The Sustainable City VII最新文献

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Developing a new authenticity rating system on architectural conservation 建立新的建筑保护真实性评价体系

The Sustainable City VII

Pub Date : 2012-05-07 DOI: 10.2495/SC121031

M. Ulukan, H. Arslan

Authenticity is one of the main phenomena of architectural conservation. At first glance it refers to the emphasizing of fidelity, originality and sincerity to the origin of historic buildings, sites or objects. This notion is a common subject of argument in the interpretation of historic buildings and sites which involves experts of the architectural conservation council. Cognoscenti are bound to decide for the difficult resolution of authenticities of historic fabrics relating to their knowledge and experience. The question about the authenticity of a historic fabric can be answered whether it is authentic or not, but this does not give an idea about the level that is “how much”. The answer relies on the experts’ perceptions and while one may say “very good, authentic” the others may say “not authentic” for the same historic building. This shows a lack of clarity and certainty. In this study, a new ranking system has been developed to interpret the unequal results of deterioration of historic buildings and their authenticity levels by the use of “fuzzy logic” sets. A fuzzy logic model evaluates historic buildings according to the question of “how much”. Although numerical categorization sets forward sharp and mutually exclusive classes according to classical Aristotelian logic, “fuzzy logic” includes mutually inclusive classes. Fuzzy logic operators provide a formal method of manipulating linguistic variables. The usage of fuzzy logic in this system provides a comparative analysis of different conservation states of historic buildings to go through and accurate restoration works according to authenticity ratings. This study proposes objective decisions that can be interrogated and reconsidered on the authenticity of a monument rating model to evaluate the degree of authenticity of historic buildings and sites. This logical fuzzy model provides an easy tool to take reliable results. The model was briefly explained with working principles and formulations through

真实性是建筑保护的主要现象之一。乍一看，它指的是强调对历史建筑、遗址或物体起源的忠实、原创性和真诚。在对历史建筑和遗址的解释中，这一概念是一个常见的争论主题，涉及建筑保护委员会的专家。行家们一定会根据他们的知识和经验来决定历史织物的真伪。关于历史织物的真实性的问题可以回答它是否真实，但这并没有给出“多少”的水平的概念。答案取决于专家的看法，对于同一座历史建筑，有人可能会说“非常好，真实”，而其他人可能会说“不真实”。这表明缺乏明确性和确定性。在本研究中，开发了一种新的排名系统，利用“模糊逻辑”集来解释历史建筑退化的不平等结果及其真实性水平。模糊逻辑模型根据“多少”的问题对历史建筑进行评价。数值范畴虽然根据古典亚里士多德逻辑提出尖锐的、互斥的类，但“模糊逻辑”却包含互斥的类。模糊逻辑算子提供了一种操作语言变量的形式化方法。该系统利用模糊逻辑对历史建筑的不同保护状态进行对比分析，并根据真实性等级进行精确修复。本研究提出了客观的决策，可以质疑和重新考虑古迹评级模型的真实性，以评估历史建筑和遗址的真实性程度。这个逻辑模糊模型提供了一个简单的工具来获得可靠的结果。简要说明了该模型的工作原理和公式

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引用次数: 2

Assessment of behavior of two-shelled domes in Iranian traditional architecture: the Charbaq School, Isfahan, Iran 伊朗传统建筑中双壳圆顶的性能评估:Charbaq学校，伊斯法罕，伊朗

The Sustainable City VII

Pub Date : 2012-05-07 DOI: 10.2495/SC121021

M. Ghasempourabadi, V. Arani, O. Bahar, M. Mahdavinejad

引用次数: 3

Using fault tree analysis to identify the failures of level crossing protection devices 采用故障树分析法对过线保护装置进行故障识别

The Sustainable City VII

Pub Date : 2012-05-07 DOI: 10.2495/SC121002

J. C. Jong, T. Lin, C. Suen, Chi-Kang Lee, I. Chen, H. J. Wu

Level crossings are potential hazardous locations in a railway system. To reduce the risk of level crossings, several active protection devices such as flashing lights and barriers may be installed. Previous studies have proved that such protection devices are effective in decreasing the probability of accidents. However, these protection devices may be partially out of order or receive error signals. Once protection devices cannot operate correctly, they may deliver wrong information that confuses the users. As a result, the users may trespass a level crossing in a dangerous situation. To realize the causes of different types of wrong operations, this study categorized them into error warning, conflict warning, and no warning. Then fault tree analysis is employed to identify the failure types and the causes behind the wrong operations of protection devices, including the failures of flashing lights, boom barriers, train direction indicators, obstacle detectors, and emergency buttons. The results indicate that error warning is mostly due to the error messages of the track circuit. Conflict warning is caused by specific failures of the protection devices. Finally, the wiring error of the track circuit is the main cause leading to no warning.

平交道口是铁路系统中潜在的危险地点。为了减少平交道口的危险，可以安装一些主动保护装置，如闪光灯和障碍物。以往的研究证明，这种保护装置在降低事故发生概率方面是有效的。然而，这些保护装置可能部分失灵或接收错误信号。一旦保护设备不能正常工作，它们可能会传递错误的信息，使用户感到困惑。因此，使用者可能会在危险的情况下越过平交道口。为了了解不同类型错误操作产生的原因，本研究将其分为错误预警、冲突预警和无预警。然后运用故障树分析法，识别出保护装置的故障类型及故障原因，包括闪光灯、动臂护栏、列车方向指示灯、障碍物探测器、紧急按钮等故障。结果表明，误差预警主要是由轨道电路的误差信息引起的。冲突警告是由于保护装置的特定故障引起的。最后，轨道电路的接线错误是导致无预警的主要原因。

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引用次数: 1

The art and architecture of Chora Monastery in comparison with its East European and Italian contemporaries 乔拉修道院的艺术和建筑与同时代的东欧和意大利的比较

The Sustainable City VII

Pub Date : 2012-05-07 DOI: 10.2495/SC121011

Z. Ataş

This research aims to analyze both the architecture and art of today’s Chora Museum, named Chora Monastery and Chora Mosque chronologically, in comparison with its East European and Italian contemporaries, within the social, cultural and political environment of the Byzantine Empire and the context of Byzantine art developed until and through the 14th century when the spectacular and cinematographic mosaic scenes and frescos covering the vaults and dome of the building, illustrating the life cycles of both the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ with an unconventional use of perspective, were built and painted. The monastery, named Chora meaning “country”, “land” or “in the country” in Greek, referring to its location, was built originally in the 12th century right outside the city walls of Constantinople. The architecture of the building is a combination of different parts built at different time periods in history; the 12th century, from which only the naos part remained; the 14th century, Palaeologans’ reign which is referred to as the brightest time of Byzantine art, and when the naos dome, the north annex, the narthexes, the parekklesion, and a belfry were built together with all the brilliant marble decoration, mosaics and frescoes; and finally the15th century Ottoman era, in which, being turned into a mosque, a mihrab and a minaret were added to the building, together with the plaster covering the mosaics and frescos, which has actually preserved them up to this day. Kariye Museum, as of today, offers different readings of all this juxtaposition at one and the same time and space. The strong storm of the imagery and the extraordinary way the life cycles of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ were represented, as the ways the cities, buildings, people and their acts were illustrated, comparing to the Byzantine, East European and Italian religious art of www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 155, © 2012 WIT Press doi:10.2495/SC1210 2 The Sustainable City VII, Vol. 2 1211

本研究旨在分析今天的乔拉博物馆的建筑和艺术，按时间顺序命名为乔拉修道院和乔拉清真寺，与东欧和意大利的同时代人进行比较，在拜占庭帝国的社会，文化和政治环境以及拜占庭艺术发展的背景下，直到14世纪，壮观的电影马赛克场景和壁画覆盖了建筑的拱顶和圆顶。以一种非传统的视角描绘了圣母玛利亚和耶稣基督的生命周期。这座修道院名为Chora，在希腊语中意为“国家”、“土地”或“在乡村”，指的是它的位置，最初建于12世纪，就在君士坦丁堡城墙外。建筑的结构是在历史上不同时期建造的不同部分的组合;12世纪，只剩下了最原始的部分;14世纪，古罗马人统治时期被认为是拜占庭艺术最辉煌的时期，教堂的圆顶，北附楼，中庭，教堂，钟楼都是用华丽的大理石装饰，马赛克和壁画建造的;最后是在15世纪的奥斯曼帝国时期，这座建筑被改造成了一座清真寺，在建筑上增加了一座米赫拉布和一座尖塔，连同覆盖在马赛克和壁画上的石膏，这些石膏实际上保存了它们直到今天。时至今日，卡里耶博物馆在同一时间和空间提供了对所有这些并置的不同解读。与拜占庭、东欧和意大利的宗教艺术(www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541(在线))相比，这些图像的强烈风暴和圣母玛利亚和耶稣基督的生命周期的非凡方式被表现出来，与城市、建筑、人及其行为的方式进行了比较。WIT生态与环境学报，155卷，©2012 WIT出版社doi:10.2495/SC1210 2可持续城市VII, Vol. 2 1211

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