Diana L. Moss, Gregory T. Gundlach, Riley T. Krotz
“Digital business ecosystems” (DBEs) reflect the culmination of progressive changes in business models and organizational structure over the last 40 years. The ubiquity of many large DBEs in our economy, society, and political system is troubling, as is their significant market power, which is the subject of competition investigations in the U.S. and abroad. But the DBE business model, which far surpasses other models and structures in its scope, scale, and complexity, remains largely under-analyzed. DBEs feature unique economic, technological, and business characteristics that increase their opacity to consumers, competition enforcers, and lawmakers. These include information as the currency of exchange and a range of market failures such as positive network effects, information asymmetries around user data and privacy, and data externalities. As the “engine” of commerce and growth in DBEs, cloud computing technology adds further complexity to the analysis of market power. This is particularly true of data analytics, supported by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, which powers the DBE “value proposition” of maximizing user engagement and monetizing user data.
This report examines the unique characteristics of DBEs and assesses their implications for competition enforcement and policy. This analysis raises numerous questions around the adequacy of conventional competition analysis in evaluating market power concerns. The widening gap between the complexity and growth of DBEs—and the likely inadequacy of policy responses to the market power problems they raise—elevates the importance of such questions. However, they cannot be answered by relying solely on a legal-economic framework. We therefore adopt a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating economics, law, and business theory and research in our analysis. Not surprisingly, it reveals important caveats and cautions regarding the application of conventional competition analysis to DBEs, with implications for how competition enforcers and legislators assess market power and design remedies, particularly in the merger and monopolization contexts.
The report begins with the evolution of the DBE business model and its rapid and expansive growth. We then turn to an analysis of the major structural and behavioral features of DBEs. Next are implications for competition analysis, such as how markets are defined, how market power is exercised, and remedies. The final section concludes with recommendations. As public and private antitrust cases against large DBEs mount, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), state Attorneys General, and courts will continue to grapple with their unique features. This report provides important analysis, insights, and recommendations for enforcers and policymakers as they explore the full complement of tools available to rein in the market power of DBEs.
{"title":"Market Power and Digital Business Ecosystems: Assessing the Impact of Economic and Business Complexity on Competition Analysis and Remedies","authors":"Diana L. Moss, Gregory T. Gundlach, Riley T. Krotz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3864481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3864481","url":null,"abstract":"“Digital business ecosystems” (DBEs) reflect the culmination of progressive changes in business models and organizational structure over the last 40 years. The ubiquity of many large DBEs in our economy, society, and political system is troubling, as is their significant market power, which is the subject of competition investigations in the U.S. and abroad. But the DBE business model, which far surpasses other models and structures in its scope, scale, and complexity, remains largely under-analyzed. DBEs feature unique economic, technological, and business characteristics that increase their opacity to consumers, competition enforcers, and lawmakers. These include information as the currency of exchange and a range of market failures such as positive network effects, information asymmetries around user data and privacy, and data externalities. As the “engine” of commerce and growth in DBEs, cloud computing technology adds further complexity to the analysis of market power. This is particularly true of data analytics, supported by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, which powers the DBE “value proposition” of maximizing user engagement and monetizing user data. <br><br>This report examines the unique characteristics of DBEs and assesses their implications for competition enforcement and policy. This analysis raises numerous questions around the adequacy of conventional competition analysis in evaluating market power concerns. The widening gap between the complexity and growth of DBEs—and the likely inadequacy of policy responses to the market power problems they raise—elevates the importance of such questions. However, they cannot be answered by relying solely on a legal-economic framework. We therefore adopt a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating economics, law, and business theory and research in our analysis. Not surprisingly, it reveals important caveats and cautions regarding the application of conventional competition analysis to DBEs, with implications for how competition enforcers and legislators assess market power and design remedies, particularly in the merger and monopolization contexts.<br><br>The report begins with the evolution of the DBE business model and its rapid and expansive growth. We then turn to an analysis of the major structural and behavioral features of DBEs. Next are implications for competition analysis, such as how markets are defined, how market power is exercised, and remedies. The final section concludes with recommendations. As public and private antitrust cases against large DBEs mount, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), state Attorneys General, and courts will continue to grapple with their unique features. This report provides important analysis, insights, and recommendations for enforcers and policymakers as they explore the full complement of tools available to rein in the market power of DBEs.<br>","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"34 20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132827935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Platform companies use design changes to govern their sellers. The success of a design change depends on sellers’ responses, which are influenced by the local environment. Our study focuses on an important aspect of the local environment – rural versus urban. Using data from a leading e-commerce platform, we find that relative to urban sellers, rural sellers were particularly poor at adjusting to a major design change. This also resulted in a persistent performance gap. We attribute these misaligned responses to rural sellers’ lack of local access to rich information. This study shows that sellers’ local heterogeneity generates equivocal responses and carries unintended consequences for platform governance. It also enriches our understanding of digital inequality in the platform economy.
{"title":"Platform Governance and the Rural-Urban Divide: Sellers’ Responses to Design Change","authors":"W. Koo, Charles E. Eesley","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3691262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3691262","url":null,"abstract":"Platform companies use design changes to govern their sellers. The success of a design change depends on sellers’ responses, which are influenced by the local environment. Our study focuses on an important aspect of the local environment – rural versus urban. Using data from a leading e-commerce platform, we find that relative to urban sellers, rural sellers were particularly poor at adjusting to a major design change. This also resulted in a persistent performance gap. We attribute these misaligned responses to rural sellers’ lack of local access to rich information. This study shows that sellers’ local heterogeneity generates equivocal responses and carries unintended consequences for platform governance. It also enriches our understanding of digital inequality in the platform economy.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126981967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As is well-known by now, the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Bank of England (BOE), the Central of Bank of Japan, the Federal Reserve of the USA, the Swiss Central Bank, and the European Central Bank have been leading the initiative to move away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (‘LIBOR’) to alternative overnight risk-free rates (‘RFR’), starting from 2022. This will have an impact on financial transactions worth over 350 trillion dollars. We have decided to write a series of papers on this topic to share an understanding of the underlying issues, its impact on accounting, on the financial market, financial instruments, and market liquidity, fallback language, risk models, hedging strategies, and a whole range of allied issues. In this first paper, we provide a background on the LIBOR transition (typically called ‘IBOR Transition’) and its fundamentals.
{"title":"IBOR Transition – A More In-Depth Look","authors":"Sunil Kansal, Ganesh S Melatur","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3585460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3585460","url":null,"abstract":"As is well-known by now, the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Bank of England (BOE), the Central of Bank of Japan, the Federal Reserve of the USA, the Swiss Central Bank, and the European Central Bank have been leading the initiative to move away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (‘LIBOR’) to alternative overnight risk-free rates (‘RFR’), starting from 2022. This will have an impact on financial transactions worth over 350 trillion dollars. We have decided to write a series of papers on this topic to share an understanding of the underlying issues, its impact on accounting, on the financial market, financial instruments, and market liquidity, fallback language, risk models, hedging strategies, and a whole range of allied issues. In this first paper, we provide a background on the LIBOR transition (typically called ‘IBOR Transition’) and its fundamentals.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128805004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Internet of Things (“IoT”) is an expression that refers to a whole set of new services and devices that includes at least three fundamental aspects: connectivity, use of sensors or actuators, and computational capacity for data processing and storage. The Internet of Things goes beyond connecting objects to each other; it also gives them the power to process data (thereby making them “smart”).
This development emerges from increased accessibility of already available technologies, which are now being used in mass. For example, a tractor equipped with an IoT device does not simply plow but can also collect data for subsequent analysis. This is done through an app hosted at a data center, which produces reports that allow farmers to make decisions about where and when to plant. In assembly lines, sensors provide data for analysis, which can in turn be used to determine the ideal times to perform equipment maintenance.
Estimates show that the Internet of Things has the potential to add from $4 to $11 trillion to the global economy by 2025; in Brazil alone that number could hit between $50 and $200 billion. Beyond the economic impact, IoT could lead to extremely significant social gains, such as helping countries to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
{"title":"Building a National Iot Plan: Policy Recommendations and the Case of Brazil","authors":"Ronaldo Lemos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3493356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3493356","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (“IoT”) is an expression that refers to a whole set of new services and devices that includes at least three fundamental aspects: connectivity, use of sensors or actuators, and computational capacity for data processing and storage. The Internet of Things goes beyond connecting objects to each other; it also gives them the power to process data (thereby making them “smart”).<br><br>This development emerges from increased accessibility of already available technologies, which are now being used in mass. For example, a tractor equipped with an IoT device does not simply plow but can also collect data for subsequent analysis. This is done through an app hosted at a data center, which produces reports that allow farmers to make decisions about where and when to plant. In assembly lines, sensors provide data for analysis, which can in turn be used to determine the ideal times to perform equipment maintenance.<br><br>Estimates show that the Internet of Things has the potential to add from $4 to $11 trillion to the global economy by 2025; in Brazil alone that number could hit between $50 and $200 billion. Beyond the economic impact, IoT could lead to extremely significant social gains, such as helping countries to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129659873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entrepreneurial ecosystems can take different forms, some of the conspicuous ones are country, city, cluster and economic zone. All these four entrepreneurial ecosystems are based on certain variables which affect their characteristics, performance, and impact. The models for evaluating entrepreneurial ecosystems based in a country, city, and a cluster are well established but there is no standardized and empirical model to evaluate economic zone based entrepreneurial ecosystems. In this paper, a methodology is adopted and re-designed to evaluate the relationships or affinities between the four types of entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study lays the theoretical foundation for a comprehensive empirical study for analyzing economic zone entrepreneurial ecosystems, based on the proposed model, for gaining insight and direction on how to create and optimize economic zone as instruments of national competitive advantage. The key questions that are discussed in this study are – why are entrepreneurial ecosystems relevant? what are the variables that drive entrepreneurial ecosystems? which model can be applied to assess affinities between four selected entrepreneurial ecosystem types? what learnings from study of these affinities can be applied to develop economic zone based entrepreneurial ecosystems? The results show a positive correlation between economic zone and cluster and city, based on data from WEF survey on entrepreneurial ecosystems collected on 8-pillars and 38 sub-variables, through responses from 1000 entrepreneurs across 49countries. The results provide a basis to foster advanced research in understanding and experimenting with economic zone based entrepreneurial ecosystems, and re-designing and deploying already existent models for evaluating economic zones.
{"title":"Affinities between Different Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Economic Zones","authors":"Azam Pasha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3352299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3352299","url":null,"abstract":"Entrepreneurial ecosystems can take different forms, some of the conspicuous ones are country, city, cluster and economic zone. All these four entrepreneurial ecosystems are based on certain variables which affect their characteristics, performance, and impact. The models for evaluating entrepreneurial ecosystems based in a country, city, and a cluster are well established but there is no standardized and empirical model to evaluate economic zone based entrepreneurial ecosystems. In this paper, a methodology is adopted and re-designed to evaluate the relationships or affinities between the four types of entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study lays the theoretical foundation for a comprehensive empirical study for analyzing economic zone entrepreneurial ecosystems, based on the proposed model, for gaining insight and direction on how to create and optimize economic zone as instruments of national competitive advantage. The key questions that are discussed in this study are – why are entrepreneurial ecosystems relevant? what are the variables that drive entrepreneurial ecosystems? which model can be applied to assess affinities between four selected entrepreneurial ecosystem types? what learnings from study of these affinities can be applied to develop economic zone based entrepreneurial ecosystems? The results show a positive correlation between economic zone and cluster and city, based on data from WEF survey on entrepreneurial ecosystems collected on 8-pillars and 38 sub-variables, through responses from 1000 entrepreneurs across 49countries. The results provide a basis to foster advanced research in understanding and experimenting with economic zone based entrepreneurial ecosystems, and re-designing and deploying already existent models for evaluating economic zones.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129833222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katerina Voutsina, Giorgos Papagiannakis, S. Lioukas
Economic crisis may inhibit the individual's intention to start a business. Yet, its study in entrepreneurship literature is overlooked. This observation does not come as a surprise, if one looks at how the role of environment has been slowly left out from the study of entrepreneurial intention. This article informs the current models of entrepreneurial intention by bringing back the role of environment and is a first step towards theorizing about the applicability of these predictive models under extremely adverse economic conditions. Using a fact-based approach and drawing upon a dataset of 618 graduates in Greece, the paper explores the role of perceived crisis both as an antecedent and a moderator in an extended model of entrepreneurial intention. Social support is introduced in the model as an additional determinant of entrepreneurial intention. Findings regarding the antecedent effects show that crisis affects all antecedents of intention, apart from attitude, while findings regarding the moderating effects show that crisis moderates only the desirability constructs - intention relationship and it does so in a rather unexpected way. Research and practical implications are discussed.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Intentions and Economic Crisis","authors":"Katerina Voutsina, Giorgos Papagiannakis, S. Lioukas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3300300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3300300","url":null,"abstract":"Economic crisis may inhibit the individual's intention to start a business. Yet, its study in entrepreneurship literature is overlooked. This observation does not come as a surprise, if one looks at how the role of environment has been slowly left out from the study of entrepreneurial intention. This article informs the current models of entrepreneurial intention by bringing back the role of environment and is a first step towards theorizing about the applicability of these predictive models under extremely adverse economic conditions. Using a fact-based approach and drawing upon a dataset of 618 graduates in Greece, the paper explores the role of perceived crisis both as an antecedent and a moderator in an extended model of entrepreneurial intention. Social support is introduced in the model as an additional determinant of entrepreneurial intention. Findings regarding the antecedent effects show that crisis affects all antecedents of intention, apart from attitude, while findings regarding the moderating effects show that crisis moderates only the desirability constructs - intention relationship and it does so in a rather unexpected way. Research and practical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114224612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Increased globalization, economic complexity and dynamism exacerbate contradictions between theoretical and empirical-driven arguments. This study analyzes the entrepreneurship paradox — i.e., entrepreneurship is good for the economy but entrepreneurial activity is consistently higher in less developed and developing countries over time—through the lenses of two relevant tensions that underlie this paradox: the development tension (i.e., the inconsistent relationship between entrepreneurship and economic performance) and the policy tension (i.e., the unclear role of entrepreneurship policy on entrepreneurship outcomes). Design/methodology/approach: Building on a sample of 81 countries from Africa, America, Asia and Europe for 2013-2014, we employ regression models and cluster analysis to scrutinize the effect of both the rate of entrepreneurial activity (quantity-based entrepreneurship) and the entrepreneurial ecosystem (quality-based entrepreneurship) on economic performance (GDP per capita). Findings: The analysis focuses on how the development tension and the policy tension shape the entrepreneurship paradox. In exploring these two elements of the entrepreneurship paradox, our analysis defines and distinguishes quantitative entrepreneurship from the systemic, quality-based entrepreneurial ecosystem, and sets forth alternative policies to reconcile the tensions between entrepreneurship and development that fuel the entrepreneurship paradox. Originality/value: The analysis proposed in this study contributes to a better understanding of the entrepreneurship paradox. The findings support the notion that African countries — and economies in general — do not need more entrepreneurs but rather a healthy entrepreneurship ecosystem that contributes to optimally channel the outcomes of entrepreneurial actions to the economy.
{"title":"The Entrepreneurship Paradox: More Entrepreneurs Are Not Always Good for the Economy – The Role of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem on Economic Performance in Africa","authors":"Esteban Lafuente, László Szerb, Z. Acs","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3307617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3307617","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Increased globalization, economic complexity and dynamism exacerbate contradictions between theoretical and empirical-driven arguments. This study analyzes the entrepreneurship paradox — i.e., entrepreneurship is good for the economy but entrepreneurial activity is consistently higher in less developed and developing countries over time—through the lenses of two relevant tensions that underlie this paradox: the development tension (i.e., the inconsistent relationship between entrepreneurship and economic performance) and the policy tension (i.e., the unclear role of entrepreneurship policy on entrepreneurship outcomes). \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach: Building on a sample of 81 countries from Africa, America, Asia and Europe for 2013-2014, we employ regression models and cluster analysis to scrutinize the effect of both the rate of entrepreneurial activity (quantity-based entrepreneurship) and the entrepreneurial ecosystem (quality-based entrepreneurship) on economic performance (GDP per capita). \u0000 \u0000Findings: The analysis focuses on how the development tension and the policy tension shape the entrepreneurship paradox. In exploring these two elements of the entrepreneurship paradox, our analysis defines and distinguishes quantitative entrepreneurship from the systemic, quality-based entrepreneurial ecosystem, and sets forth alternative policies to reconcile the tensions between entrepreneurship and development that fuel the entrepreneurship paradox. \u0000 \u0000Originality/value: The analysis proposed in this study contributes to a better understanding of the entrepreneurship paradox. The findings support the notion that African countries — and economies in general — do not need more entrepreneurs but rather a healthy entrepreneurship ecosystem that contributes to optimally channel the outcomes of entrepreneurial actions to the economy.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132375533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.26595/EAMR.2014.4.2.3
Josep M. Rosanas, Enkelejda Ymeri
For quite a while, in the second half of the 20th Century, Albania was considered the possibly most radical communist country, even beyond Mao’s China, and was an isolated country in Europe. Then, after the fall of the Berlin wall, it evolved towards some form of western capitalism, which is where it stands now. About a quarter of a Century has passed since then, and we have examined the change with some perspective. For this purpose, we did a field study of a number of firms in Albania through in-depth interviews with managers, before and after the change took place. After some considerations about the communist systems and the Marxian theory underlying them, we present the main results of the interviews realized in Albania with people that were managers during the socialist period, and people that are managers now. We then compare the results and analyze the differences to draw some conclusions about management control systems that can be generalized under the two systems.
{"title":"Management Control Systems Before and after the Transition from a Communist to a Capitalist System: The Case of Albania","authors":"Josep M. Rosanas, Enkelejda Ymeri","doi":"10.26595/EAMR.2014.4.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26595/EAMR.2014.4.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"For quite a while, in the second half of the 20th Century, Albania was considered the possibly most radical communist country, even beyond Mao’s China, and was an isolated country in Europe. Then, after the fall of the Berlin wall, it evolved towards some form of western capitalism, which is where it stands now. About a quarter of a Century has passed since then, and we have examined the change with some perspective. For this purpose, we did a field study of a number of firms in Albania through in-depth interviews with managers, before and after the change took place. After some considerations about the communist systems and the Marxian theory underlying them, we present the main results of the interviews realized in Albania with people that were managers during the socialist period, and people that are managers now. We then compare the results and analyze the differences to draw some conclusions about management control systems that can be generalized under the two systems.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114936250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In any organization, creativity is an important resource to ensure survival in a competitive market. Recently, entrepreneurship has been highlighted as a means of improving the public sector’s quality. Many public organizations have created innovative ways of managing their employees for administrative reform activities. Yet, in the public sector, few studies have attempted to systematically model the actions of public entrepreneurs in well-defined contexts. Based on the research question (Could a special form of entrepreneurship based on Confucian values be discovered in Confucian Asian countries?), this study focuses on public organizations in South Korea as a means of exploratory research to extend previous studies on the uniform and universal attributes of entrepreneurship. This study confirms the existence of Confucian and entrepreneurial values in South Korean public organizations, identifies relationships between Confucianism and entrepreneurship, develops a Confucian Asia Entrepreneurship (CAE) index, and compares the differences among South Korean public organizations. The empirical analysis shows that there are significant similarities and differences among South Korean public organizations and raises the examples in applying our CAE index. In sum, the overall findings of the analysis suggest that there are meaningful relationships between Confucianism and entrepreneurship that should be addressed.
{"title":"Configurations of Confucian Entrepreneurship in the Asian Public Sector: A Preliminary Study of South Korean Public Organizations","authors":"H. Oh, K. Min, Hwa-yeon Kim, Sung Min Park","doi":"10.18003/AJPA.20175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18003/AJPA.20175","url":null,"abstract":"In any organization, creativity is an important resource to ensure survival in a competitive market. Recently, entrepreneurship has been highlighted as a means of improving the public sector’s quality. Many public organizations have created innovative ways of managing their employees for administrative reform activities. Yet, in the public sector, few studies have attempted to systematically model the actions of public entrepreneurs in well-defined contexts. Based on the research question (Could a special form of entrepreneurship based on Confucian values be discovered in Confucian Asian countries?), this study focuses on public organizations in South Korea as a means of exploratory research to extend previous studies on the uniform and universal attributes of entrepreneurship. \u0000This study confirms the existence of Confucian and entrepreneurial values in South Korean public organizations, identifies relationships between Confucianism and entrepreneurship, develops a Confucian Asia Entrepreneurship (CAE) index, and compares the differences among South Korean public organizations. The empirical analysis shows that there are significant similarities and differences among South Korean public organizations and raises the examples in applying our CAE index. In sum, the overall findings of the analysis suggest that there are meaningful relationships between Confucianism and entrepreneurship that should be addressed.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132189402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Fairlie, Arnobio Morelix, Inara Tareque, Joshua Russell-Fritch, E. Reedy
For the first time since the recovery got underway, Main Street entrepreneurship activity is at higher levels in 2016 than those recorded before the onset of the Great Recession. This increase was primarily driven by a jump in the business survival rates, which reached a three-decade high of 48.7 percent. This means almost half of new businesses are making it to their fifth year of operation. Greater longevity for startup businesses marks a major turnaround from the Great Recession, which saw the business survival rate drop to a low of 42.9 percent in 2011. Survival rates have increased every year since then. The national Rate of Business Owners and the Established Small Business Density remained steady in the 2016 Main Street Index. The Rate of Business Owners was 60 out of 1,000 adults, the same as the previous year. Business Density changed little, logging 676 established small businesses per 1,000 businesses. However, the results show that U.S. small businesses have gotten smaller over the last 20 years. The smallest of those small businesses – companies with one to four employees – make up 53.1 percent of all established small businesses, up from 49.5 percent in 1996.
{"title":"The Kauffman Index of Main Street Entrepreneurship: National Trends 2016","authors":"R. Fairlie, Arnobio Morelix, Inara Tareque, Joshua Russell-Fritch, E. Reedy","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2883361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2883361","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time since the recovery got underway, Main Street entrepreneurship activity is at higher levels in 2016 than those recorded before the onset of the Great Recession. This increase was primarily driven by a jump in the business survival rates, which reached a three-decade high of 48.7 percent. This means almost half of new businesses are making it to their fifth year of operation. Greater longevity for startup businesses marks a major turnaround from the Great Recession, which saw the business survival rate drop to a low of 42.9 percent in 2011. Survival rates have increased every year since then. The national Rate of Business Owners and the Established Small Business Density remained steady in the 2016 Main Street Index. The Rate of Business Owners was 60 out of 1,000 adults, the same as the previous year. Business Density changed little, logging 676 established small businesses per 1,000 businesses. However, the results show that U.S. small businesses have gotten smaller over the last 20 years. The smallest of those small businesses – companies with one to four employees – make up 53.1 percent of all established small businesses, up from 49.5 percent in 1996.","PeriodicalId":147967,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132740799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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