Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.3966/222344892020041001007
Yangyang Lu, Tzung‐Fang Guo, Shih-Wei Tseng
In recent years, in order to solve the increasingly serious energy and environmental problems, people have turned their attention to the development and utilization of new energy. Among various new energy technologies, photovoltaic solar cells are undoubtedly one of the most promising directions. Among many new types of solar cells, perovskite thin-film solar cells have attracted a lot of attention from many solar energy researchers because of their high photoelectric conversion efficiency. In perovskite solar cells, in addition to the active layer material affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device, the interface layers(hole transport layer and electron transport layer) between the active layer and the electrode are also key factors. Therefore, in the current material structure of perovskite cells, the interface layer material has become an important research field. In this study, the inorganic copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) film was prepared by gas-assisted spin coating method, which was used as the hole transport layer(HTL) of perovskite solar cell to replace the traditional polymer material PEDOT:PSS. The thickness, crystallization characteristics, interface structure, annealing temperature and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell will be carefully investigated in this study. The experimental results show that cuprous thiocyanate can effectively replace PEDOT: PSS as a hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells. The cell with the best photoelectric conversion efficiency has a J_(sc) of 21.4 mA/cm^2, a V_(oc) of 1.0 mV, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 15.1%.
{"title":"Study on the application of cuprous thiocyanate in lead perovskite solar cells as a hole transport layer","authors":"Yangyang Lu, Tzung‐Fang Guo, Shih-Wei Tseng","doi":"10.3966/222344892020041001007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3966/222344892020041001007","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, in order to solve the increasingly serious energy and environmental problems, people have turned their attention to the development and utilization of new energy. Among various new energy technologies, photovoltaic solar cells are undoubtedly one of the most promising directions. Among many new types of solar cells, perovskite thin-film solar cells have attracted a lot of attention from many solar energy researchers because of their high photoelectric conversion efficiency. In perovskite solar cells, in addition to the active layer material affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device, the interface layers(hole transport layer and electron transport layer) between the active layer and the electrode are also key factors. Therefore, in the current material structure of perovskite cells, the interface layer material has become an important research field. In this study, the inorganic copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) film was prepared by gas-assisted spin coating method, which was used as the hole transport layer(HTL) of perovskite solar cell to replace the traditional polymer material PEDOT:PSS. The thickness, crystallization characteristics, interface structure, annealing temperature and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell will be carefully investigated in this study. The experimental results show that cuprous thiocyanate can effectively replace PEDOT: PSS as a hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells. The cell with the best photoelectric conversion efficiency has a J_(sc) of 21.4 mA/cm^2, a V_(oc) of 1.0 mV, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 15.1%.","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"193-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41688844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fauziyya Yusrika Rachma, T. Kusworo, D. W. Harjanti
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of polyethersulfone (PES) polymer concentration and filtration time toward the membrane performance (flux) and milk nutrient content (water content, fat and protein). Ultrafiltration membrane was made using PES polymer and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as additive. This research used Split Plot in Time design with five repetitions. The main plot was filtration time and the subplot was level of polymer concentration. The data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued by Duncan Test in 5% level if there was a significant effect. The result showed that there was no interaction effect (P>0,05) between polymer concentration and time filtration to membrane flux and milk nutrient content. The difference of polymer concentration affect membrane flux and the milk water content (P 0,05) toward fat and protein content. Water content in milk filtrated by M1 and M3 membrane increased significantly, whereas water content in milk filtrated by M2 membrane decreased significantly. Fat content in milk filtrated by M1, M2 and M3 membrane were decreased. Milk protein content filtrated by M1 and M2 membrane tend to increase, while milk protein content filtrated by M3 membrane tend to decrease. It could be concluded that M2 membrane that containing of 15% PES and 5% PEG was the best membrane for milk filtration with 5 hours time of filtration.
{"title":"The Evaluation of Milk Nutrient Content Filtrated by Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane with Different Polymer Concentration and Time Filtration","authors":"Fauziyya Yusrika Rachma, T. Kusworo, D. W. Harjanti","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.12.2.%P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.12.2.%P","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the effect of polyethersulfone (PES) polymer concentration and filtration time toward the membrane performance (flux) and milk nutrient content (water content, fat and protein). Ultrafiltration membrane was made using PES polymer and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as additive. This research used Split Plot in Time design with five repetitions. The main plot was filtration time and the subplot was level of polymer concentration. The data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued by Duncan Test in 5% level if there was a significant effect. The result showed that there was no interaction effect (P>0,05) between polymer concentration and time filtration to membrane flux and milk nutrient content. The difference of polymer concentration affect membrane flux and the milk water content (P 0,05) toward fat and protein content. Water content in milk filtrated by M1 and M3 membrane increased significantly, whereas water content in milk filtrated by M2 membrane decreased significantly. Fat content in milk filtrated by M1, M2 and M3 membrane were decreased. Milk protein content filtrated by M1 and M2 membrane tend to increase, while milk protein content filtrated by M3 membrane tend to decrease. It could be concluded that M2 membrane that containing of 15% PES and 5% PEG was the best membrane for milk filtration with 5 hours time of filtration.","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42392702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F ortification is one of solution to alleviate the deficiency of iron. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia mostly on children under five years, i.e baby instant porridges. Purple sweet potatoes have a potential to be baby instant porridge. The aims of this research was to investigate the effect of fortificant’s type on Fe level as nutritional value, physicochemical properties (bulk density, rehydration capacity, and color) of baby instant porridges made from purple sweet potatoes. This study consists of several stages, which are the stage of making flour, fortification stage, the stage of making instant porridge and phase analysis results. The results show that i ron-fortified added to instant baby porridge for nutritional characterization is below to the concentration of additional fortificant. The higher Fe identified on the addition of the iron concentration of 90 ppm (76.12 ppm) and lowest for the addition of concentration of 70 ppm (32.14 ppm). The results of physical properties for bulk density of instant porridge are (0.804 to 0.874 g / ml) showed there is no significant difference between variables and iron fortification no significant effect. Rehydration capacity (1.4 to 1.8 ml/g) with the addition of the iron various variable does not provide significant value changes and provide a lower value than the baby porridge with no fortifi ca n t (2 ml / g).
{"title":"PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BABY INSTANT PORRIDGE FORTIFIED WITH IRON","authors":"H. Santosa, K. Haryani, N. Handayani","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.10.2.%P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.10.2.%P","url":null,"abstract":"F ortification is one of solution to alleviate the deficiency of iron. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia mostly on children under five years, i.e baby instant porridges. Purple sweet potatoes have a potential to be baby instant porridge. The aims of this research was to investigate the effect of fortificant’s type on Fe level as nutritional value, physicochemical properties (bulk density, rehydration capacity, and color) of baby instant porridges made from purple sweet potatoes. This study consists of several stages, which are the stage of making flour, fortification stage, the stage of making instant porridge and phase analysis results. The results show that i ron-fortified added to instant baby porridge for nutritional characterization is below to the concentration of additional fortificant. The higher Fe identified on the addition of the iron concentration of 90 ppm (76.12 ppm) and lowest for the addition of concentration of 70 ppm (32.14 ppm). The results of physical properties for bulk density of instant porridge are (0.804 to 0.874 g / ml) showed there is no significant difference between variables and iron fortification no significant effect. Rehydration capacity (1.4 to 1.8 ml/g) with the addition of the iron various variable does not provide significant value changes and provide a lower value than the baby porridge with no fortifi ca n t (2 ml / g).","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"78-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66720747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.12777/IJSE.10.2.51-59
I. N. Widiasa, Linda Aliffia Yoshi
This study aims to get the design process and the economics of small-scale desalination of brackish water in Indonesia which has interest in the range of 12-14%, electricity cost of $0.09-0.13/kWh, and groundwater tax regulation. The use of BWRO desalination system in Indonesia has been generally done at small scale. This study based on Bali island with electricity cost at $0.1/kWh and water tax at $0.37/m 3 . Techo economy evaluation was analysed for plant capacity of 150-1,00 m 3 /day, recovery of 40% with brackish water water salinity of 5,000 ppm. Price of desalted water during first year a case study is $1.31/m 3 . It can be concluded that e conomic evaluation based on NPV and IRR shows that it is worth ed.
{"title":"Techno-Economy Analysis A Small Scale Reverse Osmosis System for Brackish Water Desalination","authors":"I. N. Widiasa, Linda Aliffia Yoshi","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.10.2.51-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.10.2.51-59","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to get the design process and the economics of small-scale desalination of brackish water in Indonesia which has interest in the range of 12-14%, electricity cost of $0.09-0.13/kWh, and groundwater tax regulation. The use of BWRO desalination system in Indonesia has been generally done at small scale. This study based on Bali island with electricity cost at $0.1/kWh and water tax at $0.37/m 3 . Techo economy evaluation was analysed for plant capacity of 150-1,00 m 3 /day, recovery of 40% with brackish water water salinity of 5,000 ppm. Price of desalted water during first year a case study is $1.31/m 3 . It can be concluded that e conomic evaluation based on NPV and IRR shows that it is worth ed.","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66721037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.12777/IJSE.10.2.63-66
V. Asfirizal
Erythrocyte infected by Plasmodium experiences various changes of shape and function. The permeability increases upon various dissolved material including amino acid, glucose, vitamin, nucleotide, purine, anion/cation and organic/inorganic and also others simple dissolved materials such as sorbitol, choline and chloride-ion. The increasing of permeability is very needed by Plasmodium to provide nutrients for internal growth. The objectives of this research were to determine the increasing of parasitemia value and hemolysis on erythrocyte infected by Plasmodium falciparum. The medium culture used for growing Plasmodium falciparum was RPMI 1640 that produced parasitemia 15%, inoculation was conducted to produce sub-culture that produced parasitemia 20% and divided into calcium, glucose and control (CM 10%) treatment with 3 times replications. Observation was conducted from the first day to sixth day after treatment. Parasitemia and hemolysis parameters as growth indicators were observed. Difference among treatments groups were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT α=0.05). The result showed that the application of calcium + glucose produced the highest number of parasitemia (11.87±4.71) (means ±SD) and hemolysis (0.278 + 0.012) compared with others applications i.e. calcium, glucose and control medium culture (10% CM). This application produced significant difference (p<0.05). It was concluded that calcium and glucose had important to increase parasitemia and hemolysis of Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocyte
{"title":"The Role of Calcium and Glucose on the Increasing of Parasitemia Value and Hemolysis into Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocyte","authors":"V. Asfirizal","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.10.2.63-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.10.2.63-66","url":null,"abstract":"Erythrocyte infected by Plasmodium experiences various changes of shape and function. The permeability increases upon various dissolved material including amino acid, glucose, vitamin, nucleotide, purine, anion/cation and organic/inorganic and also others simple dissolved materials such as sorbitol, choline and chloride-ion. The increasing of permeability is very needed by Plasmodium to provide nutrients for internal growth. The objectives of this research were to determine the increasing of parasitemia value and hemolysis on erythrocyte infected by Plasmodium falciparum. The medium culture used for growing Plasmodium falciparum was RPMI 1640 that produced parasitemia 15%, inoculation was conducted to produce sub-culture that produced parasitemia 20% and divided into calcium, glucose and control (CM 10%) treatment with 3 times replications. Observation was conducted from the first day to sixth day after treatment. Parasitemia and hemolysis parameters as growth indicators were observed. Difference among treatments groups were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT α=0.05). The result showed that the application of calcium + glucose produced the highest number of parasitemia (11.87±4.71) (means ±SD) and hemolysis (0.278 + 0.012) compared with others applications i.e. calcium, glucose and control medium culture (10% CM). This application produced significant difference (p<0.05). It was concluded that calcium and glucose had important to increase parasitemia and hemolysis of Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocyte","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"63-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66721161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.12777/IJSE.10.2.67-73
H. Mayulu, S. Suhardi
Livestock development through innovation of complete feed (CF) technology which cheap and potential could be optimized through utilizing palm oil plantation and mill’s by-product. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of complete feed formulated with palm oil plantation and mill’s by-product to the feed intake and daily weight gain of sheep. Male thin tailed sheep 9 months old with average live weight of 14.69 kg were used in this research. CF was formulated from ammoniated-fermented of palm frond, palm leave, empty fruit bunch, and palm pressed fiber which mixed with Centrosema sp., palm kernel cake, corn, rice bran, dried cassava waste pulp, molasses, mineral mix and salt. The study used completely randomized design which consisted of T 1 =10%, T 2 =12%, T 3 =14% and T 4 =16% of crude protein and total digestible nutrient (TDN) 64% with 4 repetitions. Data was analyzed using ANOVA at 95% significance level which followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The experiment showed that the level of protein content influenced the feed intake. The highest average of dry matter intake, organic matter intake, crude protein intake and TDN were 865.83 g/sheep/day, 750.60 g/sheep/day, 118.66 g/sheep/day and 555.96 g/sheep/day, respectively. The highest average daily weight gain was 174.18 g/sheep/day which produced at crude protein level of 14% (T 3 ). The statistical analysis showed that T 3 was significantly different to T 1 , T 2 and T 4 . It can be concluded that complete feed formulated from palm oil plantation and mill’s by-product with appropriate level of crude protein content could increase the feed intake and daily weight gain of local sheep
{"title":"The Feed Intake and Daily Weight Gain of Locally Sheep Fed with Amofer Palm Oil Plantation and Mill’s Byproduct-based Complete Feed","authors":"H. Mayulu, S. Suhardi","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.10.2.67-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.10.2.67-73","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock development through innovation of complete feed (CF) technology which cheap and potential could be optimized through utilizing palm oil plantation and mill’s by-product. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of complete feed formulated with palm oil plantation and mill’s by-product to the feed intake and daily weight gain of sheep. Male thin tailed sheep 9 months old with average live weight of 14.69 kg were used in this research. CF was formulated from ammoniated-fermented of palm frond, palm leave, empty fruit bunch, and palm pressed fiber which mixed with Centrosema sp., palm kernel cake, corn, rice bran, dried cassava waste pulp, molasses, mineral mix and salt. The study used completely randomized design which consisted of T 1 =10%, T 2 =12%, T 3 =14% and T 4 =16% of crude protein and total digestible nutrient (TDN) 64% with 4 repetitions. Data was analyzed using ANOVA at 95% significance level which followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The experiment showed that the level of protein content influenced the feed intake. The highest average of dry matter intake, organic matter intake, crude protein intake and TDN were 865.83 g/sheep/day, 750.60 g/sheep/day, 118.66 g/sheep/day and 555.96 g/sheep/day, respectively. The highest average daily weight gain was 174.18 g/sheep/day which produced at crude protein level of 14% (T 3 ). The statistical analysis showed that T 3 was significantly different to T 1 , T 2 and T 4 . It can be concluded that complete feed formulated from palm oil plantation and mill’s by-product with appropriate level of crude protein content could increase the feed intake and daily weight gain of local sheep","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"67-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66721221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-15DOI: 10.12777/IJSE.10.1.30-34
Tuti Sumarningsih, M. A. Wibowo, S. Wardani
Productivity is an important issue in the construction industry. It is directly related to the construction cost and duration of the work. Construction productivity is influenced by many factors, such as material, equipment and labor. Labor is the most important factor, since labor determines how the work is done. Labor productivity is influenced by the work methods, physical fatigue, work environment, capability, and complexity of the work. To improve labor productivity due to the work method, application of the principle of ergonomics is important to consider. This research was held in Yogyakarta included 10 construction projects and involve 30 labor of brick masonry work, 22 labor of ceramic instalation, and 24 labor of wall painting work. The application of ergonomics principles in the masonry work, plaster work, ceramic installation, and wall painting work show an increase in labor productivity by 28.49%, 16.22%, 21.47%, and 26.18% respectively. Compared with the National Standards of Indonesia (NSI) these productivity per job are higher by 10.34%, 57.89%, 12.72%, and 33.33%.
{"title":"Ergonomics in Work Method to Improve Construction Labor Productivity","authors":"Tuti Sumarningsih, M. A. Wibowo, S. Wardani","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.10.1.30-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.10.1.30-34","url":null,"abstract":"Productivity is an important issue in the construction industry. It is directly related to the construction cost and duration of the work. Construction productivity is influenced by many factors, such as material, equipment and labor. Labor is the most important factor, since labor determines how the work is done. Labor productivity is influenced by the work methods, physical fatigue, work environment, capability, and complexity of the work. To improve labor productivity due to the work method, application of the principle of ergonomics is important to consider. This research was held in Yogyakarta included 10 construction projects and involve 30 labor of brick masonry work, 22 labor of ceramic instalation, and 24 labor of wall painting work. The application of ergonomics principles in the masonry work, plaster work, ceramic installation, and wall painting work show an increase in labor productivity by 28.49%, 16.22%, 21.47%, and 26.18% respectively. Compared with the National Standards of Indonesia (NSI) these productivity per job are higher by 10.34%, 57.89%, 12.72%, and 33.33%.","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"30-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12777/IJSE.10.1.30-34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66720490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-15DOI: 10.12777/IJSE.10.1.45-50
Endang Sawitri
Apoptosis cell is one of the main biomolecular predictors to determine kind of treatment given to patient with colorectal cancer and to predict the end result. Phyllanthus niruri Linn (P. niruri L) acts as antineoplastic but its potency on the process of cancer cell apoptosis has not been revealed yet. The objective of the research was to evaluate the apoptosis index of rats with colorectal cancer treated with and without P. niruri L. extract. This research used The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design. As many as 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with 1,2 DMH 30 mg/kgBW once in every week. Four rats were sacrificed at week 9 th , 11 th and 13 th to be observed the development of colorectal cancer. Induction was then stopped and other 18 rats were randomly located into two groups. The first group was positive control (K+) group consisted of 9 rats without P. niruri extract. The second group (X) was consisted of 9 rats with the application of P.niruri L. extract 13.5 mg/kg per day orally. All rats were terminated on week 19 th , tumor lesion was proceed for Histopathology preparations and stained with Kit TUNEL-IHC (Apo-BrdU-IHC TM BioVision Cat #K403) to identify the apoptosis cell. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-test with significant level of p<0.05. The result showed that the average of apoptosis index of X treatment was 2.37 + 0.48 higher than K+ treatment namely 1.45 + 0.41 with a highly significance difference (p=0.000). Phyllanthus niruri L extract increased the apoptosis of colorectal cancer of Sprague-Dawley rats induced with 1,2 Dimethylhidrazine
{"title":"Apoptosis of Colorectal Cancer Cell on Sprague-Dawley Rats Induced with 1,2 Dimethylhidrazine and Phyllanthus niruri Linn Extrac","authors":"Endang Sawitri","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.10.1.45-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.10.1.45-50","url":null,"abstract":"Apoptosis cell is one of the main biomolecular predictors to determine kind of treatment given to patient with colorectal cancer and to predict the end result. Phyllanthus niruri Linn (P. niruri L) acts as antineoplastic but its potency on the process of cancer cell apoptosis has not been revealed yet. The objective of the research was to evaluate the apoptosis index of rats with colorectal cancer treated with and without P. niruri L. extract. This research used The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design. As many as 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with 1,2 DMH 30 mg/kgBW once in every week. Four rats were sacrificed at week 9 th , 11 th and 13 th to be observed the development of colorectal cancer. Induction was then stopped and other 18 rats were randomly located into two groups. The first group was positive control (K+) group consisted of 9 rats without P. niruri extract. The second group (X) was consisted of 9 rats with the application of P.niruri L. extract 13.5 mg/kg per day orally. All rats were terminated on week 19 th , tumor lesion was proceed for Histopathology preparations and stained with Kit TUNEL-IHC (Apo-BrdU-IHC TM BioVision Cat #K403) to identify the apoptosis cell. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-test with significant level of p<0.05. The result showed that the average of apoptosis index of X treatment was 2.37 + 0.48 higher than K+ treatment namely 1.45 + 0.41 with a highly significance difference (p=0.000). Phyllanthus niruri L extract increased the apoptosis of colorectal cancer of Sprague-Dawley rats induced with 1,2 Dimethylhidrazine","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66720672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a Bit Plane Coding ( BPC ) based steganography technique for JPEG 2000 images and Motion JPEG 2000 video is proposed. Embedding in this technique is performed in the lowest significant bit planes of the wavelet coefficients of a cover image. In JPEG 2000 standard, the number of bit planes of wavelet coefficients to be used in encoding is dependent on the compression rate and are used in Tier -2 process of JPEG 2000. In the proposed technique, Tier -1 and Tier -2 processes of JPEG 2000 and Motion JPEG 2000 are executed twice on the encoder side to collect the information about the lowest bit planes of all code blocks of a cover image, which is utilized in embedding and transmitted to the decoder. After embedding secret data, Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process ( OPAP ) is applied on stego images to enhance its visual quality. Experimental results show that proposed technique provides large embedding capacity and better visual quality of stego images than existing steganography techniques for JPEG 2000 compressed images and videos. Extracted secret image is similar to the original secret image.
{"title":"Bit Plane Coding based Steganography Technique for JPEG2000 Images and Videos","authors":"Geeta Kasana, Kulbir Singh, S. S. Bhatia","doi":"10.12777/IJSE.10.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.10.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a Bit Plane Coding ( BPC ) based steganography technique for JPEG 2000 images and Motion JPEG 2000 video is proposed. Embedding in this technique is performed in the lowest significant bit planes of the wavelet coefficients of a cover image. In JPEG 2000 standard, the number of bit planes of wavelet coefficients to be used in encoding is dependent on the compression rate and are used in Tier -2 process of JPEG 2000. In the proposed technique, Tier -1 and Tier -2 processes of JPEG 2000 and Motion JPEG 2000 are executed twice on the encoder side to collect the information about the lowest bit planes of all code blocks of a cover image, which is utilized in embedding and transmitted to the decoder. After embedding secret data, Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process ( OPAP ) is applied on stego images to enhance its visual quality. Experimental results show that proposed technique provides large embedding capacity and better visual quality of stego images than existing steganography techniques for JPEG 2000 compressed images and videos. Extracted secret image is similar to the original secret image.","PeriodicalId":14209,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"21-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12777/IJSE.10.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66720600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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