Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch008
Buğra Zengin
With its engaging spectacle and discussion of key issues, the US presidential election debates draw high viewership of not only Americans but also people of other nationalities through not only US-based television channels but also other mainstream channels around the world. Since many of the viewers are likely to be the learners of English as the most widely used Lingua Franca, who listen for as well as to the content, they should be helped with their processing of what they listen to, given the listening comprehension challenges. The demanding factors of speech rate and vocabulary necessitate the use of transcripts as an aid for listening comprehension. Transcripts facilitate the required vocabulary buildup and allow for semantic mapping through frequency counts of recurrent key words or word strings uncovering linguistic patterns and laying foundation for the enriching listening practices. Therefore, this chapter focuses on using transcripts accordingly.
{"title":"Significance of Transcript Availability for Viewing TV Coverage of US Elections","authors":"Buğra Zengin","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"With its engaging spectacle and discussion of key issues, the US presidential election debates draw high viewership of not only Americans but also people of other nationalities through not only US-based television channels but also other mainstream channels around the world. Since many of the viewers are likely to be the learners of English as the most widely used Lingua Franca, who listen for as well as to the content, they should be helped with their processing of what they listen to, given the listening comprehension challenges. The demanding factors of speech rate and vocabulary necessitate the use of transcripts as an aid for listening comprehension. Transcripts facilitate the required vocabulary buildup and allow for semantic mapping through frequency counts of recurrent key words or word strings uncovering linguistic patterns and laying foundation for the enriching listening practices. Therefore, this chapter focuses on using transcripts accordingly.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115780248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch005
Kaine Gülözer, Zeynep Koçoglu
Reduced forms (RFs) spoken by native English speakers have been challenging on the part of the second language (L2) learners. This chapter aims to address suprasegmental features to Turkish preparatory language school students in relation to L2 listening comprehension. Considering the limited research on RFs in learning English as a L2 context, this pre-test post-test control group design study aimed to explore whether the instruction of five RFs in sentential level results in any difference in listening comprehension test performance. The five forms entail contraction, assimilation, flap, elision, and linking. A total of 343 were recruited, and RFs instruction was delivered through the web page designated for the study for five weeks, and the performance of the eight groups was measured twice throughout the study. The findings indicated that sentence level of RFs instruction through web-based learning facilitates the listening comprehension of RFs.
{"title":"The Effect of Audio and Video Modality on Perception of Reduced Forms","authors":"Kaine Gülözer, Zeynep Koçoglu","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch005","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced forms (RFs) spoken by native English speakers have been challenging on the part of the second language (L2) learners. This chapter aims to address suprasegmental features to Turkish preparatory language school students in relation to L2 listening comprehension. Considering the limited research on RFs in learning English as a L2 context, this pre-test post-test control group design study aimed to explore whether the instruction of five RFs in sentential level results in any difference in listening comprehension test performance. The five forms entail contraction, assimilation, flap, elision, and linking. A total of 343 were recruited, and RFs instruction was delivered through the web page designated for the study for five weeks, and the performance of the eight groups was measured twice throughout the study. The findings indicated that sentence level of RFs instruction through web-based learning facilitates the listening comprehension of RFs.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128312772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch007
Işıl Günseli Kaçar
This mixed-method 14-week case study investigated the impact of peer feedback on Turkish English as a foreign language (EFL) prospective teachers' attitudes to and performance in a blended academic writing course in the tertiary setting. The peer feedback provision process involved online and face-to-face written peer feedback on weblogs, enhanced with a six-hour training phase for peer feedback. Weekly student journals, group feedback conferences, the end-of-the-semester survey, and the pre- and post-writing tests were used in the data collection. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis and the quantitative data via descriptive statistics and an independent paired sample t-test. The study indicated that the use of face-to-face and online peer feedback together was perceived as beneficial and effective by EFL pre-service teachers and that it led to a relatively successful performance in academic writing. It is suggested that participants unfamiliar with peer revision be provided with training and continuous scaffolding/guidance to ensure the effectiveness of the process.
{"title":"The Impact of Online and Face-to-Face Peer Feedback on Pre-Service Teachers in EFL Academic Writing","authors":"Işıl Günseli Kaçar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"This mixed-method 14-week case study investigated the impact of peer feedback on Turkish English as a foreign language (EFL) prospective teachers' attitudes to and performance in a blended academic writing course in the tertiary setting. The peer feedback provision process involved online and face-to-face written peer feedback on weblogs, enhanced with a six-hour training phase for peer feedback. Weekly student journals, group feedback conferences, the end-of-the-semester survey, and the pre- and post-writing tests were used in the data collection. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis and the quantitative data via descriptive statistics and an independent paired sample t-test. The study indicated that the use of face-to-face and online peer feedback together was perceived as beneficial and effective by EFL pre-service teachers and that it led to a relatively successful performance in academic writing. It is suggested that participants unfamiliar with peer revision be provided with training and continuous scaffolding/guidance to ensure the effectiveness of the process.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"82 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128169130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch006
Kaine Gülözer
In the field of second language (L2) perception, there is a common adherence to quantitative methods to examine reduced forms (RFs). This chapter extends the field by reporting on an investigation that analyzed L2 listeners' perceptions of RFs in English from a qualitative perspective. RFs instruction through web-based activities was delivered to a total of 80 learners of English of varying proficiency for five weeks. Twenty participants reflected on their performance on RFs listening tasks and provided justifications for their perceptions of the target RFs. Qualitative analysis revealed that the RFs that influenced L2 learners' perceptions of RFs were linking, pause phenomena, and assimilation. The results of using such qualitative methodology highlights the important role that RFs plays in perception judgements in syllable-timed languages such as Turkish, a factor which has not always been given much prominence in previous L2 fluency quantitative research.
{"title":"Boosting L2 Listening Comprehension Through Web-Based Listening Activities on Reduced Forms","authors":"Kaine Gülözer","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of second language (L2) perception, there is a common adherence to quantitative methods to examine reduced forms (RFs). This chapter extends the field by reporting on an investigation that analyzed L2 listeners' perceptions of RFs in English from a qualitative perspective. RFs instruction through web-based activities was delivered to a total of 80 learners of English of varying proficiency for five weeks. Twenty participants reflected on their performance on RFs listening tasks and provided justifications for their perceptions of the target RFs. Qualitative analysis revealed that the RFs that influenced L2 learners' perceptions of RFs were linking, pause phenomena, and assimilation. The results of using such qualitative methodology highlights the important role that RFs plays in perception judgements in syllable-timed languages such as Turkish, a factor which has not always been given much prominence in previous L2 fluency quantitative research.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"25 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132192416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch011
E. Demirel, Zeynep Baser
This chapter explores the use of structured group tasks in the testing of speaking skills in the context of a tertiary level first year speaking course. Participants included undergraduate university students from the department of English translation and interpreting at a state university located in Central Turkey. The structured task used in the study guided students into a group discussion during the speaking exam. The discussions in the exam sessions were video-recorded and transcribed. The transcriptions were analyzed from an interactional perspective. The students were also given an open-ended questionnaire to reveal their opinions about the ins and outs of the speaking test task tried out in the study. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part required students to fill out their demographic information, and the second part inquired students' opinions about the group speaking task. The results of the analysis and questionnaire responses revealed additional opportunities provided by the use of structured tasks in speaking exams.
{"title":"Examination of Speaking Test Performance in Structured Group Tasks","authors":"E. Demirel, Zeynep Baser","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the use of structured group tasks in the testing of speaking skills in the context of a tertiary level first year speaking course. Participants included undergraduate university students from the department of English translation and interpreting at a state university located in Central Turkey. The structured task used in the study guided students into a group discussion during the speaking exam. The discussions in the exam sessions were video-recorded and transcribed. The transcriptions were analyzed from an interactional perspective. The students were also given an open-ended questionnaire to reveal their opinions about the ins and outs of the speaking test task tried out in the study. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part required students to fill out their demographic information, and the second part inquired students' opinions about the group speaking task. The results of the analysis and questionnaire responses revealed additional opportunities provided by the use of structured tasks in speaking exams.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125964537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch002
Vehbi Turel
The design and development of adaptive hypermedia (AH) listening environments consist of different stages. Each stage in design and development of AH listening applications is vital in the design and development process so that cost-effective AH listening software can be designed and developed in a true sense. Pedagogically, epistemologically, and technically, a wide range of design principles and guidelines have to be heeded at each design and development stage so that effective and efficient AH listening environments can be designed and developed.
{"title":"An Instructional Design Model for Design and Development of Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Environments","authors":"Vehbi Turel","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"The design and development of adaptive hypermedia (AH) listening environments consist of different stages. Each stage in design and development of AH listening applications is vital in the design and development process so that cost-effective AH listening software can be designed and developed in a true sense. Pedagogically, epistemologically, and technically, a wide range of design principles and guidelines have to be heeded at each design and development stage so that effective and efficient AH listening environments can be designed and developed.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132859723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch004
Tingting Kang
Podcasts, one type of mobile-assisted language learning, have been promoted as promising tools in second language (L2) learning. Yet, quality indicators of podcast programs have not been generalized. Applying previous empirical results on predictors of listening comprehension, the purpose of this chapter was to identify English language learning podcast programs in iTunes that were preferred by language learners and teachers and build up a list of the indicators that can be considered for selecting and designing high-quality English language learning podcasts. Participants were 26 intermediate English as second language (ESL) learners at a southwestern American university and two of their listening and speaking teachers. The results revealed that the ESL students and their teachers both preferred podcasts that had interesting topics, natural speed, and clear pronunciation.
{"title":"Quality Indicators for Designing English Learning Podcasts","authors":"Tingting Kang","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"Podcasts, one type of mobile-assisted language learning, have been promoted as promising tools in second language (L2) learning. Yet, quality indicators of podcast programs have not been generalized. Applying previous empirical results on predictors of listening comprehension, the purpose of this chapter was to identify English language learning podcast programs in iTunes that were preferred by language learners and teachers and build up a list of the indicators that can be considered for selecting and designing high-quality English language learning podcasts. Participants were 26 intermediate English as second language (ESL) learners at a southwestern American university and two of their listening and speaking teachers. The results revealed that the ESL students and their teachers both preferred podcasts that had interesting topics, natural speed, and clear pronunciation.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133104699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch003
Buğra Zengin
Use of movies and TV shows for foreign language learning purposes pervades informal settings where viewers enjoy the multiplicity of soundtracks and of subtitles. However, this is not an integral part of formal language education policies. Hoping to inform policy making processes, this study aimed to investigate the most efficient use of audio/subtitle combinations for specific purposes. As a result, reversed subtitling was found to be effective for vocabulary learning whereas, generally, bimodal subtitling was considered to benefit accent-related problems. The participants self-reported preferrence for non-subtitled version in case of listening comprehension in general, which was due to the subtitle effect in the case of students at lower levels. Considering that mostly interlingual subtitled content is the only version in most platforms, these findings make it necessary to prefer a platform presenting a variety of alternative combinations in terms of soundtrack and subtitles.
{"title":"How Best to Use Audio/Subtitle Combinations in the Use of Films for Nonnative Learners of English","authors":"Buğra Zengin","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch003","url":null,"abstract":"Use of movies and TV shows for foreign language learning purposes pervades informal settings where viewers enjoy the multiplicity of soundtracks and of subtitles. However, this is not an integral part of formal language education policies. Hoping to inform policy making processes, this study aimed to investigate the most efficient use of audio/subtitle combinations for specific purposes. As a result, reversed subtitling was found to be effective for vocabulary learning whereas, generally, bimodal subtitling was considered to benefit accent-related problems. The participants self-reported preferrence for non-subtitled version in case of listening comprehension in general, which was due to the subtitle effect in the case of students at lower levels. Considering that mostly interlingual subtitled content is the only version in most platforms, these findings make it necessary to prefer a platform presenting a variety of alternative combinations in terms of soundtrack and subtitles.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127474725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch001
Tingting Kang
Due to the nature of listening, multiple media tools have been utilized in second language (L2) listening instruction for a long time. This chapter recruited the most recently published empirical studies in addition to the meta-analysis conducted in 2015 (Kang) and analyzed available evidence on the effects of different multiple media tools on L2 listening comprehension. The results revealed a medium-to-large effect of multiple media tools on listening comprehension in between-group designs (Cohen's d = .70), which was almost identical to the result observed five years ago. The effects of individual multiple media tools have also been statistically synthesized. Moderator analysis could help L2 educators and test developers make decisions on applying different multiple media tools in the fields of L2 instruction and assessment. Specifically, subtitles, captions, as well as self-regulated listening and slow speed were recommended to teachers and test developers as a means to improve learners' listening comprehension.
由于听力的本质，多媒体教学工具在第二语言听力教学中应用已久。除了2015年进行的元分析(Kang)外，本章还收集了最近发表的实证研究，并分析了不同多媒体工具对二语听力理解的影响。结果显示，在组间设计中，多种媒体工具对听力理解有中等到较大的影响(Cohen’s d = 0.70)，这与五年前观察到的结果几乎相同。个别多媒体工具的影响也被统计合成。主持人分析可以帮助第二语言教育者和测试开发者决定在第二语言教学和评估领域使用不同的多媒体工具。具体来说，教师和测试开发者推荐了字幕、字幕、自我调节听力和慢速等方法来提高学习者的听力理解能力。
{"title":"The Effect of Using Technology in L2 Listening","authors":"Tingting Kang","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch001","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the nature of listening, multiple media tools have been utilized in second language (L2) listening instruction for a long time. This chapter recruited the most recently published empirical studies in addition to the meta-analysis conducted in 2015 (Kang) and analyzed available evidence on the effects of different multiple media tools on L2 listening comprehension. The results revealed a medium-to-large effect of multiple media tools on listening comprehension in between-group designs (Cohen's d = .70), which was almost identical to the result observed five years ago. The effects of individual multiple media tools have also been statistically synthesized. Moderator analysis could help L2 educators and test developers make decisions on applying different multiple media tools in the fields of L2 instruction and assessment. Specifically, subtitles, captions, as well as self-regulated listening and slow speed were recommended to teachers and test developers as a means to improve learners' listening comprehension.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129021886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch010
Pelin Irgin
There is a substantial amount of research in the field of language teacher cognition reiterating that teachers' beliefs influence their classroom practices; however, teacher beliefs and practices do not always correspond because of the differences in both researchers' and teachers' conceptualization of beliefs and practices. This study aims to investigate the beliefs and practices of 96 language teachers in Turkey. A mixed-method research design was employed to answer the questions to what extent teachers' beliefs and practices reflect the issues stated in the literature on second language listening, what their beliefs and listening instructional practices are, whether their beliefs and practices converge, and if so, what factors underpin them.
{"title":"Exploring Teachers' Beliefs About Listening in a Foreign Language","authors":"Pelin Irgin","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7876-6.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"There is a substantial amount of research in the field of language teacher cognition reiterating that teachers' beliefs influence their classroom practices; however, teacher beliefs and practices do not always correspond because of the differences in both researchers' and teachers' conceptualization of beliefs and practices. This study aims to investigate the beliefs and practices of 96 language teachers in Turkey. A mixed-method research design was employed to answer the questions to what extent teachers' beliefs and practices reflect the issues stated in the literature on second language listening, what their beliefs and listening instructional practices are, whether their beliefs and practices converge, and if so, what factors underpin them.","PeriodicalId":145035,"journal":{"name":"Design Solutions for Adaptive Hypermedia Listening Software","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125180852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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