Pub Date : 2016-06-15DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897148
Panini Sai Patapanchala, Chen Huo, R. Bobba, E. Cotilla-Sánchez
The electric grid is a critical cyber-physical infrastructure that serves as lifeline for modern society. With the increasing trend of cyber-attacks, electric grid security has become a significant concern. System operators have the difficult task of reducing the risk exposure and maintaining operational reliability under the constant threat of cyber-attacks. Good security metrics for assessing and monitoring the risk to the cyber-physical power grid infrastructure would be very valuable for grid operators. However, security metrics to assess the security posture and risk to even traditional enterprise cyber infrastructure have been a long standing challenge. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) that have interconnected cyber and physical infrastructure add an additional layer of complexity. In this work, we explore security metrics that can be used to monitor the security posture and risk exposure of the electric grid infrastructure. These metrics take both the cyber security posture and physical impact of an attack into account. We consider both individual and coordinated attacks that can cause cascading outages. To illustrate the usefulness of the proposed metrics, we use cyber-physical models for 9-bus and 39-bus test systems. Our metrics provide a novel way to identify and prioritize assets critical to the system and help operators take steps to improve the overall security posture of the system.
{"title":"Exploring security metrics for electric grid infrastructures leveraging attack graphs","authors":"Panini Sai Patapanchala, Chen Huo, R. Bobba, E. Cotilla-Sánchez","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897148","url":null,"abstract":"The electric grid is a critical cyber-physical infrastructure that serves as lifeline for modern society. With the increasing trend of cyber-attacks, electric grid security has become a significant concern. System operators have the difficult task of reducing the risk exposure and maintaining operational reliability under the constant threat of cyber-attacks. Good security metrics for assessing and monitoring the risk to the cyber-physical power grid infrastructure would be very valuable for grid operators. However, security metrics to assess the security posture and risk to even traditional enterprise cyber infrastructure have been a long standing challenge. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) that have interconnected cyber and physical infrastructure add an additional layer of complexity. In this work, we explore security metrics that can be used to monitor the security posture and risk exposure of the electric grid infrastructure. These metrics take both the cyber security posture and physical impact of an attack into account. We consider both individual and coordinated attacks that can cause cascading outages. To illustrate the usefulness of the proposed metrics, we use cyber-physical models for 9-bus and 39-bus test systems. Our metrics provide a novel way to identify and prioritize assets critical to the system and help operators take steps to improve the overall security posture of the system.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132905463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897152
J. Hoyo-Montaño, D. Espejel-Blanco, Diego G. Schurch-Sanchez
This paper presents brief overview of a program of retrofitting and control of Academic Buildings. The proposed system has the main objective of reduce the energy consumption of lighting systems and air conditioners (A/C), two of the most common loads found in office and/or classroom buildings. The proposed BACS implements a two network technologies, Ethernet to connect a central control unit with each building, and a ZigBee mesh wireless network towards the building interior. Buildings energy savings are obtained by combining a turn-on/turn-off control of lamps and A/C, temperature operation adjust of 26°–27°C and retrofitting of conventional lamps with LED lamps. The system has a graphic Human-Machine-Interface that allows a fast system configuration.
{"title":"Retrofitting and energy control of an Academic Building","authors":"J. Hoyo-Montaño, D. Espejel-Blanco, Diego G. Schurch-Sanchez","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897152","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents brief overview of a program of retrofitting and control of Academic Buildings. The proposed system has the main objective of reduce the energy consumption of lighting systems and air conditioners (A/C), two of the most common loads found in office and/or classroom buildings. The proposed BACS implements a two network technologies, Ethernet to connect a central control unit with each building, and a ZigBee mesh wireless network towards the building interior. Buildings energy savings are obtained by combining a turn-on/turn-off control of lamps and A/C, temperature operation adjust of 26°–27°C and retrofitting of conventional lamps with LED lamps. The system has a graphic Human-Machine-Interface that allows a fast system configuration.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"285 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124237530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897156
B. Bhattarai, Kurt S. Myers, Jason Bush
Electric utilities in the United States are increasingly employing demand charges and/or real-time pricing. Such directive is bringing potential opportunities in deploying behind-the-meter energy storage (BMES) systems for various grid applications. This study quantifies the techno-economic benefits of BMES in reducing demand charge and smoothing load/generation intermittencies, and determines how those benefits vary with different penetration of onsite photovoltaic. We proposed a two-stage control algorithm, whereby the first stage proactively determines the cost-optimal BMES configuration for reducing peak demands and demand charges and the second stage adaptively compensates intermittent generations and short load spikes that may otherwise increase the demand charges. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through a 24-hours time sweep simulation performed using data from a smart microgrid testbed at Idaho National Laboratory. The simulation results demonstrated that this research provides a simple and effective solution for peak shaving, demand charge reductions, and onsite photovoltaic variability smoothing.
{"title":"Reducing demand charges and onsite generation variability using behind-the-meter energy storage","authors":"B. Bhattarai, Kurt S. Myers, Jason Bush","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897156","url":null,"abstract":"Electric utilities in the United States are increasingly employing demand charges and/or real-time pricing. Such directive is bringing potential opportunities in deploying behind-the-meter energy storage (BMES) systems for various grid applications. This study quantifies the techno-economic benefits of BMES in reducing demand charge and smoothing load/generation intermittencies, and determines how those benefits vary with different penetration of onsite photovoltaic. We proposed a two-stage control algorithm, whereby the first stage proactively determines the cost-optimal BMES configuration for reducing peak demands and demand charges and the second stage adaptively compensates intermittent generations and short load spikes that may otherwise increase the demand charges. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through a 24-hours time sweep simulation performed using data from a smart microgrid testbed at Idaho National Laboratory. The simulation results demonstrated that this research provides a simple and effective solution for peak shaving, demand charge reductions, and onsite photovoltaic variability smoothing.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121961335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897149
Charith Wickramaarachchi, S. Kuppannagari, R. Kannan, V. Prasanna
Determining voltage phase angles of buses in a Smart Grid is a critical operation in the power system state estimation process. Invalid state estimate of strategic buses can cause a severe socioeconomic impact. In this paper, we present an optimal protection scheme to protect the voltage phase angle estimation of strategic buses in a Smart Grid against data spoofing attacks. We discuss the limitations of the protection scheme presented by Deka et al by identifying a class of attack vectors which cannot be defended against using their protection scheme. We then provide an improved protection scheme to find the minimal set of measurements to protect in order to secure the set of strategic buses against any data spoofing attack. Finally, we discuss tradeoffs and differences in our protection scheme compared with the protection scheme presented by Deka et al.
{"title":"Improved protection scheme for data attack on strategic buses in the Smart Grid","authors":"Charith Wickramaarachchi, S. Kuppannagari, R. Kannan, V. Prasanna","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897149","url":null,"abstract":"Determining voltage phase angles of buses in a Smart Grid is a critical operation in the power system state estimation process. Invalid state estimate of strategic buses can cause a severe socioeconomic impact. In this paper, we present an optimal protection scheme to protect the voltage phase angle estimation of strategic buses in a Smart Grid against data spoofing attacks. We discuss the limitations of the protection scheme presented by Deka et al by identifying a class of attack vectors which cannot be defended against using their protection scheme. We then provide an improved protection scheme to find the minimal set of measurements to protect in order to secure the set of strategic buses against any data spoofing attack. Finally, we discuss tradeoffs and differences in our protection scheme compared with the protection scheme presented by Deka et al.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134400008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897134
Amy Fuchs Heidner, Dennis L. Heidner
The Energy Star standard is useful for comparing dryer models but gives much less information about performance once installed in a residence. All energy efficiency (EE) efforts need to consider the impact on the drying process and the textiles being dried. The length and efficacy of the drying process is affected by the temperature and humidity of the dryer's environment.
{"title":"A field study of the residential clothes drying process","authors":"Amy Fuchs Heidner, Dennis L. Heidner","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897134","url":null,"abstract":"The Energy Star standard is useful for comparing dryer models but gives much less information about performance once installed in a residence. All energy efficiency (EE) efforts need to consider the impact on the drying process and the textiles being dried. The length and efficacy of the drying process is affected by the temperature and humidity of the dryer's environment.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133622580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897171
D. Stapp, Joel K. Dickinson
The prevalence of distributed energy resources (DER) presents challenges to traditional utility metering schema. Energy consumption and demand are valuable data when planning the size and growth of electrical systems from a reliability perspective. Some utilities meter the output of the DER inverters, in order to provide generation data to the customer and adequately plan for reliability. A DER solution which supports storage and essential load when utility power is lost, which is an attractive characteristic, presents a challenge to the traditional solution of metering the AC output of the inverter. The authors investigate alternative metering solutions for these situations, and present the benefits and drawbacks of each.
{"title":"Metering DC coupled Distributed Energy Resource systems","authors":"D. Stapp, Joel K. Dickinson","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897171","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of distributed energy resources (DER) presents challenges to traditional utility metering schema. Energy consumption and demand are valuable data when planning the size and growth of electrical systems from a reliability perspective. Some utilities meter the output of the DER inverters, in order to provide generation data to the customer and adequately plan for reliability. A DER solution which supports storage and essential load when utility power is lost, which is an attractive characteristic, presents a challenge to the traditional solution of metering the AC output of the inverter. The authors investigate alternative metering solutions for these situations, and present the benefits and drawbacks of each.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"1944 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129131667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897178
Serdar Yavuz, P. Bandaru
It is shown that a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.25% can be obtained through coating reduced graphene oxide/n-silicon (rGO/Si) solar cell with silver nanowires (Ag NWs) and subsequently GO. rGO/Si solar cells were obtained through one step spin coating of GO on patterned n-silicon wafer followed by thermal annealing in an inert environment. Ag NWs were employed to reduce the sheet resistance of obtained rGO by passivating the contact resistance between rGO flakes. GO has been used both as a dopant as well as an antireflection coating layer for Ag NWs coated rGO film.
{"title":"Ag nanowire coated reduced graphene oxide/n-silicon Schottky junction based solar cell","authors":"Serdar Yavuz, P. Bandaru","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897178","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.25% can be obtained through coating reduced graphene oxide/n-silicon (rGO/Si) solar cell with silver nanowires (Ag NWs) and subsequently GO. rGO/Si solar cells were obtained through one step spin coating of GO on patterned n-silicon wafer followed by thermal annealing in an inert environment. Ag NWs were employed to reduce the sheet resistance of obtained rGO by passivating the contact resistance between rGO flakes. GO has been used both as a dopant as well as an antireflection coating layer for Ag NWs coated rGO film.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126945838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897151
D. Bueno, M. Roitman
The paper presents a general model for energy efficiency calculation, developed with the main purpose of being capable to deal with the fast changes our society faces nowadays. After any energy saving activity, either technological or even behavioral, the model will be able to estimate the energy, which would have been consumed under the supposition that the aforementioned activity was not implemented. Then, based on the energy measurements, it will calculate the total energy saving. The methodology applied is analyzed, and some preliminary results are discussed.
{"title":"A general model for energy efficiency calculation","authors":"D. Bueno, M. Roitman","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897151","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a general model for energy efficiency calculation, developed with the main purpose of being capable to deal with the fast changes our society faces nowadays. After any energy saving activity, either technological or even behavioral, the model will be able to estimate the energy, which would have been consumed under the supposition that the aforementioned activity was not implemented. Then, based on the energy measurements, it will calculate the total energy saving. The methodology applied is analyzed, and some preliminary results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116636305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897143
Justin Roberts, Justin Halversen, Christopher Running, Nathan Johnson, J. Salmon
As finite energy resources are rapidly depleting, the world desperately needs to rely on more renewable energy resources, such as solar energy. The research described hereafter designs and analyzes the use of solar cells in public places, in the form of a solar table, to assess whether their use and energy output justifies their cost for use in public environments. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a suite of devices and applications whereby solar power can be a publicly accessible commodity and to increase the usage of solar power by testing particular instances where solar technology can make an impact. Finally, this research explores the possible future that small-scale solar devices and technologies have when distributed throughout our community as part of the solution to the increasing energy demand.
{"title":"Design and analysis of solar devices in public places to help meet energy demand","authors":"Justin Roberts, Justin Halversen, Christopher Running, Nathan Johnson, J. Salmon","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897143","url":null,"abstract":"As finite energy resources are rapidly depleting, the world desperately needs to rely on more renewable energy resources, such as solar energy. The research described hereafter designs and analyzes the use of solar cells in public places, in the form of a solar table, to assess whether their use and energy output justifies their cost for use in public environments. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a suite of devices and applications whereby solar power can be a publicly accessible commodity and to increase the usage of solar power by testing particular instances where solar technology can make an impact. Finally, this research explores the possible future that small-scale solar devices and technologies have when distributed throughout our community as part of the solution to the increasing energy demand.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115148156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897147
P. Penkey, N. Gaul, B. Johnson, H. Hess
Microgrids are proving themselves viable to address the need for more reliable renewable power systems. They can improve the resilience of the overall system in case of abnormal conditions. The city of Spokane in Washington, is considering establishing a microgrid using existing transmission and distribution infrastructure. This microgrid will be supplied solely from the existing hydroelectric generators and proposed photovoltaic installations. One of the challenges to overcome in a renewable microgrid is the availability of the renewable energy resources. As the hydro generation capability varies seasonally, solar energy varies both seasonally and over the course of a day, it is advantageous to include an energy storage system in the microgrid. This can compensate for variations, and improve the reliability of the microgrid. The main objective of this paper is to identify the energy storage system suitable for this specific microgrid and estimate its size while finding an ideal location to place it in the microgrid. The study system was simulated using Powerworld. Different techniques were evaluated to determine the size and location of the energy storage system.
{"title":"Sizing and location identification for an electrical energy storage system in a renewable microgrid","authors":"P. Penkey, N. Gaul, B. Johnson, H. Hess","doi":"10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUSTECH.2016.7897147","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids are proving themselves viable to address the need for more reliable renewable power systems. They can improve the resilience of the overall system in case of abnormal conditions. The city of Spokane in Washington, is considering establishing a microgrid using existing transmission and distribution infrastructure. This microgrid will be supplied solely from the existing hydroelectric generators and proposed photovoltaic installations. One of the challenges to overcome in a renewable microgrid is the availability of the renewable energy resources. As the hydro generation capability varies seasonally, solar energy varies both seasonally and over the course of a day, it is advantageous to include an energy storage system in the microgrid. This can compensate for variations, and improve the reliability of the microgrid. The main objective of this paper is to identify the energy storage system suitable for this specific microgrid and estimate its size while finding an ideal location to place it in the microgrid. The study system was simulated using Powerworld. Different techniques were evaluated to determine the size and location of the energy storage system.","PeriodicalId":142240,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech)","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113947346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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