Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.09
M. Iwanow
THE HOME ARMY IN THE NORTH-EASTERN BORDERLANDS OF THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC AND JEWISH PARTISANS The main impetus for the participation of Jews in the Soviet partisan movement was the German terror aimed at the total destruction of the Jewish populace. For many Jews, joining Soviet partisan units was the only way of rescue. Several dozen Jewish partisan units fought in the forests of Belarus. At the beginning of 1944, in the Baranów district, Jews constituted 12% of the total number of 8,492 Soviet partisans. In the Lidzki region, where 4,892 partisans operated, 28% of them were Jews. In total, throughout the Belarus Socialist Soviet Republic, Jewish partisans constituted about 5.7% of Soviet units, according to official statistics. It is estimated that over 20,000 Jews fought in Soviet partisan units. However, the share of Jews in the leadership positions was much greater. According to incomplete data, 134 people of Jewish origin held the positions of commanders, commissars and chiefs of staff in partisan units and brigades. The participation of Jews was also significant in the propaganda apparatus of the Soviet partisan movement (they were editors of newspapers and other underground partisan publications). Jews in Soviet partisan units found themselves in the middle of a guerrilla war between the Home Army and the Soviet partisans in the forests of Belarus. It was an armed conflict caused mainly by the German Holocaust policy and the Soviet destruction of all signs of Polish national life in the borderlands. This war was based on the principle: “the enemy of my enemy is my ally”, and was full of mutual crimes. Both Jews and Poles fell victim to the deadly struggle between two powerful totalitarian regimes: the Soviet and the German ones. They were, however, victims of unequal status. For Jews, losing this fight meant extermination, for Poles – a military-political defeat and loss of sovereignty.
{"title":"Armia Krajowa na Kresach Północno-Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej a partyzantka żydowska","authors":"M. Iwanow","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.09","url":null,"abstract":"THE HOME ARMY IN THE NORTH-EASTERN BORDERLANDS OF THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC AND JEWISH PARTISANS The main impetus for the participation of Jews in the Soviet partisan movement was the German terror aimed at the total destruction of the Jewish populace. For many Jews, joining Soviet partisan units was the only way of rescue. Several dozen Jewish partisan units fought in the forests of Belarus. At the beginning of 1944, in the Baranów district, Jews constituted 12% of the total number of 8,492 Soviet partisans. In the Lidzki region, where 4,892 partisans operated, 28% of them were Jews. In total, throughout the Belarus Socialist Soviet Republic, Jewish partisans constituted about 5.7% of Soviet units, according to official statistics. It is estimated that over 20,000 Jews fought in Soviet partisan units. However, the share of Jews in the leadership positions was much greater. According to incomplete data, 134 people of Jewish origin held the positions of commanders, commissars and chiefs of staff in partisan units and brigades. The participation of Jews was also significant in the propaganda apparatus of the Soviet partisan movement (they were editors of newspapers and other underground partisan publications). Jews in Soviet partisan units found themselves in the middle of a guerrilla war between the Home Army and the Soviet partisans in the forests of Belarus. It was an armed conflict caused mainly by the German Holocaust policy and the Soviet destruction of all signs of Polish national life in the borderlands. This war was based on the principle: “the enemy of my enemy is my ally”, and was full of mutual crimes. Both Jews and Poles fell victim to the deadly struggle between two powerful totalitarian regimes: the Soviet and the German ones. They were, however, victims of unequal status. For Jews, losing this fight meant extermination, for Poles – a military-political defeat and loss of sovereignty.","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126388858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.10
Zdzisław J. Winnicki
THE HOME ARMY IN THE EVALUATION OF LITERATURE AND THE BELARUSIAN POLITICAL DOCTRINE IN THE FIRST DECADE AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION This work focuses on the negative attitude which is dominant in contemporary Belarusian literature towards the actions of the Home Army in the German-occupied areas of the Nowogródek and Polesie provinces. Currently, Belarusian literature describes these activities in the same way as Soviet literature – it denies Poles the right to conduct independent military operations in, as they call it, “temporarily occupied Western districts of the Belarus Socialist Soviet Republic”. Home Army soldiers, later citizens of the BSRS, most of them repressed during the Stalinist era, are currently not given any rights of WWII veterans. The article presents the unsuccessful efforts by the Union of Poles in Belarus to grant the few members of the Home Army such rights with the so-called rehabilitation of those sentenced in 1944-1956 for participation in the Polish resistance.
{"title":"Armia Krajowa w ocenach piśmiennictwa i białoruskiej doktryny politycznej w pierwszej dekadzie po rozwiązaniu Związku Sowieckiego","authors":"Zdzisław J. Winnicki","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.10","url":null,"abstract":"THE HOME ARMY IN THE EVALUATION OF LITERATURE AND THE BELARUSIAN POLITICAL DOCTRINE IN THE FIRST DECADE AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION This work focuses on the negative attitude which is dominant in contemporary Belarusian literature towards the actions of the Home Army in the German-occupied areas of the Nowogródek and Polesie provinces. Currently, Belarusian literature describes these activities in the same way as Soviet literature – it denies Poles the right to conduct independent military operations in, as they call it, “temporarily occupied Western districts of the Belarus Socialist Soviet Republic”. Home Army soldiers, later citizens of the BSRS, most of them repressed during the Stalinist era, are currently not given any rights of WWII veterans. The article presents the unsuccessful efforts by the Union of Poles in Belarus to grant the few members of the Home Army such rights with the so-called rehabilitation of those sentenced in 1944-1956 for participation in the Polish resistance.","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116472506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.06
Jarosław Wołkonowski
{"title":"Pierwszy partyzancki oddział Armii Krajowej „Kmicica” na Wileńszczyźnie","authors":"Jarosław Wołkonowski","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127045421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.04
T. Dudek
“CICHOCIEMNY” CAPTAIN WŁADYSŁAW KOCHAŃSKI “BOMBA”/”WUJEK” AND HIS SOLDIERS IN DEFENSE OF THE POLISH PEOPLE OF VOLHYNIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF 1943 The article presents activities of a partisan unit of the Home Army commanded by Capt. Władysław Kochański. Its origins date back to the first half of 1943, when a self-defense unit was established in Huta Stepańska. After the fall of Huta, Kochański formed a partisan unit out of his subordinates – a unit of nearly 700 soldiers. From July 1943, the unit was involved in one-sided fights with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in defense of Polish villages. It was especially visible in the so-called Zasłucze region, where several thousand people took refuge in Stara Huta and its vicinity. In December 1943, the unit joined the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division and became part of the I/45 infantry regiment. The further combat spread through Volhynia, Polesie to the Lublin region, where the division was disarmed in July 1944.
{"title":"Cichociemny kpt. Władysław Kochański „Bomba”/„Wujek” i jego żołnierze w obronie ludności polskiej Wołynia w 2. połowie 1943 roku","authors":"T. Dudek","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.04","url":null,"abstract":"“CICHOCIEMNY” CAPTAIN WŁADYSŁAW KOCHAŃSKI “BOMBA”/”WUJEK” AND HIS SOLDIERS IN DEFENSE OF THE POLISH PEOPLE OF VOLHYNIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF 1943 The article presents activities of a partisan unit of the Home Army commanded by Capt. Władysław Kochański. Its origins date back to the first half of 1943, when a self-defense unit was established in Huta Stepańska. After the fall of Huta, Kochański formed a partisan unit out of his subordinates – a unit of nearly 700 soldiers. From July 1943, the unit was involved in one-sided fights with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in defense of Polish villages. It was especially visible in the so-called Zasłucze region, where several thousand people took refuge in Stara Huta and its vicinity. In December 1943, the unit joined the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division and became part of the I/45 infantry regiment. The further combat spread through Volhynia, Polesie to the Lublin region, where the division was disarmed in July 1944.","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126483221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.02
J. Chudzicka
JUDGMENTS OF THE SPECIAL COURTS OF THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE REGARDING SOLDIERS OF THE UNION OF ARMED STRUGGLE – THE HOME ARMY (ZWZ-AK) AND COLLABORATIONISTS FROM THE LVIV AREA IN 1940-1943 The present article aims to analyse the functioning of the underground judiciary during World War II, primarily in relation to people associated with the Lviv area of the ZWZ-AK in 1940-1943. First, the article presents the development of Special Courts of the ZWZ, and then as Special Military Courts. In addition, legal regulations in the field of court proceedings and adjudication of criminal sanctions are discussed. The main part of the work, based on the Files of Military Special Courts from the collections of the Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw, describes exemplary court proceedings against members of the armed underground from Area No. 3 of the ZWZ-AK in Lviv, against whom the death penalty was imposed. Moreover, based on one of the underground publications, “Information Bulletin of the Czerwieński Region”, the decisions of the Judging Commissions for Civil Combat in the matter of minor offenses and crimes committed by civilians are discussed.
{"title":"Wyroki sądów specjalnych Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego na żołnierzach ZWZ-AK i kolaborantach z terenu Obszaru Lwowskiego w latach 1940-1943","authors":"J. Chudzicka","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.02","url":null,"abstract":"JUDGMENTS OF THE SPECIAL COURTS OF THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE REGARDING SOLDIERS OF THE UNION OF ARMED STRUGGLE – THE HOME ARMY (ZWZ-AK) AND COLLABORATIONISTS FROM THE LVIV AREA IN 1940-1943 The present article aims to analyse the functioning of the underground judiciary during World War II, primarily in relation to people associated with the Lviv area of the ZWZ-AK in 1940-1943. First, the article presents the development of Special Courts of the ZWZ, and then as Special Military Courts. In addition, legal regulations in the field of court proceedings and adjudication of criminal sanctions are discussed. The main part of the work, based on the Files of Military Special Courts from the collections of the Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw, describes exemplary court proceedings against members of the armed underground from Area No. 3 of the ZWZ-AK in Lviv, against whom the death penalty was imposed. Moreover, based on one of the underground publications, “Information Bulletin of the Czerwieński Region”, the decisions of the Judging Commissions for Civil Combat in the matter of minor offenses and crimes committed by civilians are discussed.","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"27 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114044018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.05
Marta Polaczek-Bigaj
“INFORMATION BULLETIN” OF THE SOLDIERS OF THE 27TH VOLHYNIAN INFANTRY DIVISION OF THE HOME ARMY (WDPAK) AS A TESTIMONY TO THE MEMORIES OF STRUGGLES AND COMMEMORATION THE FATE OF GENOCIDE VICTIMS – ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE QUARTERLY The “Information Bulletin” of the 27th WDPAK, which had been published for 29 years, played a significant role for the milieu of former soldiers of the Volhynia Division and their families. The analysis of its content reveals a very interesting research material. The author of the study made a comparison of approx. 9,000 pages of source material, published in the years 1984-2012. The publication provides answers to the questions of what the “Bulletin” was, who created it, what its purpose was and what roles it played. The work discusses particular columns and changing structure of the quarterly. The author notices links between published articles and the political situation during the publication of subsequent issues of the magazine. Polish-Ukrainian relations, which changed over the years, were also of particular importance. The disagreements between these two nations, genocide and the difficult road to truth were among the main themes presented in the “Bulletin”. The author analyses and compares articles on particular topics that appeared in the quarterly over the years and discusses these issues in the literature on the subject.
{"title":"„Biuletyn Informacyjny” żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Piechoty Armii Krajowej jako świadectwo wspomnień walk i głos pamięci o losach ofiar ludobójstwa – analiza zawartości treści i struktury kwartalnika","authors":"Marta Polaczek-Bigaj","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.05","url":null,"abstract":"“INFORMATION BULLETIN” OF THE SOLDIERS OF THE 27TH VOLHYNIAN INFANTRY DIVISION OF THE HOME ARMY (WDPAK) AS A TESTIMONY TO THE MEMORIES OF STRUGGLES AND COMMEMORATION THE FATE OF GENOCIDE VICTIMS – ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE QUARTERLY The “Information Bulletin” of the 27th WDPAK, which had been published for 29 years, played a significant role for the milieu of former soldiers of the Volhynia Division and their families. The analysis of its content reveals a very interesting research material. The author of the study made a comparison of approx. 9,000 pages of source material, published in the years 1984-2012. The publication provides answers to the questions of what the “Bulletin” was, who created it, what its purpose was and what roles it played. The work discusses particular columns and changing structure of the quarterly. The author notices links between published articles and the political situation during the publication of subsequent issues of the magazine. Polish-Ukrainian relations, which changed over the years, were also of particular importance. The disagreements between these two nations, genocide and the difficult road to truth were among the main themes presented in the “Bulletin”. The author analyses and compares articles on particular topics that appeared in the quarterly over the years and discusses these issues in the literature on the subject.","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130721304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.01
G. Mazur
{"title":"Obszar Lwowski ZWZ-AK. Szkic dziejów","authors":"G. Mazur","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115393588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.03
Jakub Maszkiewski
THE HOME ARMY (AK) AS THE LAST MANIFESTATION OF POLISH STATEHOOD IN VOLHYNIA This article focuses on the phenomenon of the Home Army in the territory of the former Volhynia Province of the Second Polish Republic during the Soviet (1939- 1941) and German (1941-1944) occupation. The aim of the article is to show how, under the war conditions, the organised Polish society was able to create the underground Polish statehood. The work is divided into four parts. The first one introduces the reader to the beginnings of activity of the Polish independence underground in Volhynia. The second part is devoted to outlining the structural division of the Home Army units in Volhynia. The third focuses on the Operation “Burza” in Volhynia, that is, on the analysis of the military effort of the Volhynia AK – the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division of the Home Army – in defense of the independent Polish state. The fourth and last part focuses on the present cultivation of the memory and traditions of the Volhynia AK structures. According to the research hypothesis of this article, the structures of the Home Army were the last manifestation of the Polish statehood in Volhynia.
{"title":"Armia Krajowa jako ostatni przejaw polskiej państwowości na Wołyniu","authors":"Jakub Maszkiewski","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.03","url":null,"abstract":"THE HOME ARMY (AK) AS THE LAST MANIFESTATION OF POLISH STATEHOOD IN VOLHYNIA This article focuses on the phenomenon of the Home Army in the territory of the former Volhynia Province of the Second Polish Republic during the Soviet (1939- 1941) and German (1941-1944) occupation. The aim of the article is to show how, under the war conditions, the organised Polish society was able to create the underground Polish statehood. The work is divided into four parts. The first one introduces the reader to the beginnings of activity of the Polish independence underground in Volhynia. The second part is devoted to outlining the structural division of the Home Army units in Volhynia. The third focuses on the Operation “Burza” in Volhynia, that is, on the analysis of the military effort of the Volhynia AK – the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division of the Home Army – in defense of the independent Polish state. The fourth and last part focuses on the present cultivation of the memory and traditions of the Volhynia AK structures. According to the research hypothesis of this article, the structures of the Home Army were the last manifestation of the Polish statehood in Volhynia.","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123260702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.07
Aleksander Głogowski
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MILITARY AND CIVIL UNDERGROUND IN THE VILNIUS REGION IN 1939-1941 The first years of the occupation of the Vilnius Region were an unusual period in terms of the history of the Polish Underground State and the Polish armed resistance movement. This area was occupied after September 17, 1939 by the Soviet Union, but part of it was transferred to the Republic of Lithuania, along with which it was re-incorporated into the Soviet Union. The Lithuanian occupation was a considerable challenge both for the Polish authorities in exile and for the inhabitants of the Vilnius Region. Meeting such a challenge required certain diplomatic talents (not to worsen the situation of Poles living in this area) as well as knowledge of the relations in the area, which was a problem for the Polish authorities in France, and especially in Great Britain. The Polish inhabitants of the Vilnius Region considered the legal status of their land to be illegal occupation, while the Lithuanians claimed that thanks to a new agreement with the USSR, the period of occupation of these lands by Poles ended. These opinions, together with the mutual resentments and stereotypes flourishing for nearly 20 years, made the peaceful coexistence of two nations difficult, or even impossible. The government of the Republic of Poland tried to prevent the attempts to start an anti-Lithuanian uprising, not wanting to provoke the other two occupiers into military intervention. To this stage, it sought an intermediate solution between the abandonment of any conspiracy (which carried the threat of forming armed groups beyond the control of the legal Polish authorities) and its development on a scale known, for example, from the German or Soviet occupation. The Vilnius Region was to become the personnel and organisational base for the latter. The dilemma was resolved without Polish participation at the time of the annexation of the Republic of Lithuania by the Soviets. Then the second period of the Soviet occupation began, characterised by much greater brutality than the first one, with mass arrests, executions and deportations. The policy of repression primarily affected the pre-war military staff and their families, who were the natural base for the resistance movement of the intelligentsia. Fortunately, this process ended at the time of the German aggression against the USSR. Those that survived the period of the “second Soviet invasion” could in the new conditions continue their underground activities and prepare for an armed uprising in the circumstances and in the manner indicated by the Home Army Headquarters and the Polish Government in London.
{"title":"Początki konspiracji wojskowej i cywilnej na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1939-1941","authors":"Aleksander Głogowski","doi":"10.12797/9788381384681.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381384681.07","url":null,"abstract":"THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MILITARY AND CIVIL UNDERGROUND IN THE VILNIUS REGION IN 1939-1941 The first years of the occupation of the Vilnius Region were an unusual period in terms of the history of the Polish Underground State and the Polish armed resistance movement. This area was occupied after September 17, 1939 by the Soviet Union, but part of it was transferred to the Republic of Lithuania, along with which it was re-incorporated into the Soviet Union. The Lithuanian occupation was a considerable challenge both for the Polish authorities in exile and for the inhabitants of the Vilnius Region. Meeting such a challenge required certain diplomatic talents (not to worsen the situation of Poles living in this area) as well as knowledge of the relations in the area, which was a problem for the Polish authorities in France, and especially in Great Britain. The Polish inhabitants of the Vilnius Region considered the legal status of their land to be illegal occupation, while the Lithuanians claimed that thanks to a new agreement with the USSR, the period of occupation of these lands by Poles ended. These opinions, together with the mutual resentments and stereotypes flourishing for nearly 20 years, made the peaceful coexistence of two nations difficult, or even impossible. The government of the Republic of Poland tried to prevent the attempts to start an anti-Lithuanian uprising, not wanting to provoke the other two occupiers into military intervention. To this stage, it sought an intermediate solution between the abandonment of any conspiracy (which carried the threat of forming armed groups beyond the control of the legal Polish authorities) and its development on a scale known, for example, from the German or Soviet occupation. The Vilnius Region was to become the personnel and organisational base for the latter. The dilemma was resolved without Polish participation at the time of the annexation of the Republic of Lithuania by the Soviets. Then the second period of the Soviet occupation began, characterised by much greater brutality than the first one, with mass arrests, executions and deportations. The policy of repression primarily affected the pre-war military staff and their families, who were the natural base for the resistance movement of the intelligentsia. Fortunately, this process ended at the time of the German aggression against the USSR. Those that survived the period of the “second Soviet invasion” could in the new conditions continue their underground activities and prepare for an armed uprising in the circumstances and in the manner indicated by the Home Army Headquarters and the Polish Government in London.","PeriodicalId":143837,"journal":{"name":"Żołnierze Armii Krajowej na Kresach Wschodnich podczas II wojny światowej: Historia – polityka – pamięć","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114727437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12797/9788381384681.12
Renata Król-Mazur
MARIA KRZECZUNOWICZ (1895-1945?) – “THE RIGHT HAND” OF GENERAL TADEUSZ BÓR-KOMOROWSKI – PROLEGOMENA The aim of the work is to outline the figure of Maria Krzeczunowicz (aka “Dzidzia”, “Dzidzi”, “Wanda”, “Roma”, “Maria Rzewuska”, “Maria Piotrowska”), a landowner who during World War II rendered great services to the Home Army of the Kraków Area, as well as to the courier activity in the “South” section. The author focuses on presenting her underground work in the country (ZWZ-AK Kraków Area) and in the ZWZ-AK foreign military contact base in Budapest. The article outlines her activities as an emissary and courier. A hypothesis was put forward about the possible cooperation of M. Krzeczunowicz with British intelligence. Unfortunately, due to the pandemic situation at the time of writing this text and the related limitations in the availability of source materials, it was not possible to fully describe the figure of this wonderful woman. The author had to be limited to only providing a biographical outline – many issues were not touched at all or only signalled. Therefore, this work is a starting point for further, in-depth research on the biography of one of the most trusted associates of Gen. Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski and at the same time the most trusted courier of the Polish independence underground.
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