International journal of sports physiology and performance最新文献

Purpose: Although previous studies have compared strength-training adaptations between free weights (FW) and machine-guided exercises, those studies did not use a Smith machine (SM), which most closely replicates the exercises performed with FW. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the chronic effects of strength-focused, velocity-based training regimens using FW versus SM.

Methods: Thirty-seven sport-science students (14 female) were assigned, balanced by sex and relative strength, to either an FW or SM training group. The training program lasted 8 weeks (2 sessions/wk), and participants performed 4 sets per exercise (back squat and bench press) at 70% of their 1-repetition maximum with moderate effort levels (20%-25% velocity loss). Load-velocity profile parameters (load-axis intercept, velocity-axis intercept, and area under the load-velocity relationship line), cross-sectional areas of the vastus lateralis and pectoralis major muscles, and the number of repetitions to failure in the bench-press exercise were assessed before and after the training program. Mechanical variables were assessed using both FW and SM.

Results: All variables, with the exception of back-squat velocity-axis intercept (P = .124), improved in both training groups. The changes in load-axis intercept and area under the load-velocity relationship line were more pronounced when the training and testing conditions matched. Failure in the bench-press exercise and cross-sectional areas of the vastus lateralis and pectoralis major showed comparable improvements for both training groups, while velocity-axis intercept tended to improve more in the SM group.

Conclusions: The general population, unconcerned with the specificity of strength adaptations, can choose a training modality (FW or SM) based on personal preferences.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to report isometric hip adduction and abduction strength reference values of men's and women's Gaelic football and rugby union players and compare values between sexes and between sports.

Methods: This cross-sectional cohort study consisted of 331 club-level athletes. Maximum isometric hip adduction squeeze and abduction press strength values were measured with a ForceFrame across several testing positions.

Results: Hip adduction squeeze and abduction press strength reference values for men's and women's Gaelic and rugby union footballers were provided with mean and 1 SD. A 2-way analysis of variance demonstrated significant sport × sex interaction main effects for hip adduction squeeze (η2 = .159-.228), abduction press (η2 = .099-.144), and adduction:abduction ratio (η2 = .120). Men demonstrated significantly greater relative (Newtons per kilogram) maximum isometric hip adduction squeeze (15.5%-26.4%, 0.48-1.00 N/kg) and hip abduction press (9.6%-19.6%, 0.20-0.67 N/kg) strength across all testing positions when compared with women of the same sport. Male Gaelic football players demonstrated significantly greater hip adduction (8.7%-14.0%, 0.30-0.52 N/kg) and abduction (6.1%-8.6%, 0.16-0.31 N/kg) strength (Newtons per kilogram) than their rugby counterparts, while no significant between-sports differences in strength were observed between female athletes.

Conclusion: Reference values are provided with mean and 1 SD. Sport and sex interaction had significant main effects for hip adduction, abduction, and adduction:abduction ratio, with medium to large effect sizes. Male athletes demonstrate significantly greater hip strength than female athletes of the same sport, and male Gaelic players demonstrate greater hip strength than male rugby players.

Background: Performance in 10K open-water swimming (OWS) events is influenced by various factors including physical conditioning, biomechanics, anthropometrics, race tactics, and environmental factors.

Purpose: This systematic review aims to analyze the performance determinants in 10-km OWS.

Methods: The electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. Searches reported 16 studies (2000-2024) organized in various categories according to different performance conditional factors.

Results: Key findings show age at peak performance of 28.94 years (men) and 27.40 years (women), likely due to the need for prior competition experience in OWS. Anthropometric analyses revealed moderate correlations between body-fat percentage and lean mass index with final race position. Physiological analysis showed that high values of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) reached 5.51 L/min (men) and 5.05 L/min (women), an indicator of aerobic power and lactate thresholds achieved at 88.75% to 93.75% (lactate threshold), a determinant of aerobic capacity. Stroke index was demonstrated as a significant predictor of performance (r = .91, P < .001). It is recommended that stroke rate be increased by was up to 10% over the final 400 to 500 m in order to mitigate the effects of fatigue on velocity. Effective 10-km OWS training programs emphasize high-volume, low-intensity sessions (76.83% in zone 1), moderate-intensity threshold work (17.70% in zone 2), and targeted high-intensity sprints (5.47% in zone 3).

Conclusion: In order to achieve optimal performance, it is essential to integrate physiological parameters (VO2max, lactate threshold), biomechanical adaptations (stroke rate/length optimization), and tactical preparation (drafting, pacing).

Purpose: We aimed to (1) generate performance predictions for the new 50-m backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events, recently added to the Olympic Games swimming schedule, for both the Singapore 2025 World Aquatics Championships and the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games and (2) evaluate the accuracy of this already-established predictive model for these new events, using performances at the Singapore 2025 World Aquatics Championships as the criterion.

Methods: Race data from the 2011 to 2025 World Aquatics Championships were extracted and categorized into 3 performance categories: medalists (rank first to third), finalists but not medalists (rank fourth to eighth), and semifinalists but not finalists (rank ninth to 16th). An exponential-smoothing forecasting method in Microsoft Excel was used to predict future performances. Model accuracy was assessed by comparing predicted versus actual results from the Singapore 2025 World Aquatics Championships, using mean absolute error (MAE).

Results: The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with an overall average MAE of 0.94% (±0.58%). The lowest error was observed in the women's 50-m butterfly (rank first to third, MAE = 0.04%), with the highest error observed in the men's 50-m butterfly (rank first to third, MAE = 2.02%).

Discussion: These results confirm the utility of predictive analytics in elite swimming, supporting evidence-based decision making for coaches and national swimming federations. The model's high accuracy across the new 50-m form stroke events reinforces its value as a planning tool through the Los Angeles Olympic cycle.

Purpose: This study aimed to (1) compare sprint- and jump-performance outcomes 6 hours following sprint-priming stimuli involving different external loads and (2) investigate whether maximal dynamic strength level influences sprint-priming outcomes.

Methods: Sixteen recreationally active males completed 5 sprint-priming activities (control [no physical activity] and 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% body mass) in randomized order. Twenty-meter-sprint, countermovement-jump, and squat-jump tests assessed performance outcomes.

Results: Faster 0- to 20-m sprint times were observed following 0% (mean difference [MD] = -0.124 s; 95% CI, -0.184 to -0.064; P < .001), 30% (MD = -0.099 s; 95% CI, -0.160 to -0.039; P = .002), 10% (MD = -0.072 s; 95% CI, -0.132 to -0.012; P = .020), and 20% (MD = -0.070 s; 95% CI, -0.130 to -0.010; P = .024) sprint- priming stimuli compared with control. The 0% sprint-priming stimulus (MD = -0.068, -0.053 s; 95% CI, -0.115 to -0.008; P = .005-.024) elicited faster 0- to 5- and 0- to 10-m sprint times than 10%, 20%, and control. Faster 0- to 10-m sprint times were also observed following the 0% sprint-priming stimulus (MD = -0.096, -0.053 s; 95% CI, -0.153 to 0.000; P = .001-.049) compared with 10%, 20%, and control conditions. Additionally, the 30% sprint-priming stimulus (MD = -0.059 s; 95% CI, -0.115 to -0.002; P = .043) elicited significantly faster 0- to 10-m sprint times than control. Jump measures were unaffected. Maximal dynamic strength was not associated with sprint-performance outcomes.

Conclusion: Sprint priming may enhance performance in tasks requiring maximal acceleration over 20 m when assessed 6 hours later.

Purpose: This study aimed to (1) evaluate the acute metabolic, mechanical, and perceptual responses to curve versus linear repeated-sprint-training (RST) protocols in highly trained youth soccer players and (2) analyze whether the sprint trajectory influences the time course of recovery following RST protocols.

Methods: Twenty-seven highly trained youth soccer players randomly performed 2 RST protocols (12 × 17 m with 15-s intervals) with different trajectories: linear or curve (radius of 9.15 m). Blood lactate concentration, countermovement-jump height, modified reactive strength index, and myotonometric measurements of the biceps femoris long head (stiffness, frequency, and decrement) were assessed before and 0 minutes, 5 minutes, and 24 hours after the protocols. Likewise, best and average sprint velocities were recorded in both protocols, and perceptual responses were evaluated using Borg and Hooper scales.

Results: Linear RST showed higher velocity outputs than curve RST (P < .001). No significant time × condition interactions were observed for blood lactate concentration, countermovement-jump height, modified reactive strength index, time to takeoff, or myotonometric measurements (all P < .05), except for right-leg stiffness (P = .047), which significantly increased from 0 minutes to 24 hours only after curve RST (P < .05). Additionally, players also reported poorer sleep quality (P = .045) following the curve RST.

Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that the acute metabolic, mechanical, and perceptual demands of RST are not trajectory dependent. Therefore, strength and conditioning coaches can use both trajectories to address soccer-specific sprint demands in elite youth soccer players.

The representation of females in sport and exercise-science literature remains limited, prompting focused efforts to expand the breadth of research in the field, particularly surrounding training and competition during and following pregnancy in elite athletes. Much of the existing literature on this topic provides little to no guidance for females, coaches, health-care personnel, and high-performance staff on how to most appropriately develop effective and healthy training programs during the perinatal period. Purpose: This brief review provides insight into the current literature surrounding exercise-related factors and navigating perinatal lifespan stages in elite athletes, as well as offering a call to action for scientists and clinicians to develop and explore impactful research questions on these topics. Conclusions: In order to deliver evidence-informed care to perinatal athletes, it is vital to take an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach that focuses on the physiological changes occurring during and following pregnancy, exercise training, nutrition, environmental stressors, and injury prevention and care. Furthermore, concerted efforts to expand the breadth and depth of health- and performance-related research for perinatal athletes are needed to ensure that these athletes receive proper evidence-informed guidance.

Purpose: Studies comparing acute responses after resisted-sprint training (RST) have traditionally used running distances for prescribing volume. The aim of this study was to compare the acute responses to heavy and light sled RST loads where volume was matched by sprint time instead of distance.

Methods: Twenty-one physically active men completed 2 experimental sessions, each consisting of eight 5-second bouts of sled RST with 2 minutes of rest between bouts. The RST loads were set to reduce unresisted 20-m sprinting speed by 10% (light load; VL10) and 50% (heavy load; VL50). Blood lactate concentration, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and 10- and 20-m sprint times (T10 and T20) were assessed before and after each protocol. Performance variables were also measured at 24 hours postexercise.

Results: No significant differences between loads were observed in CMJ height and sprint times. Lactate significantly increased (ηp2=.86; P < .001; VL10: 7.0 [3.2]; VL50: 8.7 [4.3]) for both groups. VL10 and VL50 significantly impaired their CMJ height after training (ηp2=.43; P < .001; VL10: -5.6% [6.2%]; VL50: -8.4% [6.9%]) but not T10 and T20. At 24 hours, CMJ height was restored while sprint performance significantly decreased (ηp2=.31 and .29 for T10 and T20, respectively; P < .001).

Conclusions: Coaches and practitioners can prescribe RST volume based on sprint time to ensure a consistent training stimulus regardless of the load used. By standardizing sprint duration rather than distance, athletes can experience similar mechanical and physiological responses across different resistance levels, which minimizes confounding variables.

Purpose: Elite golf performance hinges on physiological and psychological precision, with success often defined by razor-thin margins. Sleep and cardiac autonomic function, reflected by resting heart rate (RHR) and heart-rate variability (HRV), are indicators of recovery and readiness, yet their role in golf remains understudied.

Methods: We analyzed wearable-derived data from 389 male professional golfers across 521 events, totaling 35,140 nights of monitoring. Key metrics included sleep duration (7.2 [0.7] h), sleep consistency (regularity of sleep/wake times; 69.1% [6.9%]), RHR (55.9 [7.9] beats·min-1), HRV (root mean square of successive differences; 64.2 [28.1] milliseconds), and a composite recovery score (integrating sleep and biometric data; 59.1% [9.9%]). Objective golf performance (total score, great/poor shots, strokes gained) was extracted from a subscription-based database. Models assessed between-persons differences and within-person changes across seasons (using seasonal averages), adjusting for age (34.1 [9.1] y), height (1.81 [0.07] m), and weight (83.2 [10.6] kg).

Results: Golfers with longer and more consistent sleep, lower RHR, and higher HRV performed better (P < .05). Between athletes, each additional hour of sleep was associated with a lower score (b = -0.522), as was a 10-percentage-point increase in sleep consistency (b = -0.382), a 1-beat-per-minute lower RHR (b = -0.038), and a 10-percentage-point increase in recovery (b = -0.476). Within athletes, improvements in sleep consistency (b = -0.193 per 10 percentage points), HRV (b = -0.016 per 1 millisecond), and recovery (b = -0.238 per 10 percentage points) were also associated with lower scores (P < .05).

Conclusions: Sleep and cardiac autonomic function were associated with elite golf performance. Both individual differences and within-athlete improvements were linked to better play, highlighting the potential role of sleep, RHR, and HRV in optimizing performance at the highest level of golf.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of low- and high-pressure ischemic preconditioning (LIPC and HIPC) on muscle oxygenation, physiological responses, and performance during repeated 2000-m rowing trials. This was a counterbalanced, repeated-measures crossover study.

Methods: Eleven elite high school rowers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 warm-up protocols: (1) traditional warm-up (control trial [CON]), (2) LIPC (100-190 mmHg) + traditional warm-up, or (c) HIPC (210-300 mmHg) + traditional warm-up. Measurements were taken before and after warm-up, immediately following two 2000-m rowing efforts, and 10 minutes postexercise. Variables included blood lactate, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, muscle tissue oxygen saturation (tissue saturation index), mean power output, and total time.

Results: Significantly greater reductions in tissue saturation index of the vastus lateralis during occlusion were observed in LIPC (36.41% [12.03%]) and HIPC (35.05% [14.29%]) compared with CON (10.43% [4.9%], P < .001). No significant group differences were found in blood lactate, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion, although time effects were noted (P < .001). While first-trial performance was similar, the second 2000-m trial showed significant group differences (P = .009), with HIPC outperforming both CON and LIPC (P < .05). The CON group demonstrated a performance decline, while LIPC and HIPC maintained output. High-pressure ischemic preconditioning also exhibited significantly higher mean power in the second trial compared with CON (P = .04), with consistent pacing.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that ischemic preconditioning, particularly HIPC, may enhance repeated high-intensity rowing performance by improving muscle oxygen extraction and sustaining output, offering practical benefits for endurance athletes.