Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101426
Asuman Akkaya Fırat
Ferroptosis is one of the forms of programmed cell death. Besides being a necessary micronutrient, iron is the key element that initiates ferroptosis in the cell. Intracellular unstable iron accumulation increases the amount of intracellular ROS, especially by the peroxidation of unsaturated membrane phospholipids. Insufficient antioxidant capacity and decreased glutathione levels play an important role in this process. The research reveals that an imbalance between unoxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and oxidized PUFAs, particularly oxidized arachidonic acid, accelerates ferroptosis. These oxidative reactions change the permeability of lysosomal and cellular membranes and cell death occurs. Iron chelators, lipophilic antioxidants, and specific inhibitors prevent ferroptosis. In addition to being accepted as a physiological process, it seems to be associated with tissue reperfusion damage, ischemic, neurodegenerative diseases, hematological and nephrological disorders. Ferroptosis is also being explored as a treatment option where it may offer a treatment option for some types of cancer. In this section, the brief history of ferroptosis, its morphological, molecular, and pathophysiological features are mentioned. Ferroptosis seems to be a rich field of research as a treatment option for many diseases in the future.
{"title":"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?","authors":"Asuman Akkaya Fırat","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101426","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroptosis is one of the forms of programmed cell death. Besides being a necessary micronutrient, iron is the key element that initiates ferroptosis in the cell. Intracellular unstable iron accumulation increases the amount of intracellular ROS, especially by the peroxidation of unsaturated membrane phospholipids. Insufficient antioxidant capacity and decreased glutathione levels play an important role in this process. The research reveals that an imbalance between unoxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and oxidized PUFAs, particularly oxidized arachidonic acid, accelerates ferroptosis. These oxidative reactions change the permeability of lysosomal and cellular membranes and cell death occurs. Iron chelators, lipophilic antioxidants, and specific inhibitors prevent ferroptosis. In addition to being accepted as a physiological process, it seems to be associated with tissue reperfusion damage, ischemic, neurodegenerative diseases, hematological and nephrological disorders. Ferroptosis is also being explored as a treatment option where it may offer a treatment option for some types of cancer. In this section, the brief history of ferroptosis, its morphological, molecular, and pathophysiological features are mentioned. Ferroptosis seems to be a rich field of research as a treatment option for many diseases in the future.","PeriodicalId":14524,"journal":{"name":"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword [Working Title]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86475901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101265
K. Firdose, Noor Firdose
Iron metabolism differs from the metabolism of other metals in that there is no physiologic mechanism for iron excretion, it is unusual; approximately 90% of daily iron needs are obtained from an endogenous source, the breakdown of circulating RBCs. Additionally humans derive iron from their everyday diet, predominantly from plant foods and the rest from foods of animal origin. Iron is found in food as either haem or non-haem iron. Iron bioavailability has been estimated to be in the range of 14–18% for mixed diets and 5–12% for vegetarian diets in subjects with no iron stores. Iron absorption in humans is dependent on physiological requirements, but may be restricted by the quantity and availability of iron in the diet. Bioavailability of food iron is strongly influenced by enhancers and inhibitors in the diet. Iron absorption can vary from 1 to 40%. A range of iron bioavailability factors that depend on the consumption of meat, fruit, vegetables, processed foods, iron-fortified foods, and the prevalence of obesity. The methods of food preparation and processing influence the bioavailability of iron. Cooking, fermentation, or germination can, by thermal or enzymatic action, reduce the phytic acid and the hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate content. Thus improving bioavailability of non-haem iron. This chapter will elaborate the dietary iron sources and means of enhancing bioavailability.
{"title":"Dietary Iron","authors":"K. Firdose, Noor Firdose","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101265","url":null,"abstract":"Iron metabolism differs from the metabolism of other metals in that there is no physiologic mechanism for iron excretion, it is unusual; approximately 90% of daily iron needs are obtained from an endogenous source, the breakdown of circulating RBCs. Additionally humans derive iron from their everyday diet, predominantly from plant foods and the rest from foods of animal origin. Iron is found in food as either haem or non-haem iron. Iron bioavailability has been estimated to be in the range of 14–18% for mixed diets and 5–12% for vegetarian diets in subjects with no iron stores. Iron absorption in humans is dependent on physiological requirements, but may be restricted by the quantity and availability of iron in the diet. Bioavailability of food iron is strongly influenced by enhancers and inhibitors in the diet. Iron absorption can vary from 1 to 40%. A range of iron bioavailability factors that depend on the consumption of meat, fruit, vegetables, processed foods, iron-fortified foods, and the prevalence of obesity. The methods of food preparation and processing influence the bioavailability of iron. Cooking, fermentation, or germination can, by thermal or enzymatic action, reduce the phytic acid and the hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate content. Thus improving bioavailability of non-haem iron. This chapter will elaborate the dietary iron sources and means of enhancing bioavailability.","PeriodicalId":14524,"journal":{"name":"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword [Working Title]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80869345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-12DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100445
V. Talarico, L. Giancotti, Giuseppe Antonio Mazza, S. Marrazzo, R. Miniero, M. Bertini
Management of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is primarily focused to remove, when possible, the underlying cause of ID; subsequently its treatment is primary focused on iron stores repletion. Ferrous sulphate (FS) remains the mainstay of treatment and it is recommended as the first-line treatment of ID and IDA in children as in adults by all guidelines of scientific societies. However the effectiveness of FS is largely compromised by increased adverse effects, poor compliance and discontinuation of treatment. A new oral iron source named FERALGINE™ (FBC-A) has been recently developed. This new molecule is a patented co-processed one-to-one ratio compound between Ferrous Bysglicinate Chelate (FBC) and Sodium Alginate (AA), obtained by using a spray drying technology. The data presented in this short review highlight the efficacy and safety of the treatment with FBC-A and support its use in adult patients with IDA. Furthermore the present review also provides preliminary evidence to suggest FBC-A as first-line treatment for ID/IDA in patients with celiac disease (CD) or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
{"title":"FERALGINE™ a New Oral iron Compound","authors":"V. Talarico, L. Giancotti, Giuseppe Antonio Mazza, S. Marrazzo, R. Miniero, M. Bertini","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.100445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100445","url":null,"abstract":"Management of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is primarily focused to remove, when possible, the underlying cause of ID; subsequently its treatment is primary focused on iron stores repletion. Ferrous sulphate (FS) remains the mainstay of treatment and it is recommended as the first-line treatment of ID and IDA in children as in adults by all guidelines of scientific societies. However the effectiveness of FS is largely compromised by increased adverse effects, poor compliance and discontinuation of treatment. A new oral iron source named FERALGINE™ (FBC-A) has been recently developed. This new molecule is a patented co-processed one-to-one ratio compound between Ferrous Bysglicinate Chelate (FBC) and Sodium Alginate (AA), obtained by using a spray drying technology. The data presented in this short review highlight the efficacy and safety of the treatment with FBC-A and support its use in adult patients with IDA. Furthermore the present review also provides preliminary evidence to suggest FBC-A as first-line treatment for ID/IDA in patients with celiac disease (CD) or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).","PeriodicalId":14524,"journal":{"name":"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword [Working Title]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75996885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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