Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0012
This chapter highlights three witchcraft trials in which the sources offer compelling evidence that the accused parties actually practiced some kind of magical work: healing and cursing; protecting crops by untying knots in grain; and identifying criminals through divination. These three instances of magical practitioners at work come from the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, respectively: two are from the Ukrainian region, and one is from the Russian North. They were heard in a range of secular and religious courts and by representatives of local and central administrations. Across the three, similar issues surface. The authorities and the accused in their statements expressed concern about whether or not the practitioners accepted payment for the work and about how they learned or received their skills. In each case, there remains little question that the accused did practice some form of magic and did so with enough frequency and publicity to qualify as “professionals” (in a loose sense of the word), whether or not they identified themselves as witches. Whether they deserved the torture and harsh punishments they often received, at least into the mid-eighteenth century, is, of course, a very different kind of question.
{"title":"Specialists in Magic","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights three witchcraft trials in which the sources offer compelling evidence that the accused parties actually practiced some kind of magical work: healing and cursing; protecting crops by untying knots in grain; and identifying criminals through divination. These three instances of magical practitioners at work come from the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, respectively: two are from the Ukrainian region, and one is from the Russian North. They were heard in a range of secular and religious courts and by representatives of local and central administrations. Across the three, similar issues surface. The authorities and the accused in their statements expressed concern about whether or not the practitioners accepted payment for the work and about how they learned or received their skills. In each case, there remains little question that the accused did practice some form of magic and did so with enough frequency and publicity to qualify as “professionals” (in a loose sense of the word), whether or not they identified themselves as witches. Whether they deserved the torture and harsh punishments they often received, at least into the mid-eighteenth century, is, of course, a very different kind of question.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126681479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0011
This chapter studies magical texts. Written texts could cross the literate divide, but even so, charges of possessing magical writing were brought almost exclusively against men. Women do not seem to have participated in the written economy of witchcraft. They did, of course, join in an oral exchange in which men and women avidly contributed. Magical knowledge circulated in a variety of ways: as advice passed down the generations from parents or grandparents; as oral tradition learned from people adept in the art of healing, cursing, or prognostication; or, sometimes, through trial and error. Many of the men who were caught with written spells explained that they had copied them down from the oral dictation of a knowledgeable adept or sorcerer they met on the road. Court scribes also operated at the interface between orality and literacy when they reported the words of spells recited by illiterate witnesses. The chapter then focuses on the modes of literacy and orality that permitted and documented the animated exchange of magical expertise.
{"title":"Orality/Literacy","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies magical texts. Written texts could cross the literate divide, but even so, charges of possessing magical writing were brought almost exclusively against men. Women do not seem to have participated in the written economy of witchcraft. They did, of course, join in an oral exchange in which men and women avidly contributed. Magical knowledge circulated in a variety of ways: as advice passed down the generations from parents or grandparents; as oral tradition learned from people adept in the art of healing, cursing, or prognostication; or, sometimes, through trial and error. Many of the men who were caught with written spells explained that they had copied them down from the oral dictation of a knowledgeable adept or sorcerer they met on the road. Court scribes also operated at the interface between orality and literacy when they reported the words of spells recited by illiterate witnesses. The chapter then focuses on the modes of literacy and orality that permitted and documented the animated exchange of magical expertise.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131364582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0003
This chapter analyzes witchcraft and politics in Muscovy and the Hetmanate. Politics at the early modern Russian (or Muscovite) court was very much focused on personal connections of kinship, marriage, and patronage, so the choice of brides for the rulers was of utmost political importance. Witchcraft, or rumors of witchcraft, frequently arose in connection with royal marriages. Witchcraft charges also arose when competition among rival factions at court grew particularly fierce, as during the minorities of rulers, when members of the inner circle jockeyed for position, or when a ruler was selecting his royal bride. While it is true that in many instances witchcraft charges were combined with suspicions of high treason or lese majesty — that is, attacks on the ruler, his family, or his dignity — far from all Russian witchcraft trials or anxieties can be described as “political” in any conventional sense of the word. Instead of stressing the political essence of witchcraft, one could emphasize the personal, familial, or even emotional aspects of political life that emerge from the language and sites of anxiety evident in these texts. Witchcraft thus provides a lens through which to rethink the very nature of politics.
{"title":"Witchcraft and Politics in Muscovy and the Hetmanate","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes witchcraft and politics in Muscovy and the Hetmanate. Politics at the early modern Russian (or Muscovite) court was very much focused on personal connections of kinship, marriage, and patronage, so the choice of brides for the rulers was of utmost political importance. Witchcraft, or rumors of witchcraft, frequently arose in connection with royal marriages. Witchcraft charges also arose when competition among rival factions at court grew particularly fierce, as during the minorities of rulers, when members of the inner circle jockeyed for position, or when a ruler was selecting his royal bride. While it is true that in many instances witchcraft charges were combined with suspicions of high treason or lese majesty — that is, attacks on the ruler, his family, or his dignity — far from all Russian witchcraft trials or anxieties can be described as “political” in any conventional sense of the word. Instead of stressing the political essence of witchcraft, one could emphasize the personal, familial, or even emotional aspects of political life that emerge from the language and sites of anxiety evident in these texts. Witchcraft thus provides a lens through which to rethink the very nature of politics.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134332499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0004
This chapter examines the legislative foundations of witchcraft trials. In early modern legal systems that were cobbled together as boundaries shifted, empires expanded and incorporated new populations, and overlapping jurisdictions bumped up against each other, it could be unclear which authority should hear a case or what legal statute should pertain. In the particular instance of witchcraft, the range of jurisdictions was particularly broad, since it was one of the rare crimes that could fall under either secular or spiritual authorities. Even when jurisdictions were sorted out and the relevant legal statutes were clear, in some venues the authorities might find ways to avoid prescribed legal norms. This disregard for the letter of the law, particularly in sentencing, appears to be a factor in the relatively small number of trials and low execution rate of accused witches in the Ukrainian regions under both Polish-Lithuanian and Russian rule. It is with the legal history of this region, the eastern Ukrainian territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that the chapter begins, before turning to Muscovite Russia, and finally, the Russian Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
{"title":"Laws and Guidelines concerning the Prosecution of Witchcraft, Late Twelfth Century to 1885","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the legislative foundations of witchcraft trials. In early modern legal systems that were cobbled together as boundaries shifted, empires expanded and incorporated new populations, and overlapping jurisdictions bumped up against each other, it could be unclear which authority should hear a case or what legal statute should pertain. In the particular instance of witchcraft, the range of jurisdictions was particularly broad, since it was one of the rare crimes that could fall under either secular or spiritual authorities. Even when jurisdictions were sorted out and the relevant legal statutes were clear, in some venues the authorities might find ways to avoid prescribed legal norms. This disregard for the letter of the law, particularly in sentencing, appears to be a factor in the relatively small number of trials and low execution rate of accused witches in the Ukrainian regions under both Polish-Lithuanian and Russian rule. It is with the legal history of this region, the eastern Ukrainian territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that the chapter begins, before turning to Muscovite Russia, and finally, the Russian Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122689074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0005
This chapter investigates witchcraft trials' processes and extralegal prosecution of witchcraft in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Hetmanate, as well as in Muscovy and imperial Russia. Accusations of witchcraft in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth came from private citizens, not from state representatives; in other words, they flowed into courts from society, rather than being part of a top-down witch hunt. Suspected witches in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth could be prosecuted and sent to the torture chamber in order to elicit a confession. While municipal courts in the autonomous Hetmanate continued to apply Magdeburg Law and other Polish-Lithuanian statutes, they also sometimes referred to Russian decrees. In the witchcraft trials, Muscovite judges asked a prescribed set of questions that dwelled on the issues of physical harm and betrayed concern for preventing the spread of magical criminality. Under Catherine II, the court system underwent a major overhaul, as did the approach to the prosecution of witchcraft.
{"title":"Witchcraft Trials’ Processes and Extralegal Prosecution of Witchcraft","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates witchcraft trials' processes and extralegal prosecution of witchcraft in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Hetmanate, as well as in Muscovy and imperial Russia. Accusations of witchcraft in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth came from private citizens, not from state representatives; in other words, they flowed into courts from society, rather than being part of a top-down witch hunt. Suspected witches in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth could be prosecuted and sent to the torture chamber in order to elicit a confession. While municipal courts in the autonomous Hetmanate continued to apply Magdeburg Law and other Polish-Lithuanian statutes, they also sometimes referred to Russian decrees. In the witchcraft trials, Muscovite judges asked a prescribed set of questions that dwelled on the issues of physical harm and betrayed concern for preventing the spread of magical criminality. Under Catherine II, the court system underwent a major overhaul, as did the approach to the prosecution of witchcraft.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"35 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116643473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0010
This chapter explores the satanic pact, the voluntary decision to sell one's soul to the devil, which emerged as an important plank in European witch lore in the early modern period. The trope of the satanic pact dates back to the early Middle Ages, and was generally associated with some kind of tit-for-tat: a sinful human would exchange his soul — and in the earliest versions it is usually a man entering such a deal — for money, career advancement, knowledge, power, or sexual favors. The idea of a satanic pact provided early modern demonologists with the causal mechanism they wanted. Fueled by invidious notions about female bodies and minds, demonologists adumbrated ideas about how women were driven by envy, greed, and insatiable lust to turn to demons to satisfy their desires. Legends of male pacts with the devil circulated in Byzantium as well as in the medieval West, and some of these stories crossed over into the Slavic Orthodox world, but they never rose to the fore in trials of witches in Russia as they did in the West. Building on this observation, subsequent scholarship has confirmed that this finding held true both in the Russian and in the Ukrainian lands and continued through the eighteenth century.
{"title":"Satanic Pacts/Diabolism","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the satanic pact, the voluntary decision to sell one's soul to the devil, which emerged as an important plank in European witch lore in the early modern period. The trope of the satanic pact dates back to the early Middle Ages, and was generally associated with some kind of tit-for-tat: a sinful human would exchange his soul — and in the earliest versions it is usually a man entering such a deal — for money, career advancement, knowledge, power, or sexual favors. The idea of a satanic pact provided early modern demonologists with the causal mechanism they wanted. Fueled by invidious notions about female bodies and minds, demonologists adumbrated ideas about how women were driven by envy, greed, and insatiable lust to turn to demons to satisfy their desires. Legends of male pacts with the devil circulated in Byzantium as well as in the medieval West, and some of these stories crossed over into the Slavic Orthodox world, but they never rose to the fore in trials of witches in Russia as they did in the West. Building on this observation, subsequent scholarship has confirmed that this finding held true both in the Russian and in the Ukrainian lands and continued through the eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114704158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0008
This chapter assesses “social magic,” or magic for expressing and for attempting to assuage social tensions. Antagonisms between the lower orders and masters provide the presumptive background for the numerous trials involving the bewitchment of landowners in order to attain their “love.” Spells of this nature represented far more than an effort to curry favor with superiors; for the powerless, they offered the only, desperate shred of hope for staying the hand of a wrathful landlord or cruel officer. The need to carry such spells was obvious to all and was left unstated, underscoring the precarious nature of life for those on the receiving end of hierarchical inequality. Within the genre of “spells to power,” effects were generally invoked either through the affective language of love and kindness, attesting to the highly personalized exercise of power, or, more directly, through inverted tropes of subservience. Ultimately, these intimate dramas reveal the horrors of serfdom in general and of social and sexual exploitation in particular.
{"title":"Power Relations and Hierarchy","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses “social magic,” or magic for expressing and for attempting to assuage social tensions. Antagonisms between the lower orders and masters provide the presumptive background for the numerous trials involving the bewitchment of landowners in order to attain their “love.” Spells of this nature represented far more than an effort to curry favor with superiors; for the powerless, they offered the only, desperate shred of hope for staying the hand of a wrathful landlord or cruel officer. The need to carry such spells was obvious to all and was left unstated, underscoring the precarious nature of life for those on the receiving end of hierarchical inequality. Within the genre of “spells to power,” effects were generally invoked either through the affective language of love and kindness, attesting to the highly personalized exercise of power, or, more directly, through inverted tropes of subservience. Ultimately, these intimate dramas reveal the horrors of serfdom in general and of social and sexual exploitation in particular.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131053281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0002
This chapter discusses early accounts of witchcraft, sorcery, and magic in medieval Rus. “Rus” is the name given to the lands of the Eastern Slavs in the medieval accounts of the region that now comprises Ukraine, Belarus, and European Russia. Conventionally, the narrative history of Rus begins in the eighth or ninth century, when diverse Slavic, Baltic, Finnic, Turkic, and Scandinavian people settled the region. Along with some Arabic accounts, Scandinavian runic inscriptions, occasional mentions in European documents, and a few Byzantine Greek records, the main textual sources on Rus are historical chronicles written by Rus churchmen beginning in the late eleventh century. The excerpts in the chapter may narrate actual historical events, or they may reveal more about how their authors thought about their history and their present. In either case, they are good stories, and they show how these medieval authors thought about magic and sorcery, and about how those practices interacted with other issues of concern: with the paganism that remained active long after the formal conversion of Rus; with teachings about the devil and his wiles; and with ideas about men and women and their respective characteristics and proclivities toward sorcery.
{"title":"Early Accounts of Witchcraft, Sorcery, and Magic in Medieval Rus","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses early accounts of witchcraft, sorcery, and magic in medieval Rus. “Rus” is the name given to the lands of the Eastern Slavs in the medieval accounts of the region that now comprises Ukraine, Belarus, and European Russia. Conventionally, the narrative history of Rus begins in the eighth or ninth century, when diverse Slavic, Baltic, Finnic, Turkic, and Scandinavian people settled the region. Along with some Arabic accounts, Scandinavian runic inscriptions, occasional mentions in European documents, and a few Byzantine Greek records, the main textual sources on Rus are historical chronicles written by Rus churchmen beginning in the late eleventh century. The excerpts in the chapter may narrate actual historical events, or they may reveal more about how their authors thought about their history and their present. In either case, they are good stories, and they show how these medieval authors thought about magic and sorcery, and about how those practices interacted with other issues of concern: with the paganism that remained active long after the formal conversion of Rus; with teachings about the devil and his wiles; and with ideas about men and women and their respective characteristics and proclivities toward sorcery.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115353442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0007
This chapter focuses on the use of love spells. In the annals of Russian magic, interference in the mysterious workings of attraction more commonly took on far darker and more sinister tones. Passion and attraction had little role in the way spousal relationships were imagined and were greeted with even less sympathy outside of marriage. Any use of “love magic” threatened to upend the carefully crafted social order. When used to seduce a married woman into adultery or an unmarried girl into fornication, spells clearly violated the bonds of holy matrimony and of sanctified sexual unions, and such magic was understood as coercive, even abusive. Even within marriages, when an unhappy wife turned to love charms to calm her husband's violent temper and to “make him love me” — that is, to stop beating her and abusing her — her efforts were viewed as subverting the proper patriarchal hierarchy. In the sampling of cases chosen for the chapter, sex rather than love seems to be the primary issue, although the particular cruelty of the “spells for women” shows that emotional as well as physical subjugation was often the goal of magical incantation. Like most spells, the formulas used in love spells were generic, useful for any occasion.
{"title":"Sex/Love/Anti-Love Magic","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750649.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the use of love spells. In the annals of Russian magic, interference in the mysterious workings of attraction more commonly took on far darker and more sinister tones. Passion and attraction had little role in the way spousal relationships were imagined and were greeted with even less sympathy outside of marriage. Any use of “love magic” threatened to upend the carefully crafted social order. When used to seduce a married woman into adultery or an unmarried girl into fornication, spells clearly violated the bonds of holy matrimony and of sanctified sexual unions, and such magic was understood as coercive, even abusive. Even within marriages, when an unhappy wife turned to love charms to calm her husband's violent temper and to “make him love me” — that is, to stop beating her and abusing her — her efforts were viewed as subverting the proper patriarchal hierarchy. In the sampling of cases chosen for the chapter, sex rather than love seems to be the primary issue, although the particular cruelty of the “spells for women” shows that emotional as well as physical subjugation was often the goal of magical incantation. Like most spells, the formulas used in love spells were generic, useful for any occasion.","PeriodicalId":141287,"journal":{"name":"Witchcraft in Russia and Ukraine, 1000-1900","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131705389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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