I. Silwamba, Jeremiah Chijikwa, Vigirio K. Mutemwa, James Chanda, Augustine Nkhata, Jenny Chapple, Misheck Sialyobo, Juliet Mutale, Natasha Zgambo, N. Chama, Lungowe Muyangana, Philip Phiri, Musso Munyeme, K. Nalubamba, G. Mainda, J. Muma
Abstract Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are endemic in Zambia and several other Sub-Saharan countries. They affect livestock production by causing high morbidity and mortality, resulting in increased production losses in terms of live-weight gain, milk production, off-take rates, and draft power. Herein, we applied a facility-based design to assess the proportion and seasonal distribution of theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and heartwater in cattle from selected smallholder farms in Lusaka and Central provinces of Zambia using laboratory records for microscopic examination of haemoparasites. The overall proportions for theileriosis, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis were 33.7% (95% CI: 30.7–38.2%), 8.3% (95% CI: 6.4–10.9%), and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1–1.4%), respectively. Heartwater was detected in all the six laboratory records reviewed. Lusaka province had the highest proportion of theileriosis at 30.2% (95% CI: 25.5–35.3%), followed by babesiosis, 8.5% (95% CI: 5.8–11.9%), and anaplasmosis, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.01–1.6%). Similarly, Central province had the highest proportion of theileriosis at 39.5% (95% CI: 33.8–45.4%), followed by babesiosis, 8.4% (95% CI: 5.5–12.2%), and anaplasmosis, 0.7% (95% CI: 0.1–2.5%). Among the districts, Rufunsa district had the highest proportion for theileriosis at 70.6% (95% CI: 44.0–89.7%), followed by Kafue, 54.5% (95% CI: 23.4–83.3%), and Shibuyunji, 51.4% (95% CI: 34.0–68.6%). Analysis of seasonal variation revealed no statistical difference between the dry and wet seasons for theileriosis, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference between Central and Lusaka provinces for babesiosis and anaplasmosis except for theileriosis. These data may have implications on farmers’ herd health management strategies with respect to TBDs, and farmers should be sensitized for effective implementation of risk-based disease control.
{"title":"Retrospective analysis of laboratory diagnostic data to assess the seasonal and proportional distribution of major tick-borne diseases in cattle from selected smallholder farms, Zambia","authors":"I. Silwamba, Jeremiah Chijikwa, Vigirio K. Mutemwa, James Chanda, Augustine Nkhata, Jenny Chapple, Misheck Sialyobo, Juliet Mutale, Natasha Zgambo, N. Chama, Lungowe Muyangana, Philip Phiri, Musso Munyeme, K. Nalubamba, G. Mainda, J. Muma","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0120","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are endemic in Zambia and several other Sub-Saharan countries. They affect livestock production by causing high morbidity and mortality, resulting in increased production losses in terms of live-weight gain, milk production, off-take rates, and draft power. Herein, we applied a facility-based design to assess the proportion and seasonal distribution of theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and heartwater in cattle from selected smallholder farms in Lusaka and Central provinces of Zambia using laboratory records for microscopic examination of haemoparasites. The overall proportions for theileriosis, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis were 33.7% (95% CI: 30.7–38.2%), 8.3% (95% CI: 6.4–10.9%), and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1–1.4%), respectively. Heartwater was detected in all the six laboratory records reviewed. Lusaka province had the highest proportion of theileriosis at 30.2% (95% CI: 25.5–35.3%), followed by babesiosis, 8.5% (95% CI: 5.8–11.9%), and anaplasmosis, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.01–1.6%). Similarly, Central province had the highest proportion of theileriosis at 39.5% (95% CI: 33.8–45.4%), followed by babesiosis, 8.4% (95% CI: 5.5–12.2%), and anaplasmosis, 0.7% (95% CI: 0.1–2.5%). Among the districts, Rufunsa district had the highest proportion for theileriosis at 70.6% (95% CI: 44.0–89.7%), followed by Kafue, 54.5% (95% CI: 23.4–83.3%), and Shibuyunji, 51.4% (95% CI: 34.0–68.6%). Analysis of seasonal variation revealed no statistical difference between the dry and wet seasons for theileriosis, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference between Central and Lusaka provinces for babesiosis and anaplasmosis except for theileriosis. These data may have implications on farmers’ herd health management strategies with respect to TBDs, and farmers should be sensitized for effective implementation of risk-based disease control.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131313738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sheep pox is a highly contagious infectious viral disease (F/Poxviridae, G/Capripoxvirus), still causing economic damage in endemic zones like northern Africa, the Middle East, and many regions in Asia. Nevertheless, the clinical symptoms caused by sheep pox virus (SPPV) is similar to those caused by genetically related viruses, notably goat pox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). One of the main objectives of the current study is to characterize the virus; nasal swabs were taken from sheep showing SPPV clinical signs, submitted to molecular sequencing based on the P32 gene marker, and proceeded to genetic comparisons. Phylogenetic results showed that all virus isolate sequences cluster in the SPPV clade, thus distinguishing them from those of GTPV and LSDV. These results give an accurate diagnostic and a clear view of endemic viral strains, guiding veterinary managers in control politics, especially in the choice of a homologous vaccine.
{"title":"Molecular characterization of Capripoxvirus isolates from Moroccan sheep","authors":"Aissa Saidi, Meriam Elmottaki, Abderrahman Sadikaoui","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sheep pox is a highly contagious infectious viral disease (F/Poxviridae, G/Capripoxvirus), still causing economic damage in endemic zones like northern Africa, the Middle East, and many regions in Asia. Nevertheless, the clinical symptoms caused by sheep pox virus (SPPV) is similar to those caused by genetically related viruses, notably goat pox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). One of the main objectives of the current study is to characterize the virus; nasal swabs were taken from sheep showing SPPV clinical signs, submitted to molecular sequencing based on the P32 gene marker, and proceeded to genetic comparisons. Phylogenetic results showed that all virus isolate sequences cluster in the SPPV clade, thus distinguishing them from those of GTPV and LSDV. These results give an accurate diagnostic and a clear view of endemic viral strains, guiding veterinary managers in control politics, especially in the choice of a homologous vaccine.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122486570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Feline panleukopenia (FP) is a fatal viral disease that predisposes cats to sepsis and organ failure. Owing to a wide variety of clinical findings, hematochemical examinations are significant for the determination of early signs of disease-related complications. The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of certain hematochemical parameters together with quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) in cats with FP. A total of 10 healthy and 30 panleukopenic cats were included in this study. Physical examinations revealed that the body temperature was highest in septic panleukopenic cats (p < 0.009) and they had higher qSOFA scores (p = 0.000). Hemogram analysis revealed that leukocyte, lymphocyte, granulocyte, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin levels were lower in non-septic panleukopenic cats compared with the healthy ones (p < 0.030). Also, monocyte and mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels were lower in septic ones (p < 0.048). Serum biochemistry profiling revealed higher blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and C-reactive protein levels in panleukopenic cats (p < 0.033). As a result, it was concluded that although the qSOFA is not sufficient to distinguish sepsis in cats, unlike dogs, in order to achieve a positive clinical outcome, when evaluated together with hematochemical variables, it may help in making early diagnosis of FP-related complications.
{"title":"Evaluation of qSOFA and variation of hematochemical profile in cats naturally infected with feline panleukopenia virus","authors":"E. Gülersoy, B. Erol, M. Ok, M. Sevinç","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Feline panleukopenia (FP) is a fatal viral disease that predisposes cats to sepsis and organ failure. Owing to a wide variety of clinical findings, hematochemical examinations are significant for the determination of early signs of disease-related complications. The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of certain hematochemical parameters together with quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) in cats with FP. A total of 10 healthy and 30 panleukopenic cats were included in this study. Physical examinations revealed that the body temperature was highest in septic panleukopenic cats (p < 0.009) and they had higher qSOFA scores (p = 0.000). Hemogram analysis revealed that leukocyte, lymphocyte, granulocyte, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin levels were lower in non-septic panleukopenic cats compared with the healthy ones (p < 0.030). Also, monocyte and mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels were lower in septic ones (p < 0.048). Serum biochemistry profiling revealed higher blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and C-reactive protein levels in panleukopenic cats (p < 0.033). As a result, it was concluded that although the qSOFA is not sufficient to distinguish sepsis in cats, unlike dogs, in order to achieve a positive clinical outcome, when evaluated together with hematochemical variables, it may help in making early diagnosis of FP-related complications.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130157132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A 9-month-old female spayed French Bulldog presented for respiratory stridor and exercise intolerance. Laryngeal examination showed an abnormally thickened left arytenoid cartilage. Fine needle aspirate of the mass was consistent with a well-differentiated spindle cell proliferation. The mass was marginally excised via a left-sided arytenoid approach and per os. Histopathology confirmed a well-differentiated myxosarcoma. Following surgery, the dog developed severe dyspnea and marked respiratory stridor consistent with airway obstruction secondary to laryngeal edema and inflammation. A permanent tracheostomy was performed. Three months post-operatively the dog was completely recovered, but early tumor regrowth was observed. This is the first report of laryngeal myxosarcoma in a dog. Permanent tracheostomy should be considered early in the surgical management of laryngeal neoplasia when more invasive surgical procedures are not elected to achieve a good outcome.
{"title":"Surgical management and outcome of a laryngeal myxosarcoma in a dog","authors":"Andrew J. Lacqua, Jessica M Williams, R. S. Ranck","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0116","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A 9-month-old female spayed French Bulldog presented for respiratory stridor and exercise intolerance. Laryngeal examination showed an abnormally thickened left arytenoid cartilage. Fine needle aspirate of the mass was consistent with a well-differentiated spindle cell proliferation. The mass was marginally excised via a left-sided arytenoid approach and per os. Histopathology confirmed a well-differentiated myxosarcoma. Following surgery, the dog developed severe dyspnea and marked respiratory stridor consistent with airway obstruction secondary to laryngeal edema and inflammation. A permanent tracheostomy was performed. Three months post-operatively the dog was completely recovered, but early tumor regrowth was observed. This is the first report of laryngeal myxosarcoma in a dog. Permanent tracheostomy should be considered early in the surgical management of laryngeal neoplasia when more invasive surgical procedures are not elected to achieve a good outcome.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130860988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Human-introduced predators, primarily the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), and human-modified landscapes conjointly threaten wildlife across Costa Rica. For arboreal species, including the two-fingered sloth (Choloepus hoffmani), the impact of domestic dogs is amplified in areas of habitat fragmentation. In efforts to navigate discontinuous canopies associated with urban development and human encroachment, C. hoffmani is forced to utilize terrestrial locomotion. This unnatural behavior leaves sloths increasingly vulnerable to predation by domestic dogs, which occupy altered landscapes in high densities. In this report, we detail the ante and postmortem findings associated with C. hoffmani following an extensive attack by three large-breed dogs. The patient sustained severe and fatal polytraumatic injuries targeting the abdominothoracic region. Gross lesions were not readily evident, obscured by unique anatomical characteristics of the species. This report aims to highlight the threat imposed by dogs to sloths and the severity of injuries, with considerations for clinical management in light of C. hoffmani morphology. We review the scope of domestic dog–wildlife conflict in Costa Rica, and propose collaborative mitigation strategies including habitat preservation, domestic dog population control, installation of wildlife corridors, policy initiatives, and dog owner education and public outreach.
{"title":"Domestic dogs as a threat to sloths in Costa Rica: A clinical case report and review of the problem","authors":"N. Brown, A. Villada, S. Trull","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Human-introduced predators, primarily the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), and human-modified landscapes conjointly threaten wildlife across Costa Rica. For arboreal species, including the two-fingered sloth (Choloepus hoffmani), the impact of domestic dogs is amplified in areas of habitat fragmentation. In efforts to navigate discontinuous canopies associated with urban development and human encroachment, C. hoffmani is forced to utilize terrestrial locomotion. This unnatural behavior leaves sloths increasingly vulnerable to predation by domestic dogs, which occupy altered landscapes in high densities. In this report, we detail the ante and postmortem findings associated with C. hoffmani following an extensive attack by three large-breed dogs. The patient sustained severe and fatal polytraumatic injuries targeting the abdominothoracic region. Gross lesions were not readily evident, obscured by unique anatomical characteristics of the species. This report aims to highlight the threat imposed by dogs to sloths and the severity of injuries, with considerations for clinical management in light of C. hoffmani morphology. We review the scope of domestic dog–wildlife conflict in Costa Rica, and propose collaborative mitigation strategies including habitat preservation, domestic dog population control, installation of wildlife corridors, policy initiatives, and dog owner education and public outreach.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116270473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effects of ergothioneine (ERG) on behavioural responses of stallions to exercise during hot-dry and rainy seasons. Eighteen healthy stallions were divided into three groups of six horses each. Group I (ERG + Exercise) was treated with ERG before exercise, group II was treated after exercise (Exercise + ERG), and group III (Exercise only) was not treated but subject to exercise. The stallions were subjected to a race of 2,000 m at maximum speed. The time spent standing by the horses in the ERG + Exercise and Exercise + ERG groups (1430.31 ± 30.73 s/30 min and 1403.32 ± 32.43 s/30 min, respectively) were higher (P < 0.0001) than the time spent standing in the Exercise-only group (1033.26 ± 21.19 s/30 min). The number of times the stallions bit their cribs per 30 min in the ERG + Exercise (0.38 ± 0.02/30 min) and Exercise + ERG (0.67 ± 0.0530 min) groups was lower (P < 0.0001) than that recorded in the Exercise-only group (3.51 ± 1.7730 min). It was concluded that ERG modulates behavioural responses to exercise in stallions, and the agent may be beneficial in alleviating exercise-induced stress responses and improving the welfare of horses post-exercise.
{"title":"Modulatory effects of ergothioneine on behavioural responses of Arabian stallions following a 2,000 m race during the rainy and hot-dry seasons in a tropical environment","authors":"A. Adah, J. Ayo, P. Rekwot, T. Aluwong, D. Adah","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0119","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effects of ergothioneine (ERG) on behavioural responses of stallions to exercise during hot-dry and rainy seasons. Eighteen healthy stallions were divided into three groups of six horses each. Group I (ERG + Exercise) was treated with ERG before exercise, group II was treated after exercise (Exercise + ERG), and group III (Exercise only) was not treated but subject to exercise. The stallions were subjected to a race of 2,000 m at maximum speed. The time spent standing by the horses in the ERG + Exercise and Exercise + ERG groups (1430.31 ± 30.73 s/30 min and 1403.32 ± 32.43 s/30 min, respectively) were higher (P < 0.0001) than the time spent standing in the Exercise-only group (1033.26 ± 21.19 s/30 min). The number of times the stallions bit their cribs per 30 min in the ERG + Exercise (0.38 ± 0.02/30 min) and Exercise + ERG (0.67 ± 0.0530 min) groups was lower (P < 0.0001) than that recorded in the Exercise-only group (3.51 ± 1.7730 min). It was concluded that ERG modulates behavioural responses to exercise in stallions, and the agent may be beneficial in alleviating exercise-induced stress responses and improving the welfare of horses post-exercise.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123993816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present review discusses the transmission risk factors of camel (Camelus dromedarius) brucellosis in the limits of domestic and wild interfaces and zoonotic threats. The median position of the dromedary’s life between wild and the domestic areas seems to increase the risks of brucellosis transmission, compared to other receptive domestic ruminants. In arid environments, canids, lagomorphs, rodents, and wild boars are potential reservoirs of Brucella spp. Dromedary camels raised according to a periurban breeding system are often in direct or indirect contact with wild animals, domestic animals, and humans. Constraints of brucellosis detection and control in wild animals, especially in developing countries, hamper preventing disease in camelids and related occupational categories. A total eradication of animal and human brucellosis, in developing countries, is faced by the difficulty of applying quarantine periods for suspected animals, the lack of reliable diagnostic tools, and the impossibility of controlling animals at the common grazing lands, livestock markets, and transboundary areas. In developing countries, the informal she-camel milk collection, the periurban camel breeding, and the shortage in the technological processing and the pasteurization of she-camel milk play a key role in brucellosis zoonotic transmission.Veterinarians should have more initiative in brucellosis control in both domestic and wildlife animals.
{"title":"Brucella transmission from domestic and wild animals to dromedary camel: Diagnostic methods and zoonotic threats – A review","authors":"M. Adel","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present review discusses the transmission risk factors of camel (Camelus dromedarius) brucellosis in the limits of domestic and wild interfaces and zoonotic threats. The median position of the dromedary’s life between wild and the domestic areas seems to increase the risks of brucellosis transmission, compared to other receptive domestic ruminants. In arid environments, canids, lagomorphs, rodents, and wild boars are potential reservoirs of Brucella spp. Dromedary camels raised according to a periurban breeding system are often in direct or indirect contact with wild animals, domestic animals, and humans. Constraints of brucellosis detection and control in wild animals, especially in developing countries, hamper preventing disease in camelids and related occupational categories. A total eradication of animal and human brucellosis, in developing countries, is faced by the difficulty of applying quarantine periods for suspected animals, the lack of reliable diagnostic tools, and the impossibility of controlling animals at the common grazing lands, livestock markets, and transboundary areas. In developing countries, the informal she-camel milk collection, the periurban camel breeding, and the shortage in the technological processing and the pasteurization of she-camel milk play a key role in brucellosis zoonotic transmission.Veterinarians should have more initiative in brucellosis control in both domestic and wildlife animals.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"7 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120892662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ifeoma L. Chukwu, M. Ugwu, I. Iroha, I. Mbagwu, Ugochukwu U. Okafor, A. A. Ajaghaku
Abstract Background This study investigated the antitrypanosomal activity of Argemone mexicana extract and fractions in the animal model of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. Methods The whole plant was cold-macerated with methanol. The liquid–liquid partitioning of the extract with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water produced various fractions of the extract. Infection was established by the inoculation of T. brucei brucei-infected red blood cells in the animals. Treatment with the extract and fractions was done orally for 5 days postinfection at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. Diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg and 5 mL/kg 10% Tween 80 served as standard and vehicle control, respectively. Parasite load, packed cell volume (PCV), animal body weight, and survival as well as serum liver function enzymes’ activities were also assessed. Results The extract and the n-hexane fraction showed the presence of all the tested phytocompounds except tannins and cardiac glycosides, respectively. The extract showed a reduction in parasitemia while the order of activity for the fractions was n-hexane ≫ water ≫ butanol ≫ ethyl acetate. The n-hexane fraction produced complete protection against parasite-induced mortality just like the reference standard and a higher increase in PCV compared with the reference standard. The extract, n-hexane, and water fractions showed protection against infection-induced liver damage with a significant (P < 0.05) difference when compared to the vehicle control group. Conclusion A. mexicana showed antitrypanosomal activity which may be attributed to the presence of phytocompounds particularly saponins, which were present in the extract and fractions that showed antitrypanosomal activity but absent in fractions that showed no or weak antitrypanosomal activity.
{"title":"Antitrypanosomal activity of Argemone mexicana extract and fractions in the animal model of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection","authors":"Ifeoma L. Chukwu, M. Ugwu, I. Iroha, I. Mbagwu, Ugochukwu U. Okafor, A. A. Ajaghaku","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2022-0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2022-0114","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background This study investigated the antitrypanosomal activity of Argemone mexicana extract and fractions in the animal model of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. Methods The whole plant was cold-macerated with methanol. The liquid–liquid partitioning of the extract with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water produced various fractions of the extract. Infection was established by the inoculation of T. brucei brucei-infected red blood cells in the animals. Treatment with the extract and fractions was done orally for 5 days postinfection at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. Diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg and 5 mL/kg 10% Tween 80 served as standard and vehicle control, respectively. Parasite load, packed cell volume (PCV), animal body weight, and survival as well as serum liver function enzymes’ activities were also assessed. Results The extract and the n-hexane fraction showed the presence of all the tested phytocompounds except tannins and cardiac glycosides, respectively. The extract showed a reduction in parasitemia while the order of activity for the fractions was n-hexane ≫ water ≫ butanol ≫ ethyl acetate. The n-hexane fraction produced complete protection against parasite-induced mortality just like the reference standard and a higher increase in PCV compared with the reference standard. The extract, n-hexane, and water fractions showed protection against infection-induced liver damage with a significant (P < 0.05) difference when compared to the vehicle control group. Conclusion A. mexicana showed antitrypanosomal activity which may be attributed to the presence of phytocompounds particularly saponins, which were present in the extract and fractions that showed antitrypanosomal activity but absent in fractions that showed no or weak antitrypanosomal activity.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131545794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract For the control and treatment of trypanosomiasis, a limited number of chemotherapeutic drugs with mild side effects are available. As a result, a quest for a less toxic herbal treatment for trypanosomiasis is needed. Ethanolic extract of A. gummifera leaf (EEAL) and aqueous extract of Albizia. gummifera leaf (AEAL) were tested for antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. We first compared the phytochemical concentrations of EEAL and AEAL and discovered that EEAL had higher phytochemical concentrations on average than AEAL: flavonoids (4.26 mg/g vs 2.50 mg/g); alkaloids (38.40 mg/g vs 19.80 mg/g); tannins (230.7 mg/g vs 45.74 mg/g) and saponins (128.66 vs 44.33g/g). From the result of phytochemical concentrations of the two compounds, the higher values observed in flavonoids and alkaloid of EEAL led us to hypothesize that EEAL would have greater trypanocidal activity. Following that, EEAL and AEAL were tested for antitrypanosomal activity in vitro. Forty µl of blood holding in about 25±8 parasites/field was mixed with 20 µl of the EEAL and AEAL solutions of 100, 80, 60 mg/ml to produce an efficacious test concentration of 25, 20 and 15 mg/ml, sequentially. The extracts inhibited parasite motility and eliminated the organisms at the concentrations used in vitro, except for 15 mg/ml AEAL and 20 mg/ml AEAL. Following the screening, the Albizia gummifera ethanolic extract found to have positive in vitro trypanocidal activity. More research is needed to determine the concentrations of the extract for the in vivo test.
摘要为了控制和治疗锥虫病，目前有少量副作用轻微的化疗药物可用。因此，需要寻求一种毒性较小的治疗锥虫病的草药。胶木叶乙醇提取物和合欢水提取物。研究了胶木叶(AEAL)对布氏锥虫的体外抗锥虫活性。我们首先比较了EEAL和AEAL的植物化学浓度，发现EEAL的平均植物化学浓度高于AEAL:黄酮类化合物(4.26 mg/g vs 2.50 mg/g);生物碱(38.40 mg/g vs 19.80 mg/g);单宁(230.7 mg/g vs 45.74 mg/g)和皂苷(128.66 vs 44.33g/g)。从这两种化合物的植物化学浓度的结果来看，EEAL的黄酮类化合物和生物碱含量较高，这使我们假设EEAL具有更强的锥虫活性。随后，测定了eal和AEAL的体外抗锥虫活性。取约25±8只/场的40µl血液与20µl分别为100、80、60 mg/ml的EEAL和AEAL溶液混合，依次得到25、20和15 mg/ml的有效试验浓度。除15 mg/ml和20 mg/ml AEAL浓度外，在体外使用的浓度下，提取物抑制了寄生虫的运动并消除了生物体。经筛选，合欢醇提物体外有阳性的锥虫活性。需要更多的研究来确定体内试验中提取物的浓度。
{"title":"The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of Albizia gummifera leaf extracts","authors":"D. Oloruntola, E. Dada, M. Oladunmoye","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2020-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2020-0105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the control and treatment of trypanosomiasis, a limited number of chemotherapeutic drugs with mild side effects are available. As a result, a quest for a less toxic herbal treatment for trypanosomiasis is needed. Ethanolic extract of A. gummifera leaf (EEAL) and aqueous extract of Albizia. gummifera leaf (AEAL) were tested for antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. We first compared the phytochemical concentrations of EEAL and AEAL and discovered that EEAL had higher phytochemical concentrations on average than AEAL: flavonoids (4.26 mg/g vs 2.50 mg/g); alkaloids (38.40 mg/g vs 19.80 mg/g); tannins (230.7 mg/g vs 45.74 mg/g) and saponins (128.66 vs 44.33g/g). From the result of phytochemical concentrations of the two compounds, the higher values observed in flavonoids and alkaloid of EEAL led us to hypothesize that EEAL would have greater trypanocidal activity. Following that, EEAL and AEAL were tested for antitrypanosomal activity in vitro. Forty µl of blood holding in about 25±8 parasites/field was mixed with 20 µl of the EEAL and AEAL solutions of 100, 80, 60 mg/ml to produce an efficacious test concentration of 25, 20 and 15 mg/ml, sequentially. The extracts inhibited parasite motility and eliminated the organisms at the concentrations used in vitro, except for 15 mg/ml AEAL and 20 mg/ml AEAL. Following the screening, the Albizia gummifera ethanolic extract found to have positive in vitro trypanocidal activity. More research is needed to determine the concentrations of the extract for the in vivo test.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132660756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The perceived risk of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens creates the necessity for understanding the role of the prescriber groups. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among veterinary practitioners to assess their understanding regarding antimicrobial prescribing and the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock. We collected responses from 100 veterinarians engaged in the large animal, poultry, and pet animal care practices. Proportions were calculated for categorical variables and the results were visualized. We revealed two key barriers: a lack of enough information and of training on the proper prescription of antimicrobials. Prescribing a wide variety of antimicrobials and doing incomplete courses of antimicrobial treatments were two very important causes pointed out by the respondents for the development of antimicrobial resistance. A number of highest-priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIAs) of human health were found to be used by veterinary practitioners. In addition to clinical features like types of organisms and severity of the disease, the availability of drugs in the local market and the economic conditions of farmers have the potential to influence the decisions of veterinarians in prescribing antimicrobials. The professional development of veterinarians and the maintenance of strong coordination are crucial to ensure the proper engagement of veterinarians as the front-line fighters for tackling the AMR issue.
{"title":"Common Barriers, Attitudes, and Practices of Veterinary Practitioners Regarding Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship in Chattogram, Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Sahidur Rahman, Nazifa Rafa","doi":"10.1515/ovs-2020-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2020-0109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The perceived risk of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens creates the necessity for understanding the role of the prescriber groups. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among veterinary practitioners to assess their understanding regarding antimicrobial prescribing and the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock. We collected responses from 100 veterinarians engaged in the large animal, poultry, and pet animal care practices. Proportions were calculated for categorical variables and the results were visualized. We revealed two key barriers: a lack of enough information and of training on the proper prescription of antimicrobials. Prescribing a wide variety of antimicrobials and doing incomplete courses of antimicrobial treatments were two very important causes pointed out by the respondents for the development of antimicrobial resistance. A number of highest-priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIAs) of human health were found to be used by veterinary practitioners. In addition to clinical features like types of organisms and severity of the disease, the availability of drugs in the local market and the economic conditions of farmers have the potential to influence the decisions of veterinarians in prescribing antimicrobials. The professional development of veterinarians and the maintenance of strong coordination are crucial to ensure the proper engagement of veterinarians as the front-line fighters for tackling the AMR issue.","PeriodicalId":141224,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114806396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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