Journal of Applied Oral Science最新文献

Immune cells play diverse roles in cancer development. Myeloid cells are key drivers of tumor-escape mechanisms as they suppress immune responses, facilitate metastasis, and contribute to therapy resistance. In particular, macrophages can be polarized into an inflammatory M1 (anti-tumor) or anti-inflammatory M2 (pro-tumor) phenotype. M2 macrophages are associated with tumor progression, as they secrete factors that promote tumor angiogenesis, suppress T-cell activity, and correlate with poor clinical outcomes in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Given this context, this study aims to demonstrate the biological effects of monocytes and both M1 and M2 macrophages in squamous cell carcinoma. Our data indicate higher CD163 immunoreactivity in biopsies from SCC patients. Furthermore, we found that a conditioned medium (CM) containing bioactive compound generated by M2 macrophages enhances the proliferation and invasion of the SCC-25 cell line in vitro. Surprisingly, CM derived from blood CD14+ monocytes increased SCC-25 proliferation at the same rate of M2 macrophages-CM. M1 macrophages conditioned medium significantly enhanced the motility and decreased proliferation in Detroit 562 cells. The analysis of tumor-associated transcripts showed that both M1 and M2 conditioned medium induced high levels of EPCAM mRNA and significantly decreased the expression of MYC, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition marker, in SCC cell lines. Detroit cells exposed to conditioned medium from monocytes and macrophage also showed elevated SOX2 mRNA levels. The findings suggest that monocytes and macrophage mediators exert distinct biological effects on SCC cell lines.

Objective: The oral microbiome is one of the most complex microbial ecosystems in the host. This study aimed to investigate and characterize the oral microbiome composition in Kazakhstani adolescents associated with dental caries.

Methodology: The study included 312 adolescents, with 241 individuals presenting with caries and 71 caries-free, aged 12-15 years. Dental caries assessment was performed using DMFT (Decayed, missed, filled teeth) index. Oral samples were collected, and 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene sequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable regions on an Illumina MiSeq platform was performed to profile the microbial communities. Functional metagenomic predictions were generated using PICRUSt2 v2.5.0, using the KEGG database for bacterial pathway abundance estimation. Data analysis was conducted using Python 3.9.16 and R 4.2.2.

Results: The alpha diversity was insignificant, while beta diversity analysis demonstrated clear distinctions by Bray-Curtis (F=2.5, p=0.003) and weighted UniFrac distances (F=4.4, p=0.002). The Neisseria and Prevotella genera, and Gammaproteobacteria class showed significant associations with dental caries (MaAsLin2 p≤0.05, LDA≥2), stronger predictive power (AUC=0.65, F1=0.83), and higher predicted functional activity through glutathione metabolism, RNA degradation, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism pathways.

Conclusions: This study identified specific oral microbiome patterns associated with dental caries in Kazakhstani adolescents, revealing interactions between key bacterial taxa and metabolic pathways.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of posterior resin composite restorations (Class I and II), bonded with a universal adhesive using three application modes over 26 months, comparing the adapted FDI and USPHS criteria.

Methodology: In total, 138 Class I and II cavities were restored using Scotchbond Universal adhesive (3M ESPE) in three application modes: etch-and-rinse (ER); selective enamel etch (SEE), and self-etch (SE). All cavities were restored with FiltekTM Supreme composite resin (3M ESPE). The restorations were evaluated by two trained and calibrated evaluators using FDI and adapted USPHS criteria at baseline (12.02±5.68 days) and after 26 (± 2.36) months. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis between the groups using the Friedman and Wilcoxon test for intra-group analysis and the McNemar test for comparisons between FDI and USPHS criteria (α=0.05).

Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the ER, SEE, and SE groups after 26 months, except for marginal discoloration between the ER and SE groups (p≤0.05).

Conclusion: Class I and II resin composite restorations performed with Scotchbond Universal adhesive using ER, SEE, and SE modes showed acceptable clinical performance over a 26-month evaluation period. Moreover, the adapted FDI and adapted USPHS criteria yielded comparable results. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (Rebec) - RBR-9p3hdp.

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by producing alterations in periodontal tissues, but it has been associated with the manifestation of systemic alterations, related to those produced in liver tissue. This study aims to evaluate the progression of liver damage caused by ligation-induced periodontitis in rats with time intervals of ten to 80 days.

Methodology: Overall, 40 rats were divided into five groups: control (no ligatures), P10, P20, P40, and P80 (teeth with ligatures at intervals of ten, 20, 40, and 80 days) in which we verified liver disease caused by periodontitis. Oral parameters were evaluated: gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), dental mobility (TM), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), alveolar bone height (ABH). Liver parameters were evaluated: liver weight, histopathological scores for steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis in the liver; glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Serum parameters were also evaluated: concentrations in liver tissues, blood levels of albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, total cholesterol, and total proteins.

Results: The results showed that the hepatic steatosis score gradually increased (P<0.05) in rats with induced periodontitis for up to 20 days (P20); and the rats with ligatures for 40 (P40) and 80 days (P80) had stable scores compared to the P20, without any further worsening, similarly occurred with GSH, MDA, and total cholesterol.

Conclusions: This study indicated that liver alterations caused by ligature-induced periodontitis are progressive in early stages (0-20 days) and reach a plateau in later stages (40-80 days).

Objective: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) can inhibit inflammation in various diseases by activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. However, whether VNS could attenuate periodontitis by activating α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) remains unknown.

Methodology: Ligature induction was utilized to establish the periodontitis rat model. Periodontal indices like bleeding, tooth mobility, and probing depth, were measured. Bone mineral density, trabecular thickness, and length of the cement-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest were analyzed using micro-CT. Immunohistochemistry assessed bone morphology and inflammatory levels. Inflammatory cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. For the in vitro inflammation model, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides and acetylcholine to study inflammatory responses.

Results: VNS significantly improved periodontal health and reduced alveolar bone loss in periodontitis rats. VNS alleviated inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18, enhanced bone formation, and activated the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, as evidenced by increased α7-nAChR expression. Additionally, acetylcholine activation of α7-nAChR in RAW264.7 cells inhibited pro-inflammatory responses and promoted anti-inflammatory responses.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that VNS can effectively reduce inflammation and improve periodontal outcomes in periodontitis.

Objective: This study used three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry to compare changes in facial soft tissues of patients with skeletal class II malocclusion with mandibular retrognathia treated with orthognathic surgery (OS) or Herbst appliance (HA).

Methodology: This retrospective study included 15 adults treated with bilateral sagittal split osteotomy without genioplasty (OS) and 16 adults treated with HA. The patients were treated successfully, with class I occlusal relationships with normal overjet and overbite. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric records acquired in habitual occlusion from before and after fixed orthodontic treatment were analyzed. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to evaluate skeletal parameters and sagittal oropharyngeal airway length.

Results: In HA-group, mandibular corpus length, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, Bº, vertical angle, and mentolabial angle increased; lower facial width, mandibular angle, mandibular convexity angle, ANBº, and Aº decreased. In OS-group, mandibular length, mandibular corpus length, and facial convexity angle increased significantly compared with those in HA-group; posterior facial height, Bº, vertical angle, and mentolabial angle also increased, but mandibular angle and ANBº decreased significantly. Only a significant difference in coordinate changes was observed for the pogonion in the sagittal direction. According to the cephalometric analysis, SNBº and Pg-NA perpendicular measurements increased significantly in the OS group compared with the HA group. In both groups, sagittal oropharyngeal airway length increased significantly post-treatment, with no significant intergroup difference.

Conclusion: In patients treated with OS, skeletal advancement resulted in greater increases in mandibular and corpus lengths, along with forward positioning of the pogonion. Based on 3D soft tissue and cephalometric comparisons, the Herbst appliance seems to be a viable non-surgical alternative for young adults with moderate Class II malocclusion. Both treatment modalities also contributed to significant improvements in sagittal oropharyngeal airway length.

Objective: This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of a single local injection of 3S-HMGB1 in early osseointegration under diabetic conditions in mice.

Methodology: A total of 48 male 129/Sv mice (24 non-diabetic [ND], 24 diabetic [D]) received titanium implants following maxillary first molar extraction. ND and D mice (n:12) were injected with either saline (control) or 3S-HMGB1 (0.75 mg/kg) into the fresh extraction socket. Osseointegration was evaluated at 7 and 21 days post-implantation using microCT, histology (bone-to-implant contact [BIC] and birefringence), and immunohistochemistry for Runx2 and CXCR4.

Results: ND controls exhibited early osteogenic activity, with a predominance of Runx2-positive cells at 7 days and successful osseointegration by 21 days. In contrast, D controls showed reduced numbers of Runx2-positive cells and markedly lower BV/TV, indicating compromised bone healing at 21 days. Treatment with 3S-HMGB1 resulted in significantly increased bone volume at the implant site in D animals (55.6±7.20% vs. 44.6±6.23%) and restored BIC from 44.9±9.32% (D controls) to 61.78±11.31% (D 3S-HMGB1), near ND levels (65.16±7.64%). Both ND and D groups treated with 3S-HMGB1 presented enhanced collagen organization. No significant differences were found in CXCR4 between groups; however, in D animals, a distinct peri-implant staining pattern suggested impaired recruitment despite preserved stem cell niches in the bone marrow.

Conclusions: Collectively, our findings indicate that a single injection of redox-stable 3S-HMGB1 may represent a promising regenerative strategy to mitigate early implant failure in diabetes. Future studies should explore sustained delivery approaches to enhance long-term outcomes.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of wavelength and radiant emittance on light transmittance and heat generation through dental resin-based composites.

Methodology: Light-emitting diodes on the blue, green, and red wavelength spectra were assembled and characterized using a spectrometer (MARC Resin Calibrator, BlueLight Analytics). Voltage (V) and amperage (A) from each LED was set up to emit a 500-, 1000-, 2000-, 3000-, or 4000-mW/cm2 radiant emittance. A self-cured resin-based composite model was fabricated in two pastes, one with benzoyl peroxide and another with ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate. The two pastes were mixed and placed into a mold (ø=10 mm, 2 mm thick) until completely hardened. A power analysis was conducted to determine the sample size to provide a power of at least 0.8 and α=0.05. Light transmittance through the 2-mm thick composite-based sample was evaluated using a spectrometer (n=10). Heat generation (oC) in the resin-based composite sample induced by the exposure to the tested wavelength spectra and radiant emittances were recorded using an infrared camera (FLIR ONE PRO, FLIR Systems) (n=10). Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance and the Tukey's test for multiple comparisons.

Results: Light transmission systematically increased based on radiant and wavelength emittances (p<0.0001). Heat generation was directly proportional to radiant emittance but indirectly proportional to wavelength emittance (p<.0.0001).

Conclusions: Despite its limitations, this study found that increasing wavelength emittance seems to configure a great alternative to increase light transmittance through resin-based composite restorations while reducing heat generation.

Objective: This study aims to comprehensively assess the bibliometric features of articles evaluating the utilization of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in dentistry by conducting a bibliographic search on the Web of Science databases until March 2025.

Methodology: The following data were collected: number and density of citations; authorship; year, journal of publication, and impact factor; study design and theme; keywords; institution and country of origin. VOSviewer software was used to generate collaborative network maps for authors and keywords.

Results: A total of 91 highly cited articles were identified, with citation counts ranging from 123 to zero. Most articles (74%) were published after 2010, with the highest prevalence in Asia (44%), especially China (10%). The most frequent study design was in vitro (55%), primarily focused on restorative dentistry (29%) and cariology (23%). The most common keywords were "Calcium Carbonate" and "Hydroxyapatite". DeVizio W. was the most prolific author, with four publications.

Conclusions: Bibliometric analysis highlights a growing interest in the application of calcium carbonate in dentistry, with a progressive increase in scientific output over the years. The findings underscore the global distribution of research and emphasize the relevance of this biomaterial in various dental specialties. This study reinforces several key points for research groups worldwide engaged in the development of innovative dental materials, providing valuable direction for future investigations, which remain limited in scope, especially regarding clinical applications and long-term outcomes.

Objective: This study investigated the therapeutic potential of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) against alveolar bone loss in a rat DP model and elucidated its mechanisms of action.

Methodology: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to four groups: control, periodontitis control (CP), diabetic periodontitis (DP), and DP + PNS (80 mg/kg/day). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection, followed by ligature-induced periodontitis at the maxillary first molar. After 4 weeks of PNS treatment, alveolar bone samples were analyzed by micro-CT, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence.

Results: Micro-CT and H&E analyses revealed severe alveolar bone resorption in DP rats, whereas PNS treatment substantially mitigated these destructive changes. TRAP staining demonstrated that PNS significantly suppressed osteoclast formation and activity. Immunohistochemistry detected upregulated expression of OCN in PNS-treated groups, indicating enhanced osteogenic differentiation. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PNS promoted a phenotypic shift in macrophages, reducing pro-inflammatory M1 polarization (iNOS+) while increasing anti-inflammatory M2 populations (Arg-1+). This shift correlated with decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and elevated interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels.

Conclusions: PNS attenuates alveolar bone loss in diabetic periodontitis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, stimulating osteogenic activity, and modulating macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These actions collectively reduce inflammation and promote tissue regeneration, highlighting PNS as a promising candidate for managing DP-related bone destruction.