). Steel Filling Aggregates (SFA), which were passing through the sieve No.4 (4.75 mm) were added to the above HMA samples in three different percentages which were 5 % , 10 % and 20 % (of the total weight of mix) in order to evaluate their effects on some of the Marshall test properties of HMA . The experimental results and calculations for Marshall Tests on mix designs specimens test of HMA showed that adding SFA by above percentages on HMA, satisfy the requirements of the Iraqi General Specification for Roads & Bridges (SORB/2003) and has given significant improvement .The results also showed that 10% of SFA (of the total weight of mix) is the optimum percent .","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"410 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133569126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163197
F. Yahya
{"title":"Modal Analysis of Quill Shaft in Turbo-generator Unit Based on SolidWorks","authors":"F. Yahya","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128640494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163115
Shaimaa AL-Dabbagh, A. Al-dabbagh
{"title":"Similarity Between Inside and Outside in Architecture A Comparative Study Between Mies Van der Roh& Robert Venturi Trends","authors":"Shaimaa AL-Dabbagh, A. Al-dabbagh","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"949 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127014370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163195
Duaha Al-mallah, H. Hayawi
The main objective of this study is to investigate the experimentally the coefficient of discharge for three baffle sluice gates and compared with single gate. The channel slope was changed tow times (0, 0.0075). For this purpose three baffle sluice gates were made from fibber class with (1cm) thick, (30cm) wide and (15,25,30)cm height for first, second and third gate respectively. The three gates have been sharp edge from the top and bottom with 2mm thick .The distance between the three parallel baffle gates were changed three times (2, 3.5, 5) cm. The analysis of results showed that discharge coefficient Cd in horizontal channel is larger than its value in inclined channel with direction of flow and the change in space between gates didnt cause an important difference between values of discharge coefficient Cd. The values of Cd were between (0.561 -0.736) for horizontal channel and three gates, while when the channel inclined the values of Cd were between (0.523-0.662) for three gates.
{"title":"Laboratory Study of Flow Characteristics Through three Baffle – Sluice Gates.","authors":"Duaha Al-mallah, H. Hayawi","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163195","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study is to investigate the experimentally the coefficient of discharge for three baffle sluice gates and compared with single gate. The channel slope was changed tow times (0, 0.0075). For this purpose three baffle sluice gates were made from fibber class with (1cm) thick, (30cm) wide and (15,25,30)cm height for first, second and third gate respectively. The three gates have been sharp edge from the top and bottom with 2mm thick .The distance between the three parallel baffle gates were changed three times (2, 3.5, 5) cm. The analysis of results showed that discharge coefficient Cd in horizontal channel is larger than its value in inclined channel with direction of flow and the change in space between gates didnt cause an important difference between values of discharge coefficient Cd. The values of Cd were between (0.561 -0.736) for horizontal channel and three gates, while when the channel inclined the values of Cd were between (0.523-0.662) for three gates.","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127832647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163117
Sabah. m. j. Ali, Suha Ahmed
{"title":"Stress Analysis of Different Types of Gas Turbine Blades in AL Mansour Gas Station","authors":"Sabah. m. j. Ali, Suha Ahmed","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126007993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163122
Suha Ahmed, G. Husain, Majeed Abdulrazaq
Blades may be considered to be the heart of turbine without blade there would be no power and the slightest fault in blade would mean a reduction in efficiency and costly repairs. The centrifugal force is one of the problems faced by the designer of blades especially at the first stages. The designer aims at reducing the stresses with in the allowed limit. The ANSYS 15 software was used as far as it is the most effective in analyzing the different numerous cases of stresses, the blades with limited root in all direction (X,Y,Z) were taken into consideration . The centrifugal forces were applied on the rotor blades at running speed of 6000 r.p.m., The finite element models of the blade were constructed using D3-10noded Tetrahedron elements shape, SOLID 187, mesh of the entire blade 23406 Node,136575element. The average of normal stress, Von misses, Maximum principle stress, Minimum principle stress were calculated according to ANSYS 15 program, these stresses are as the result of the effect of centrifugal force for all planes along the blades and then values of stresses were compared to the curves for each alloy.The current research concluded that the Titanium alloy is the best alloy used in terms of reducing stresses due to centrifugal force, that is because density of Titanium alloy used is less than that of other used alloys, leading a reduction in centrifugal forcess that are directly proportional to mass.
{"title":"Theoretical Stress Analysis of Gas Turbine Blade Made From Different Alloys","authors":"Suha Ahmed, G. Husain, Majeed Abdulrazaq","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163122","url":null,"abstract":"Blades may be considered to be the heart of turbine without blade there would be no power and the slightest fault in blade would mean a reduction in efficiency and costly repairs. The centrifugal force is one of the problems faced by the designer of blades especially at the first stages. The designer aims at reducing the stresses with in the allowed limit. The ANSYS 15 software was used as far as it is the most effective in analyzing the different numerous cases of stresses, the blades with limited root in all direction (X,Y,Z) were taken into consideration . The centrifugal forces were applied on the rotor blades at running speed of 6000 r.p.m., The finite element models of the blade were constructed using D3-10noded Tetrahedron elements shape, SOLID 187, mesh of the entire blade 23406 Node,136575element. The average of normal stress, Von misses, Maximum principle stress, Minimum principle stress were calculated according to ANSYS 15 program, these stresses are as the result of the effect of centrifugal force for all planes along the blades and then values of stresses were compared to the curves for each alloy.The current research concluded that the Titanium alloy is the best alloy used in terms of reducing stresses due to centrifugal force, that is because density of Titanium alloy used is less than that of other used alloys, leading a reduction in centrifugal forcess that are directly proportional to mass.","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129863756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2019.163123
O. Mohamed
Composite materials become more attractive for researches because of higher strength to weight ratio. As a result, many papers have recently published in this field. The current study deals with improving the resistance of hybrid laminated composite beam under critical buckling load. A number of carbon layers under various orientation angle and positions of hybrid fiber coupled with glass epoxy layers have been studied analytically and numerically. Firstly, an analytical model is presented by using Euler's theory to determine critical buckling load. Then, a 3D finite element models for the composite beams have been simulated by using ANSYS commercial program. The results show a very good agreement between theoretical and FEM (finite volume method). The critical buckling load, shows a proportional with increase the carbon layers number as same time the critical buckling load value shows a valuable decrease when the position of carbon layer insert towards the mid-plane more ever, this value various with orientation angle changing.
{"title":"Buckling Analysis of Hybrid Laminated Composite Beam Analytically and Numerically","authors":"O. Mohamed","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2019.163123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.163123","url":null,"abstract":"Composite materials become more attractive for researches because of higher strength to weight ratio. As a result, many papers have recently published in this field. The current study deals with improving the resistance of hybrid laminated composite beam under critical buckling load. A number of carbon layers under various orientation angle and positions of hybrid fiber coupled with glass epoxy layers have been studied analytically and numerically. Firstly, an analytical model is presented by using Euler's theory to determine critical buckling load. Then, a 3D finite element models for the composite beams have been simulated by using ANSYS commercial program. The results show a very good agreement between theoretical and FEM (finite volume method). The critical buckling load, shows a proportional with increase the carbon layers number as same time the critical buckling load value shows a valuable decrease when the position of carbon layer insert towards the mid-plane more ever, this value various with orientation angle changing.","PeriodicalId":140661,"journal":{"name":"AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126856363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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