International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease最新文献

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in bioaerosols derived from patients with active pulmonary TB is a potential alternative diagnostic method for patients with presumed TB who cannot expectorate sputum.To assess the efficacy of a bioaerosol particle collection method to capture MTB and diagnose TB.A mask-like filter holder (3D mask) with a water-soluble gelatine filter (GF) and one containing a water-insoluble polypropylene filter (PPF) were prepared. Eligible patients wore the 3D mask with GF or PPF within 3 days of starting anti-TB drugs. The GF and PPF filters were collected after 2 and 8 h. DNA was extracted from the filter samples and tested using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).Filter samples were collected from 57 and 20 patients with and without active pulmonary TB, respectively. The GF and PPF sensitivity was 76.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The specificity of both methods was 100%. Of the 57 patients diagnosed with non-expectorated sputum samples, including suction phlegm, gastric lavage, and bronchial lavage fluid, 55.6% and 50.0% were positive by GF and PPF, respectively.We present a 3D mask filter sampling method for exhaled bioaerosol particles that can be used in clinical practice to diagnose patients with presumed TB..

Pesticides are used to control pests, but they are toxic and may severely harm children's health. We assessed health outcomes in Italian children living close to cultivations sprayed with pesticides.In 2011-2012, 2,367 schoolchildren (6-14 years) living in eight Italian cities participated in the Indoor-School observational study. Parents filled in a standardised questionnaire on children's health and related risk factors. Children were classified as exposed to pesticides if living close to cultivations sprayed with pesticides. The association between the last three months of respiratory, allergic or systemic symptoms and pesticide exposure was assessed by multinomial logistic regression models, accounting for host/environmental risk factors.Overall, 14% of children were exposed to pesticides, with significant differences among geographical areas: 21.2% in Northern Italy, 11.6% in Central Italy, and 9.7% in Southern Italy. Pesticide exposure was significantly associated with having: 1) 'often': eye symptoms (OR 3.81, 95% CI 2.06-7.05), skin symptoms (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.34-5.03), lower airway symptoms (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.41-4.01), systemic symptoms (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.96-2.53, borderline); 2) 'daily': upper airways symptoms (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.25-4.07) and systemic symptoms (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.43-5.34).Self-reported pesticide exposure was associated with respiratory, allergic or systemic symptoms in children. Public authorities should be aware of and intervene to mitigate this health risk..

To summarise the available literature regarding clinical presentation, immunological and microbiological diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of miliary TB in children and adolescents.Four databases were searched from 1 January 1950 to 31 January 2023. "Miliary" and "disseminated" TB were the main search concepts.Of 257 studies, 1,883 patients with miliary TB were included. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination was confirmed in 223/549 (40.6%) children. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement was reported in 367/924 (39.7%) cases; many of them had no neurological symptoms despite also having abnormal brain imaging. Of 1,112 children with known outcomes, 341 (30.6%) died; mortality was higher in publications before 1995 (41.5%) and in children with CNS involvement (31.9%). TB microbiological confirmation (55.8%) and sensitivity of tuberculin skin test (46.9%) and QuantiFERON Gold (72.4%) were overall low.Evidence is lacking to support best practices for paediatric miliary TB. Whether lumbar puncture (LP) and brain imaging should both be routinely done in miliary TB children, or a step-by-step approach based on initial LP findings, remains unclear. This study should inform policymakers and funding agencies about current significant gaps that need to be addressed by future high-quality studies..

The coexistence of TB and diabetes mellitus (DM) (TB-DM) is associated with an increased risk of treatment failure, death, delayed culture conversion, and drug resistance. Because plasma concentrations may influence clinical outcomes, we evaluated the evidence on the pharmacokinetic (PK) of TB drugs in individuals with DM to guide management.We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis through searches of major databases from 1946 to 6 July 2023. PROSPERO (CRD42022323566).Of 4,173 potentially relevant articles, we identified 16 studies assessing rifampicin (RIF) PK, 9 on isoniazid (INH), 8 on pyrazinamide (PZA), and 3 on ethambutol (EMB). Two studies reported on second-line anti-TB drugs. According to our meta-analysis, RIF time to maximum concentration (T_max) was significantly prolonged in patients with DM compared with non-DM patients. We found no significant differences for RIF C_max, area under the curve (AUC) 0-24 or drug concentration at 2 h (C2h), INH C2h, PZA C2h, PZA T_max, and EMB T_max. Although RIF C2h was slightly reduced in patients with TB-DM, this finding was not statistically significant.This review comprehensively examines the impact of DM on the PK of TB drugs. We observed significant heterogeneity among the studies. Given the association between lower plasma concentrations and poor clinical outcomes among patients with DM, we recommend a higher dose limit to compensate for the larger body weight of patients with DM..

Subnational TB estimates are crucial for making informed decisions to tailor TB control activities to local TB epidemiology.A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 143,005 individuals in Tamil Nadu, India. Participants were screened for symptoms and underwent chest X-ray (CXR). Participants with symptoms of TB and/or abnormal CXR were tested for TB using Xpert, smear, and liquid culture.The prevalence of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB (MCPTB) was 212 (95% CI 184-239) per 100,000 population. The prevalence-to-notification ratio (P:N) in the state was 2.05 (95% CI 1.8-2.29). Low body mass index and diabetes together had a population attributable fraction of 54.15 (95% CI 45.68-61.97). Approximately 39% of the TB cases were asymptomatic and were identified only by CXR screening. In the general population, only 26.9% sought care at a health facility among those with symptoms suggestive of TB.The programme needs to prioritise screening with CXR to potentially detect cases earlier and curtail the transmission and upscale molecular tests in the selected population to increase the yield of case finding. Innovative health education strategies must be devised to address health-seeking behaviour..