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The Apocalyptic Character of the Testament of Moses 摩西遗书》的启示性质
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.15527
Marek Parchem
The document entitled Testament of Moses takes the form of a farewell speech inspired by the Book of Deuteronomy, addressed by Moses before his death to Joshua. The original document, dating from the time of the Maccabees (mid-2nd century BC), was rewritten and updated at the beginning of the first century AD. It is preserved in only one Latin manuscript from the sixth century. The Latin text is a translation from Greek (ca. 5th century) which in turn is a translation of a text that was probably written in Hebrew. Although the Testament of Moses is dominated by a Deuteronomistic theology of history, its message focuses on determinism of an apocalyptic nature. Hence, the existing apocalyptic elements in the document play an important role, which is particularly highlighted by the eschatological hymn in Chapter 10, which shows many parallels with Dan 12:1–3. The eschatological events are portrayed as the time of the establishment of the kingdom of God and the annihilation of the devil. Before this happens, however, a variety of cataclysms of cosmic proportions and an intervention by God will occur, resulting in the final defeat of the forces of evil and the exaltation of Israel and its inclusion in a community with heavenly beings.
这份名为《摩西遗书》的文件采用了告别演说的形式,灵感来自《申命记》,是摩西临终前对约书亚说的。原始文件可追溯到马卡比时代(公元前 2 世纪中叶),在公元 1 世纪初被改写和更新。它仅保存在一份六世纪的拉丁文手稿中。拉丁文本是希腊文(约 5 世纪)的译本,而希腊文又是可能用希伯来文写成的文本的译本。虽然《摩西遗书》以申命记历史神学为主导,但其信息的重点是具有世界末日性质的决定论。因此,该文件中现有的世界末日元素发挥了重要作用,第 10 章中的末世赞美诗尤其突出了这一点,该赞美诗与但 12:1-3 有许多相似之处。末世事件被描绘成上帝王国的建立和魔鬼的毁灭。然而,在此之前,会发生各种宇宙级的大灾难和上帝的干预,最终邪恶势力会被打败,以色列会得到升华,并被纳入一个与天国同在的群体。
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引用次数: 0
Obieg apokryfów Starego Testamentu w literaturze koptyjskiej 科普特文学中《旧约》启示录的流传
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.16609
P. Piwowarczyk
Artykuł stanowi przegląd apokryfów Starego Testamentu w języku koptyjskim. Na wstępie omawia problem natury i liczby apokryfów w kontekście egipskiego chrześcijaństwa, za punkt odniesienie przyjmując finalnie Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Część analityczna pokazuje, że kodeksy zawierające rękopisy apokryfów stanowiły margines produkcji książkowej w języku koptyjskim. Były on relatywnie dobrze reprezentowane do V w., ale następnie straciły na popularności, a jedynie poszczególne motywy znalazły miejsce w nowych kompozycjach – zwłaszcza homiliach. Także analiza zachowanych katalogów bibliotecznych i list książek na papirusach, ostrakach i inskrypcjach dowodzi praktycznej nieobecności apokryfów Starego Testamentu wśród lektur monastycznych. Część interpretacyjna wskazuje na monastycyzację chrześcijaństwa koptyjskiego i zacieśnienie kontroli biskupiej jako kluczowe czynniki spadku produkcji rękopisów z apokryfami. 
文章概述了科普特语中的《旧约圣经》启示录。文章首先讨论了埃及基督教背景下的启示录手稿的性质和数量问题,并以最终的《旧约启示录》(Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti)为参照点。分析部分显示,包含启示录手稿的抄本在科普特图书制作中只占边缘部分。直到五世纪,这些手稿的数量还相对较多,但随后就不再受欢迎,只有一些特定的主题才会在新的作品中出现,尤其是颂歌。此外,对现存图书馆目录以及纸莎草纸、浮雕和碑文书籍清单的分析表明,修道院读物中实际上没有《旧约启示录》。解释部分指出,科普特基督教的修道院化和主教控制的加强是启示录手稿制作衰落的关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
Noah in the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 89:1-9) 动物启示录》中的诺亚(《使徒行传》89:1-9)
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.16154
Henryk Drawnel
The Aramaic description of the flood in 1 En. 89:1–9 has survived in two fragments from Qumran (4Q206 frg. 8 I and frg. 9), which contain a shorter text than the Ethiopic translation. This article is an analysis of the presentation of the figure of Noah in the longer version of the Ethiopic Animal Apocalypse in the context of the Ethiopic Book of Enoch and in relation to Mesopotamian traditions associated with the flood. After being told the secret about the flood by a “man” (an angel), Noah, the white bull, works as a carpenter and builds a huge boat. After the flood, transformed into a “man” (a supernatural figure in the symbolism of the Animal Apocalypse), he leaves his three sons. This description of Noah brings him closer to the main characters of the flood in Mesopotamian sources.
1 En. 89:1-9 中对洪水的阿拉姆描述在库姆兰的两个片段(4Q206 frg.89:1-9)中对洪水的描述,现存于库姆兰(Qumran)的两个片段(4Q206 frg.本文将结合埃塞俄比亚的《以诺书》以及美索不达米亚有关洪水的传统,分析长篇版本的《埃塞俄比亚动物启示录》对诺亚形象的描述。在被一个 "人"(天使)告知洪水的秘密后,白公牛诺亚做起了木匠,并建造了一艘大船。洪水过后,他变成了一个 "人"(《动物启示录》象征意义中的超自然人物),留下了他的三个儿子。对诺亚的这一描述使他更接近美索不达米亚资料中的洪水主角。
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引用次数: 0
Report on the Symposium “From the Book of Enoch to Book IV of the Sibylline Oracles. Old Testament Apocrypha – between Tradition and Innovation” 从《以诺书》到《西庇阿神谕书》第四卷 "研讨会报告。旧约伪经--传统与创新之间"
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.15481
M. Klukowski
the assumptions of evolutionary psychology, cognitive theories of religion, cognitive linguistics and formal analysis
进化心理学、宗教认知理论、认知语言学和形式分析的假设
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引用次数: 0
Książę Mastema i jego armia w Księdze Jubileuszy 朱比利斯书》中的马斯特玛王子和他的军队
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.16214
A. Tronina
Księgą Jubileuszy jest cennym świadectwem literatury „międzytestamentalnej” z okresu walk machabejskich o suwerenność religijną i narodową Izraela. Podjęty tutaj temat dotyczy unikalnego w literaturze określenia wodza złych duchów wyrażeniem „Książę Mastema”. „Mastema” jest nie tyle imieniem własnym, co raczej określeniem jego funkcji w świecie. „Władca wrogości” jest tu ukazany nie jako przeciwnik Boga, lecz jako dowódca armii złych duchów, która w czasach ostatecznych stoczy walkę z duchami wiernymi Bogu.
朱比利叶书》是马查比特人争夺以色列宗教和国家主权时期 "原教旨间 "文学的宝贵见证。这里讨论的主题是文献中对邪灵首领的独特称呼 "马斯特玛王子"。与其说 "马斯特玛 "是一个人名,不如说是他在世界上的职能。在这里,"仇敌的统治者 "不是被描绘成上帝的对手,而是被描绘成邪灵军队的统帅,他们将在末世与忠于上帝的灵作战。
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引用次数: 0
Promotor nauk biblijnych i animator dialogu z judaizmem w Polsce – Ksiądz Profesor Ryszard Rubinkiewicz 波兰圣经研究促进者和犹太教对话促进者--Ryszard Rubinkiewicz 牧师教授
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.17615
Henryk Witczyk
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引用次数: 0
Metaphtonymy of ἀστέρες πλανῆται in the Epistle of Jude 13 in the Light of the First Book of Enoch 从《以诺前书》看犹大书信 13 中ἀστέρες πλανῆται 的隐喻性
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.16662
Dorota Muszytowska
This article aims to elucidate the precise meaning of the expression ἀστέρες πλανῆται in the Epistle of Jude 13. The expression occurs within a series of metonymies (Jude 12–13) used by the author of the epistle to depict the wicked ( ἀσεβεῖς) who are under critique. Commentators highlight the challenge of interpreting the expressions appearing in those passages due to their metaphorical nature and the vagueness of their contextual origins. The metaphtonymy of ἀστέρες πλανῆται has been examined considering how metaphtonymy is defined in cognitive linguistics. Firstly, the sense resulting from the use of substitution (metonymy) was analysed. Attention was then given to the possible metaphorical meanings of the metonymy. Particular focus was given to the mechanisms of metaphor production, as the expression bears the characteristics of both a general metaphor, derived from experience, and a contextual metaphor, produced for a specific discourse. To characterise the domain of the expression within a given discourse, the Epistle of Jude was analysed as the primary context. Additionally, the First Book of Enoch (1 Enoch) was examined as a potential intertext that could reveal the mechanism of figurative language production in the expression ἀστέρες πλανῆται, as well as its meaning. The starting point was the assumption that there is a dependency relationship between Jude and the 1 Enoch. An analysis of the extant sources (Greek-language versions of 1 Enoch) has led to the conclusion that it is not possible to demonstrate hypoand hypertextual relationships for the expression ἀστέρες πλανῆται due to the lack of material evidence. An analysis of the meanings of the constituent expressions included in the metaphtonymy in question, as well as of the contexts in 1 Enoch, allows the conclusion that the authors of both texts and probably also the presumed primary recipients of the Epistle of Jude have a similar way of thinking and speaking. 1 Enoch makes it possible to better define both the use of this expression by the author of Epistle of Jude and understand the mechanism of figurative language production significantly influenced by the context of apocalyptic ideology.
本文旨在阐明《犹大书》第 13 卷中 "ἀστέρες πλανῆται" 一词的确切含义。该表达出现在书信作者用来描绘受到批判的恶人(ἀσεβεῖς)的一系列隐喻中(犹大书 12-13)。评论家们强调,由于这些段落中出现的表达方式具有隐喻性质,而且其语境来源模糊不清,因此在解释这些表达方式时面临挑战。考虑到认知语言学对隐喻的定义,我们对ἀστέρες πλανῆται 的隐喻性进行了研究。首先,分析了使用替换(隐喻)所产生的意义。然后关注隐喻的可能隐喻意义。我们特别关注隐喻产生的机制,因为该表达既具有一般隐喻的特征,源自经验,又具有语境隐喻的特征,产生于特定的话语。为了描述该表达在特定话语中的领域,我们将犹大书信作为主要语境进行分析。此外,还研究了《以诺第一书》(1 Enoch),将其作为潜在的互文,以揭示ἀστέρες πλανῆται 表达中的形象语言生成机制及其含义。研究的出发点是假设《犹大书》与《以诺记上》之间存在依存关系。对现存资料(《以诺一书》的希腊文版本)的分析得出结论,由于缺乏物证,无法证明ἀστέρες πλανῆται 这一表达的上下文关系。通过分析隐喻所包含的构成表达的含义以及《以诺书》中的上下文,我们可以得出结论:这两部经文的作者,可能还有《犹大书》的假定主要收信人,都有类似的思维和说话方式。以诺书 1》使我们有可能更好地界定《犹大书信》作者对这一表达方式的使用,并理解深受世界末日意识形态背景影响的形象化语言生成机制。
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引用次数: 0
Egzorcyzm w Apokryfie Księgi Rodzaju (1Q20ar) na tle demonologii Starego i Nowego Testamentu 创世纪伪经》(1Q20ar)中以新旧约恶魔学为背景的驱魔术
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.16591
Wojciech Kardyś
W Apokryfie Księgi Rodzaju (1Q20ar) pojawia się opowiadanie zawierające opis egzorcyzmu (kol. 20). Poproszono Abrahama, aby uwolnił faraona nękanego przez „ducha zarazy”. Tenże, stając się egzorcystą, sprawił, że demon został przegnany. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie tego opowiadania na tle biblijnych tekstów demonologicznych. Po ukazaniu postaci złego ducha i jego aktywności w 1Q20ar omówione zostało zagadnienie obecności demonów w Piśmie św. (zły duch szkodzący faraonowi najbardziej przypomina „ducha kłamstwa” z 1 Krl 22,19-22 oraz szatana Księgi Hioba). Opisany jest również przebieg egzorcyzmu w apokryfie i środki zastosowane przez Abrahama, a następnie przegląd egzorcyzmów w Starym i Nowym Testamencie. Okazuje się, że opowiadanie o wypędzeniu demona w 1Q20ar odbiega od tego, jaki znamy z Księgi Tobiasza, oraz od opisów obecnych w Ewangeliach. W podsumowaniu dochodzimy do przekonania, że mimo pewnych podobieństw w tym zakresie opowiadanie w 1Q20ar zachowuje swój oryginalny i nieporównywalny charakter. Być może stanowi swoisty pomost między „powściągliwą” demonologią Starego Testamentu a bardziej rozwiniętą nauką o złych duchach w Nowym Testamencie.
在《创世纪伪经》(1Q20ar)中,有一段关于驱魔的描述(第 20 节)。亚伯拉罕被要求释放一位被 "瘟疫之灵 "困扰的法老。亚伯拉罕成了驱魔人,驱走了恶魔。本文旨在以《圣经》中的魔鬼论文本为背景来展示这个故事。在展示了《1Q20ar》中恶灵的形象及其活动之后,讨论了圣经中恶魔的存在问题(伤害法老的恶灵最像《列王记上》22:19-22 中的 "谎言之灵 "和《约伯记》中的撒旦)。此外,还介绍了《启示录》中的驱魔过程和亚伯拉罕使用的方法,随后概述了《新旧约圣经》中的驱魔情况。事实证明,《1Q20ar》中关于驱魔的叙述与我们从《托比亚斯书》和福音书中了解到的描述有所不同。总之,我们确信,尽管在这方面有一些相似之处,但《1Q20ar》中的叙述仍保留了其独创性和无与伦比的特点。也许,它是旧约中 "克制的 "魔鬼论与新约中更发达的邪灵教义之间的一座桥梁。
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引用次数: 0
Sebastiano Pinto, Sapienza. Nuova versione, introduzione e commento (I libri biblici. Primo Testamento 34; Cinisello Balsamo: Paoline 2022) 塞巴斯蒂亚诺-平托,《智慧》。新版、导言和评注(《圣经》书籍。第一约 34;Cinisello Balsamo:《保罗书》2022)。
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.31743/ba.17544
Marcin Zieliński
Recenzja książki: Sebastiano Pinto, Sapienza. Nuova versione, introduzione e commento (I libri biblici. Primo Testamento 34; Cinisello Balsamo: Paoline 2022). Ss. 420. € 49. ISBN 978-88-315-5189-2
Recenzja książki: Sebastiano Pinto, Wisdom.I libri biblici. Primo Testamento 34; Cinisello Balsamo: Paoline 2022)。49 欧元。ISBN 978-88-315-5189-2
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引用次数: 0
Strangers "par excellence". Arabs in the Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions 出类拔萃 "的陌生人。新亚述王室碑文中的阿拉伯人
Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.31743/ba.14696
Maciej Münnich
The basic questions posed in the article were: what characteristics caused Arabs to be per­ceived by the elites of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as strangers, and whether such classification resulted in their treatment differently from other peoples? Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions and correspondence with the court were analysed to answer these questions. On this basis, three features that together are unique only to Arabs were distinguished: nomadism, camel farming and the presence of queens. These traits are unique to Arabs, so they are strangers par excellence from Assyria’s perspective. Interestingly, these features generally do not result in exceptional treatment. Only in a situation of conflict and defeat of the Arabs can one perceive their specific treatment, marked by exceptional cruelty even for Assyrians. For example, mainly Arab rulers were chained along with wild animals to the gates of the Assyrian capital. Moreover, only Arab women were subjected to tearing unborn children out of their wombs. This shows that Arabs were treated as half-humans against whom the most heinous crimes could be committed because Assyrians were not bound by the standards applicable to other peoples.
文章提出的基本问题是:新亚述帝国的精英们认为阿拉伯人是陌生人的原因是什么,这种分类是否导致他们受到与其他民族不同的待遇?为了回答这些问题,我们对新亚述王室碑文和与宫廷的通信进行了分析。在此基础上,对阿拉伯人独有的三个特征进行了区分:游牧、骆驼养殖和王后的存在。这些特征都是阿拉伯人所独有的,因此从亚述的角度来看,他们是出类拔萃的陌生人。有趣的是,这些特征通常不会导致特殊待遇。只有在冲突和阿拉伯人战败的情况下,人们才能感受到他们的特殊待遇,即使对亚述人来说也是异常残酷的。例如,主要是阿拉伯统治者与野兽一起被锁在亚述首都的城门上。此外,只有阿拉伯妇女才会被从子宫里扯出未出生的孩子。这表明,阿拉伯人被视为半人,可以对他们犯下最令人发指的罪行,因为亚述人不受适用于其他民族的标准的约束。
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引用次数: 0
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The Biblical Annals
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