Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101584
A. Scotti, V. Silvani, S. Milia, G. Cappai, S. Ubaldini, Valeria Ortega, R. Colombo, A. Godeas, Martín Gómez
This chapter analyzes the costs-benefits of a particular phytomining methodology named mycorrhizal-assisted phytoremediation (MAP). This MAP system is responsible for phytostabilization and/or phytoextraction of secondary and critical raw materials from contaminated soil or mining wastes. To this aim, we evaluated the application of MAP in a modified constructed wetland, the vegetable depuration module (VDM), which permits the calibration of physical-chemical-biological variables in a contaminated substrate, as well as the partition of chemical elements within the liquid phase due to leaching and solid phases (biomass and soil). This successful methodology allows to scale-up from a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 (demonstration in a relevant environment) toward TRL 7 (demonstration in an operational environment), which implies the transfer to the territory.
{"title":"Scale-up of Mycorrhizal-Assisted Phytoremediation system from Technology Readiness Level 6 (Relevant Environment) to 7 (Operational Environment): Cost-benefits within a Circular Economy Context","authors":"A. Scotti, V. Silvani, S. Milia, G. Cappai, S. Ubaldini, Valeria Ortega, R. Colombo, A. Godeas, Martín Gómez","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101584","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the costs-benefits of a particular phytomining methodology named mycorrhizal-assisted phytoremediation (MAP). This MAP system is responsible for phytostabilization and/or phytoextraction of secondary and critical raw materials from contaminated soil or mining wastes. To this aim, we evaluated the application of MAP in a modified constructed wetland, the vegetable depuration module (VDM), which permits the calibration of physical-chemical-biological variables in a contaminated substrate, as well as the partition of chemical elements within the liquid phase due to leaching and solid phases (biomass and soil). This successful methodology allows to scale-up from a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 (demonstration in a relevant environment) toward TRL 7 (demonstration in an operational environment), which implies the transfer to the territory.","PeriodicalId":141726,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131757265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100477
Ijasini John Tekwa, Abubakar Musa Kundiri
Soil erosion is a severe degradation phenomena that has since received huge attention among earth scientists in the developed worlds, and same efforts are now extending to Africa and other parts of underdeveloped worlds. This chapter focuses on collation, analyzing and appraising of soil ero¬sion studies around Mubi region, Northeast Nigeria, where the Mandara mountain ranges is notably responsible for spurring soil erosion. This chapter reviewed reports on the: (a) Mubi regional soil properties, erosion processes and principles of their occurrence, (b) soil erosion predictions using empirical and physically-based models by researchers, and, (c) economicimplications and managements of soil erosion in the region. This chapter reveals that classical and rill/ephemeral gully (EG) erosion features received more research attention than surface erosion such as splash and sheet. No information was reported on effects of landslides/slumping noticeable along rivers/stream banks around the region. The few economic analysis reported for soil nutrient and sediments entrained by concentrated flow channels were very high and intolerable to the predominantly peasant farmers in the region. It is hoped that the considerable volumes of erosion researches and recommendations assembled in this chapter shall be carefully implemented by prospective farmers, organizations, and residents in the Mubi region.
{"title":"Evaluation of Soil Erosion and Its Prediction Protocols around the Hilly Areas of Mubi Region, Northeast Nigeria","authors":"Ijasini John Tekwa, Abubakar Musa Kundiri","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.100477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100477","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a severe degradation phenomena that has since received huge attention among earth scientists in the developed worlds, and same efforts are now extending to Africa and other parts of underdeveloped worlds. This chapter focuses on collation, analyzing and appraising of soil ero¬sion studies around Mubi region, Northeast Nigeria, where the Mandara mountain ranges is notably responsible for spurring soil erosion. This chapter reviewed reports on the: (a) Mubi regional soil properties, erosion processes and principles of their occurrence, (b) soil erosion predictions using empirical and physically-based models by researchers, and, (c) economicimplications and managements of soil erosion in the region. This chapter reveals that classical and rill/ephemeral gully (EG) erosion features received more research attention than surface erosion such as splash and sheet. No information was reported on effects of landslides/slumping noticeable along rivers/stream banks around the region. The few economic analysis reported for soil nutrient and sediments entrained by concentrated flow channels were very high and intolerable to the predominantly peasant farmers in the region. It is hoped that the considerable volumes of erosion researches and recommendations assembled in this chapter shall be carefully implemented by prospective farmers, organizations, and residents in the Mubi region.","PeriodicalId":141726,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122281516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-12DOI: 10.1002/essoar.10508707.1
Ying Zhao
The groundwater has great potential for water resource utilization, accounting for about a quarter of vegetation transpiration globally and contributing up to 84% in shallow groundwater areas. However, in irrigated agricultural regions or coastal areas with shallow groundwater levels, due to the high groundwater salinity, the contribution of groundwater to transpiration is small and even harmful. This paper proposes a new conception of groundwater benefit zone in the groundwater-soil–plant-atmosphere continuum (GSPAC) system. Firstly, it analyzes the mutual feedback processes of the underground hydrological process and aboveground farmland ecosystem. Secondly, it elaborates on the regional water and salt movement model proposed vital technologies based on the optimal regulation of the groundwater benefit zone and is committed to building a synergy that considers soil salt control and groundwater yield subsidies. Finally, based on the GSPAC system water-salt coupling transport mechanism, quantitative model of groundwater benefit zone, and technical parameters of regional water-salt regulation and control, the scientific problems and development opportunities related to the conception of groundwater benefit zone have been prospected.
{"title":"The “groundwater benefit zone”, proposals, contributions and new scientific issues","authors":"Ying Zhao","doi":"10.1002/essoar.10508707.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10508707.1","url":null,"abstract":"The groundwater has great potential for water resource utilization, accounting for about a quarter of vegetation transpiration globally and contributing up to 84% in shallow groundwater areas. However, in irrigated agricultural regions or coastal areas with shallow groundwater levels, due to the high groundwater salinity, the contribution of groundwater to transpiration is small and even harmful. This paper proposes a new conception of groundwater benefit zone in the groundwater-soil–plant-atmosphere continuum (GSPAC) system. Firstly, it analyzes the mutual feedback processes of the underground hydrological process and aboveground farmland ecosystem. Secondly, it elaborates on the regional water and salt movement model proposed vital technologies based on the optimal regulation of the groundwater benefit zone and is committed to building a synergy that considers soil salt control and groundwater yield subsidies. Finally, based on the GSPAC system water-salt coupling transport mechanism, quantitative model of groundwater benefit zone, and technical parameters of regional water-salt regulation and control, the scientific problems and development opportunities related to the conception of groundwater benefit zone have been prospected.","PeriodicalId":141726,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133497191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-13DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100285
Yili Lu, W. Peng, T. Ren, R. Horton
Advanced sensors provide new opportunities to improve the understanding of soil properties and processes. One such sensor is the thermo-TDR sensor, which combines the functions of heat pulse probes and time domain reflectometry probes. Recent advancements in fine-scale measurements of soil thermal, hydraulic, and electrical properties with the thermo-TDR sensor enable measuring soil state variables (temperature, water content, and ice content), thermal and electrical properties (thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and bulk electrical conductivity), structural parameters (bulk density and air-filled porosity) and fluxes (heat, water, and vapor) simultaneously. This chapter describes the theory, methodology, and potential applications of the thermo-TDR technique.
{"title":"Applications of Thermo-TDR Sensors for Soil Physical Measurements","authors":"Yili Lu, W. Peng, T. Ren, R. Horton","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.100285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100285","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced sensors provide new opportunities to improve the understanding of soil properties and processes. One such sensor is the thermo-TDR sensor, which combines the functions of heat pulse probes and time domain reflectometry probes. Recent advancements in fine-scale measurements of soil thermal, hydraulic, and electrical properties with the thermo-TDR sensor enable measuring soil state variables (temperature, water content, and ice content), thermal and electrical properties (thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and bulk electrical conductivity), structural parameters (bulk density and air-filled porosity) and fluxes (heat, water, and vapor) simultaneously. This chapter describes the theory, methodology, and potential applications of the thermo-TDR technique.","PeriodicalId":141726,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116887060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98896
L. Parent, W. Natale, G. Brunetto
Soils, nutrients and other factors support human food production. The loss of high-quality soils and readily minable nutrient sources pose a great challenge to present-day agriculture. A comprehensive scheme is required to make wise decisions on system’s sustainability and minimize the risk of crop failure. Soil quality provides useful indicators of its chemical, physical and biological status. Tools of precision agriculture and high-throughput technologies allow acquiring numerous soil and plant data at affordable costs in the perspective of customizing recommendations. Large and diversified datasets must be acquired uniformly among stakeholders to diagnose soil quality and plant nutrition at local scale, compare side-by-side defective and successful cases, implement trustful practices and reach high resource-use efficiency. Machine learning methods can combine numerous edaphic, managerial and climatic yield-impacting factors to conduct nutrient diagnosis and manage nutrients at local scale where factors interact. Compositional data analysis are tools to run numerical analyses on interacting components. Fractal models can describe aggregate stability tied to soil conservation practices and return site-specific indicators for decomposition rates of organic matter in relation to soil tillage and management. This chapter reports on machine learning, compositional and fractal models to support wise decisions on crop fertilization and soil conservation practices.
{"title":"Machine Learning, Compositional and Fractal Models to Diagnose Soil Quality and Plant Nutrition","authors":"L. Parent, W. Natale, G. Brunetto","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98896","url":null,"abstract":"Soils, nutrients and other factors support human food production. The loss of high-quality soils and readily minable nutrient sources pose a great challenge to present-day agriculture. A comprehensive scheme is required to make wise decisions on system’s sustainability and minimize the risk of crop failure. Soil quality provides useful indicators of its chemical, physical and biological status. Tools of precision agriculture and high-throughput technologies allow acquiring numerous soil and plant data at affordable costs in the perspective of customizing recommendations. Large and diversified datasets must be acquired uniformly among stakeholders to diagnose soil quality and plant nutrition at local scale, compare side-by-side defective and successful cases, implement trustful practices and reach high resource-use efficiency. Machine learning methods can combine numerous edaphic, managerial and climatic yield-impacting factors to conduct nutrient diagnosis and manage nutrients at local scale where factors interact. Compositional data analysis are tools to run numerical analyses on interacting components. Fractal models can describe aggregate stability tied to soil conservation practices and return site-specific indicators for decomposition rates of organic matter in relation to soil tillage and management. This chapter reports on machine learning, compositional and fractal models to support wise decisions on crop fertilization and soil conservation practices.","PeriodicalId":141726,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133988432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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