Pub Date : 2019-09-15DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0009
M. Ávila, H. Ernstson
yearold child in the Argentinean city of Córdoba is taken to the hospital and is kept breathing through artificial respiration. A scorpion had crept in through the grate of the shower and stung him. Similar humanscorpion encounters have become more common over the last ten years and have prompted a public campaign on how to avoid being stung. In this chapter we take an interest in morethanhuman urban encounters of this kind. We want to understand what it means to share a place, not with cute, cuddly, or majestic animals that are easily visible, but with small animals, insects, and organisms that we instinctively fear will hurt us. The chapter therefore contributes to a growing literature that elaborates methods and frameworks to think about animals as fellow urban inhabi tants. This has ranged from following the traces left by water voles and badgers in Birmingham in trying to upset expert ways of knowing the city; to writing accounts that try to sensitize humans to how penguins and flying foxes experience the city of Sydney as “narrative subjects”; and, finally, to draw on media accounts of a tiger, an elephant, and a cow, which fled zoos, circuses, and slaughterhouses, to elaborate on the possible political agency of nonhuman animals. In relation to this literature, our contribution lies in approaching animals that we instinctively fear and, rather than using more traditional ethnographic methods, we use material design as a method of speculating about such morethanhuman relations. Design has the advantage of sustaining affective, social, material, and political tensions and possibilities with species that we humans relate to. In this context, the chapter describes and reflects on an alternative shower grate that we designed with the idea of shifting the roles and relations between humans and scorpions toward cohabitation. A central aim is, therefore, to make urban dwellers more aware 5 Realms of Exposure: On Design, Material Agency, and Political Ecologies in Córdoba
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Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0014
J. Lachmund
Ranging from the small square the size of a block with lawns, flowerbeds and shadowing trees and bench to rest for the air hungry city dweller, to the extended people’s park [Volkspark] ... , to the remaining villages with their old churches, estates, farm houses, meadows and fields, to the distinguished mansion districts with their gardens, or the residential areas from the 1920s that are pervaded with green, to the Grunewald or the vast Spandauand Tegelforest in West Berlin, which are almost deserted during the week,— about one fourth of the total surface of this city is “nature,” before and beyond the wall it consists of water, forest, and heath!
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0020
H. Ernstson, S. Sörlin
Central to this book are an urge and a curiosity to multiply the understanding of urban environments by taking in a wider urban experience. Rather than a global model that tries to grasp and decode urban environments in the same way wherever they appear, we have worked with the idea that what is required is an approach that sustains the multiplicity of urban nature, that affords and provides space for various ways of knowing and ways of being within and in relation to urban nature, and that produces an epistemologically and ontologically rich object of study, opening it toward conversations, collaborations, debates, and contestations. In a world that is urbanizing rapidly across a diverse set of cultural and biophysical contexts, it is crucial to open our understanding of urban nature toward a broader urban experience. At the very end of the volume, it is time to reflect on how the growing community who share an interest in urban environmental studies could move on in future work. One way of taking the project forward would be to engage in a critical and constructive relationship with urban ecology as conceived within the environmental sciences. The meeting between scientific and narrativebased ways of knowing urban environments could focus on how knowledge is used in tangible conflicts and controversies. Sara Whatmore and the broader conceptual work built in the field of science and technology studies have opened one practical avenue. In her work on flooding in English towns, Whatmore brought natural and social scientific scholars and representatives from the 13 Grounding and Worlding Urban Natures: Configuring an Urban Ecology Knowledge Project
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0012
L. Hoffman
of volunteers met to pull invasive plants in Dalian, a major port city in northeast China. Participants included recent high school graduates and individuals who had been retired for years, men and women, regular activists and new participants. All had gone through training provided by a wellestablished environmental organization about the targeted plant and its damage to the local ecosystem. After driving to the roadside not far from the universities where the work was to be done, the volunteers pulled protective clothing out of their bags— long sleeved shirts, long pants, gloves, and scarves for their heads and mouths— to ward off scratches and insects (see figure 7.1, top). They also shared machetes, clippers, and shovels, and tossed water bottles to each other because of the heat. When I attended another outing with the same organization in the summer of 2011, about twentyfive people congregated to listen to the director describe the invasive weeds and insects that had been introduced with imported plants and were impacting the local ecosystem. They passed around a sample leaf for everyone to see and touch, and then asked participants to pull them, which they did for about an hour before sitting together for lunch, chatting, and taking photos (see figure 7.1, bottom). The physicality and materiality of such volunteering seem to be critical aspects of these experiences— the heat; the chopping, cutting and pulling of the plants; the backs bent and glovedhands grabbing; the protective clothes; and the shared water, and often shared snacks. The plants themselves, described as invasive, indicative of things out of place and problematic, may be understood as active parts of the social processes of volunteering, which intertwines the work of nongovernmental organizations 7 Invasion and Citizen Mobilization: Urban Natures in Dalian
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0004
H. Ernstson, S. Sörlin
There is a global discourse forming around urban ecology that risks simplifying how cities and nature are understood together. Its models range from techdriven “smart cities” to ecologydriven “biophilic,” “resilient,” or “ecocities”; to attempts at formulating “a science of cities.” While we recognize that a global response to urban sustainability is important, we question discourses that seem intent on creating unifying frameworks through which to think about and act on urban ecology in all cities. If there is anything that the rich traditions of urban studies, critical environmental studies, and environmental history have shown, it is that place and time matter for how things play out. This book draws upon a wide tradition of thought and research from the humanities and the social sciences concerning ways that cities and nature have been conceptualized together and seeks to offer multiple perspectives for the study of urban natures. 1 Toward Comparative Urban Environmentalism: Situating Urban Natures in an Emerging “World of Cities”
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0013
A. Baviskar
Faridabad toll road, your standard highway on Delhi’s outskirts, rolling through a landscape where dusty scrub vegetation is being rapidly replaced by dustier highrise construction sites. There’s an eyesore called the Gurgaon Faridabad Combined Solid Waste Management facility, with acres of open garbage, some scrawny cows, and flapping crows. Beside the kachcha (unpaved) road along the dump’s broken boundary wall, there are deep, jaggededged craters, relicts from the stone quarrying that was done here until ten years ago. The land is rocky and open, dotted about with trees and shrubs, one of those ennuiinducing views where your mind begins to wander to more interesting things like the grocery shopping list or reminding yourself to call the plumber when you get home. In the middle of this nowhere, Pradip Krishen, author of Trees of Delhi, whom I am accompanying, stops the car. We walk for about ten minutes, winding our way past rocks hugged by stunted plants, between trees twisted by hot dry winds. It is 8:00 in the morning in late March, and it already feels like summer. And then, suddenly, we arrive at the lip of a cliff. The ground drops away and so does my jaw. Spread out below us is a deep wooded valley, densely yet delicately green, the expanse of its tree canopy broken only by the whitewashed domed tower of a small shrine in the distance. Besides the shrine, the only other sign of human presence is a boundary pillar on the far end of the valley. That’s it; the rest is undisturbed forest. The only sound is the plaintive call of peafowl, the only movement their ponderous glide from one tree to another. Oh, there’s also the racket of parakeets arrowing across the sky. Some grasses wave as the breeze catches the outcrop of rocks below our feet. Everything else is still. We could be two hundred kilometers away in the middle of Sariska National Park except 8 Urban Nature and Its Publics: Shades of Green in the Remaking of Delhi
法里达巴德收费公路是你在德里郊区的标准高速公路，在这里，尘土飞扬的灌木植被正迅速被尘土飞扬的高层建筑工地所取代。这里有一个碍眼的地方，叫做古尔加翁法里达巴德综合固体废物管理设施，那里有几英亩的露天垃圾，一些骨瘦如柴的奶牛和拍打翅膀的乌鸦。沿着垃圾场破碎的边界墙，在kachcha(未铺设的)道路旁，有一些深而参差不齐的陨石坑，这些是十年前这里采石的遗迹。这片土地多岩石，地势开阔，树木和灌木点缀其间，这是一种令人厌烦的景色，让你的思绪开始游荡到更有趣的事情上，比如杂货店的购物清单，或者提醒自己回家后打电话给水管工。在这个荒无人烟的地方，我陪同的《德里之树》(Trees of Delhi)的作者普拉迪普·克里申(Pradip Krishen)停了车。我们走了大约十分钟，穿过被矮小的植物包围的岩石，穿过被干热的风扭曲的树木。现在是三月下旬的早上8点，感觉已经是夏天了。然后，突然，我们来到了悬崖的边缘。地面掉了下来，我的下巴也掉了下来。在我们下面展开的是一个树木繁茂的深谷，山谷郁郁葱葱，郁郁葱葱，只有远处一座小神社的白色圆顶塔打破了广阔的树冠。除了神殿，人类存在的唯一标志是山谷尽头的界柱。这是它;其余的是未受干扰的森林。唯一的声音是孔雀的哀鸣，唯一的动作是它们沉重地从一棵树滑到另一棵树。哦，还有长尾小鹦鹉划过天空的声音。微风拂过我们脚下露出来的岩石，一些草在风中摇曳。其他一切都是静止的。除了《城市自然及其公众:德里重建中的绿色阴影》，我们可能在两百公里外的萨里斯卡国家公园中央
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0017
James Evans
tion living in cities— a proportion forecast by the United Nations to rise to 75 percent by 2050. At the same time, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has claimed with 95 percent certainty that climate change is being driven by human activities, prompting scientists to herald the advent of the Anthropocene, a new era in which humans have become the main drivers of environmental change. The challenge of securing a sustainable global future has become a question of taming the environmental impacts of cities. Within this context, ecology has emerged as a technology of governance, promising a way to manage human relations with nature in more sustainable ways. As in the nineteenth century, when crusading sanitarians and engineers tamed death and disease with modern infrastructures supplying water and energy, so in the current urban century, urban ecology is being herlded as being capable of arresting environmental destruction with closed loop systems and adaptive management. Ecology is the scientific assumption lying behind every rhetorical “eco” preface, providing a compass to navigate safe passage to the promised land of sustainability. The irony of this redemptive role is that ecology originated as a discipline not primarily concerned with people. Environmental historians have offered compelling accounts of how concepts like succession and ecosystems embody the specific characteristics of the rural and wilderness areas in which early ecologists worked. Sometimes the parallels are literal: the idea of “pioneer” plant communities was derived from research conducted on the vast plains of the Midwest in early twentiethcentury America, across which human pioneers had moved barely a century earlier. One particularly stubborn consequence of this has been the hardwiring of cultural preferences for “wild” environments into the scientific models of 11 Ecology in the Urban Century: Power, Place, and the Abstraction of Nature
联合国预测，到2050年，这一比例将上升到75%。与此同时，政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)以95%的肯定宣称，气候变化是由人类活动造成的，这促使科学家们预示着人类世(Anthropocene)的到来，这是一个人类成为环境变化主要驱动力的新时代。确保全球未来可持续发展的挑战已经变成了控制城市对环境影响的问题。在这种背景下，生态学作为一种治理技术出现，有望以更可持续的方式管理人类与自然的关系。正如在19世纪，十字军般的卫生工作者和工程师们用提供水和能源的现代基础设施驯服了死亡和疾病一样，在当前的城市世纪，城市生态学被认为能够通过闭环系统和适应性管理来阻止环境破坏。生态学是隐藏在每一个华丽的“生态”前言背后的科学假设，为通往可持续发展应许之地的安全通道提供了一个指南针。这种救赎作用的讽刺之处在于，生态学最初是一门主要与人无关的学科。环境历史学家对诸如演替和生态系统之类的概念如何体现早期生态学家工作的农村和荒野地区的具体特征提供了令人信服的描述。有时，这种相似之处是字面上的:“先驱”植物群落的概念源于对20世纪初美国中西部广阔平原的研究，而人类拓荒者仅仅在一个世纪前才到达那里。其中一个特别顽固的结果是，将对“野生”环境的文化偏好硬连接到《城市世纪的生态学:权力、地点和自然的抽象》一书的科学模型中
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0011
Richard A. Walker
cisco Bay Area, the greenest of cities in the United States. It has earned that title by virtue of over a century of conservation of open space, bay waters, and coastal areas the length and breadth of the metropolitan area. The Bay Area is replete with what might be called “popular urban natures” because the landscape of the region bristles with parks, open spaces, and other protected areas that are the result of widespread mobilization of committed citizens, fierce outbreaks of environmental politics, and thoroughgoing incorporation of green spaces in public life. I have assayed the depth and breadth of this process of popular naturemaking in the city elsewhere; I use this opportunity to elaborate on the key ideas in the making of urban natures and show how they must be grounded geographically and politically. The argument proceeds in three parts. First, the bay metropolis encompasses a huge array of open spaces— loosely called the “greenbelt”— that have become an everyday part of the urban scene, experienced as scenic backdrop, as recreational areas, and as integral to local residents’ sense of place. That greenbelt is widely viewed as preserved wildland, in contrast to the artifice of the city, yet it is anything but nature in the raw. It is an urbanized nature— a socionatural hybrid profoundly transformed by the encounter between city and country and between popular ideas and practices and ecological processes. Second, the greenbelt landscape can be understood as popular urban nature in the crucial sense of being the consequence of strenuous political activity by a mobilized citizenry that has been well organized, well led, and well heeled. Popular spaces of urban nature have been achieved through a sustained struggle in counterflow to the dominant logic of profitmaking, expressed in terms of the public interest and manifested 6 Nature’s Popular Metropolis: The Greening of the San Francisco Bay Area
cisco Bay Area，美国最环保的城市。由于一个多世纪以来对开放空间、海湾水域和沿海地区的保护，它赢得了这个称号。湾区充满了所谓的“受欢迎的城市性质”，因为该地区的景观布满了公园、开放空间和其他保护区，这些都是忠诚的公民广泛动员、环境政治激烈爆发以及将绿色空间彻底纳入公共生活的结果。我已经分析了这个城市其他地方流行的自然创造过程的深度和广度;我利用这个机会详细阐述了城市自然形成的关键思想，并展示了它们必须如何在地理和政治上扎根。论证分三部分进行。首先，海湾大都市包含了大量的开放空间，这些开放空间被称为“绿地”，已经成为城市景观的日常组成部分，作为风景背景，休闲区域，以及当地居民的地方感不可或缺的一部分。这片绿地被广泛视为保存完好的荒地，与城市的人造景观形成鲜明对比，但它绝不是原始的自然。它是一种城市化的自然——一种社会与自然的混合体，在城市与乡村、流行思想与实践与生态过程的碰撞中发生了深刻的变化。其次，绿地景观可以被理解为受欢迎的城市自然，因为它是由组织良好、领导良好、富有的公民动员起来的激烈政治活动的结果。城市自然的流行空间是通过与营利的主导逻辑的持续斗争而实现的，以公共利益的方式表达，并体现了自然的流行大都市:旧金山湾区的绿化
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0001
{"title":"Preface: A Diverse Urban World","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":148647,"journal":{"name":"Grounding Urban Natures","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121365860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0018
Jia-Ching Chen
sity of land use in Yixing is very high and ecological environmental protection is already extremely urgent. ... The optimization of land use structure requires the closure and relocation of Taihu shoreline towns and a considerable number of enterprises and villages, which will transform farmers’ traditional cultivation customs. This will be done. — Yixing Bureau of Land and Resources, Yixing Land Use Master Plan (2006– 2020)
{"title":"Refiguring the Rural: Eco-urbanization in Yixing City","authors":"Jia-Ching Chen","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11600.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"sity of land use in Yixing is very high and ecological environmental protection is already extremely urgent. ... The optimization of land use structure requires the closure and relocation of Taihu shoreline towns and a considerable number of enterprises and villages, which will transform farmers’ traditional cultivation customs. This will be done. — Yixing Bureau of Land and Resources, Yixing Land Use Master Plan (2006– 2020)","PeriodicalId":148647,"journal":{"name":"Grounding Urban Natures","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127375474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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