Pub Date : 2020-09-09DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92065
Pinki Dey
The mineralisation term mentions the development of inorganic precipitation over an organic background. This process occurs in a life span of biological organ-ism for the formation of bone, teeth, exoskeletons, egg shells, etc. So, basically bone mineralisation is defined as the process of deposition of minerals on the bone matrix for the development of bone. The human bone is made up of 60–70% minerals which include calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite followed by 20–40% organic matrix containing type I collagen fibres and less than 5% of water and lipids. During bone mineralisation process osteoblasts which are also known as bone forming cells, aids to the production of calcium phosphate crystals which are then aligned in the collagen based fibrous matrix. The bone mineralisation proce-dure also known as calcification is a lifelong activity of a human being.
{"title":"Bone Mineralisation","authors":"Pinki Dey","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92065","url":null,"abstract":"The mineralisation term mentions the development of inorganic precipitation over an organic background. This process occurs in a life span of biological organ-ism for the formation of bone, teeth, exoskeletons, egg shells, etc. So, basically bone mineralisation is defined as the process of deposition of minerals on the bone matrix for the development of bone. The human bone is made up of 60–70% minerals which include calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite followed by 20–40% organic matrix containing type I collagen fibres and less than 5% of water and lipids. During bone mineralisation process osteoblasts which are also known as bone forming cells, aids to the production of calcium phosphate crystals which are then aligned in the collagen based fibrous matrix. The bone mineralisation proce-dure also known as calcification is a lifelong activity of a human being.","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125505615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-13DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89131
M. Graça, S. R. Gavinho
Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) consist of a combination of calcium phosphates and a liquid phase, allowing it to fit into the body where it was inserted. Several chemical compositions have been synthesized, promoting specific characteristics to the cements for applications such as bone augmentation and reinforcement and metal implant fixation. The hardening reaction mechanism is at low temperatures and makes it capable of incorporating different drugs and other biological molecules. In addition to the abovementioned advantages, CPCs have excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity and the ability to form a bone bond. Its function as osteoconductor can be improved by insertion of growth factors. In addition, it is possible to functionalize it with silver ions and use it as a coating of implants, conferring antibacterial properties. In this chapter the physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties and the possibility of using these cements as drug carriers or biomolecules will be discussed.
{"title":"Calcium Phosphate Cements in Tissue Engineering","authors":"M. Graça, S. R. Gavinho","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89131","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) consist of a combination of calcium phosphates and a liquid phase, allowing it to fit into the body where it was inserted. Several chemical compositions have been synthesized, promoting specific characteristics to the cements for applications such as bone augmentation and reinforcement and metal implant fixation. The hardening reaction mechanism is at low temperatures and makes it capable of incorporating different drugs and other biological molecules. In addition to the abovementioned advantages, CPCs have excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity and the ability to form a bone bond. Its function as osteoconductor can be improved by insertion of growth factors. In addition, it is possible to functionalize it with silver ions and use it as a coating of implants, conferring antibacterial properties. In this chapter the physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties and the possibility of using these cements as drug carriers or biomolecules will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127817175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91250
D. Sayantan, S. Das
Phosphorus, a limiting nutrient of biosphere, exists as dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), particulate inorganic phosphorus (PIP) and particulate organic phosphorus (POP) in water of soil as well as ponds, lakes, etc. The only available phosphorus for plants are DIP, while the other forms need to be converted to DIP by the decomposing microorganisms of the soil. The heavy metals (such as arsenic and chromium), which are the menace of both terrestrial and aquatic environment, are taken up by the plants and animals causing toxicity at physiological level. However, the metal (Cr and As) toxicity can be mitigated competitively by phosphorus, since the latter is a structural analogue. Since, phosphorus is an essential nutrient, plants prefer it over Cr or As. At the same time, if excess of phosphorus is applied in the soil in the form of fertilisers, it gets discharged into the water bodies (ponds, lakes, etc.) through agricultural runoff, causing eutrophication followed by harming the health of the water bodies. This can be further mitigated by employing the phenomenon of luxury uptake by the aquatic plants such as Pistia stratiotes.
{"title":"Phosphorus: A Boon or Curse for the Environment?","authors":"D. Sayantan, S. Das","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91250","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus, a limiting nutrient of biosphere, exists as dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), particulate inorganic phosphorus (PIP) and particulate organic phosphorus (POP) in water of soil as well as ponds, lakes, etc. The only available phosphorus for plants are DIP, while the other forms need to be converted to DIP by the decomposing microorganisms of the soil. The heavy metals (such as arsenic and chromium), which are the menace of both terrestrial and aquatic environment, are taken up by the plants and animals causing toxicity at physiological level. However, the metal (Cr and As) toxicity can be mitigated competitively by phosphorus, since the latter is a structural analogue. Since, phosphorus is an essential nutrient, plants prefer it over Cr or As. At the same time, if excess of phosphorus is applied in the soil in the form of fertilisers, it gets discharged into the water bodies (ponds, lakes, etc.) through agricultural runoff, causing eutrophication followed by harming the health of the water bodies. This can be further mitigated by employing the phenomenon of luxury uptake by the aquatic plants such as Pistia stratiotes.","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116798441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88130
L. Sail
The effect of temperature on steel samples immersed in concrete pore solutions contaminated by chlorides incorporating three inhibitors based on phosphate (Na 3 PO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 , and Na 2 PO 3 F) was studied by gravimetric measurements at several ranges: 298, 308, and 318 K. The results obtained for the use of these three products show that the inhibitory efficacy is lower at 318 K than that detected at 308 and 298 K of temperature. Also, we find that the best inhibitory efficiency at 298 K was detected for Na 2 PO 3 F (75.80% at 0.05 mol/l of concentration) followed by K 2 HPO 4 (65.05% at 2.5 10 − 3 mol/l) and then Na 3 PO 4 (61.48% at 7.5 10 − 3 mol/l).
{"title":"Temperature Influence on Inhibitory Efficiency of Three Phosphate Inhibitors by Mass Loss","authors":"L. Sail","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88130","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of temperature on steel samples immersed in concrete pore solutions contaminated by chlorides incorporating three inhibitors based on phosphate (Na 3 PO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 , and Na 2 PO 3 F) was studied by gravimetric measurements at several ranges: 298, 308, and 318 K. The results obtained for the use of these three products show that the inhibitory efficacy is lower at 318 K than that detected at 308 and 298 K of temperature. Also, we find that the best inhibitory efficiency at 298 K was detected for Na 2 PO 3 F (75.80% at 0.05 mol/l of concentration) followed by K 2 HPO 4 (65.05% at 2.5 10 − 3 mol/l) and then Na 3 PO 4 (61.48% at 7.5 10 − 3 mol/l).","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129371763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88539
Refka Oueslati Omrani, M. Jemal, I. Khattech, A. Hamzaoui
Glasses of the (50-x/2)Na 2 O-xMO-(50-x/2)P 2 O 5 (M = Zn, Mg or Mn) (0 ≤ x ≤ 33 mol%), (50-x)Na 2 O-xMO-50P 2 O 5 (M = Zn, Mn) (0 ≤ x ≤ 33 mol%), and (0.9-x) NaPO 3 -xSiO 2 -0.1ZnO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1 mol) were prepared by the melt quenching technique. Samples were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, Archimede ’ s method, ellipsometry, Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), Raman, 31P solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), UV-visible spectroscopy and calorimetry. For zinc, manganese and magnesium phosphate glasses, the increase in density with the addition of MO oxide suggests the compactness of the vitreous network. For zinc phosphate silicate glasses, the variations of density and refractive index were attributed to the structural changes when SiO 2 oxide is progressively introduced. The increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) reflects an increase in the cross-link strength of the structure as MO and SiO 2 oxides are gradually incorporated. For all glass composition, spectroscopic investigations revealed the depolymerization of metaphosphate chains (Q 2 ) allowing the formation of phosphate dimers (Q 1 ). Calorimetric dissolution shows that the dissolution is endothermic for lower MO content and become exothermic when x rises. For (50-x/2)Na 2 O-xZnO-(50-x/2)P 2 O 5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 33 mol%) glasses, the formation enthalpy increases with the incorporation of ZnO oxide.
{"title":"Structural and Calorimetric Studies of Zinc, Magnesium and Manganese Based Phosphate and Phosphate-Silicate Glasses","authors":"Refka Oueslati Omrani, M. Jemal, I. Khattech, A. Hamzaoui","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88539","url":null,"abstract":"Glasses of the (50-x/2)Na 2 O-xMO-(50-x/2)P 2 O 5 (M = Zn, Mg or Mn) (0 ≤ x ≤ 33 mol%), (50-x)Na 2 O-xMO-50P 2 O 5 (M = Zn, Mn) (0 ≤ x ≤ 33 mol%), and (0.9-x) NaPO 3 -xSiO 2 -0.1ZnO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1 mol) were prepared by the melt quenching technique. Samples were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, Archimede ’ s method, ellipsometry, Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), Raman, 31P solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), UV-visible spectroscopy and calorimetry. For zinc, manganese and magnesium phosphate glasses, the increase in density with the addition of MO oxide suggests the compactness of the vitreous network. For zinc phosphate silicate glasses, the variations of density and refractive index were attributed to the structural changes when SiO 2 oxide is progressively introduced. The increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) reflects an increase in the cross-link strength of the structure as MO and SiO 2 oxides are gradually incorporated. For all glass composition, spectroscopic investigations revealed the depolymerization of metaphosphate chains (Q 2 ) allowing the formation of phosphate dimers (Q 1 ). Calorimetric dissolution shows that the dissolution is endothermic for lower MO content and become exothermic when x rises. For (50-x/2)Na 2 O-xZnO-(50-x/2)P 2 O 5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 33 mol%) glasses, the formation enthalpy increases with the incorporation of ZnO oxide.","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128239651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-02DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86640
D. Bienek, A. Giuseppetti, D. Škrtić
As biocompatible and osteo-inductive precursor to biological apatite formation, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) resorbs at the rate that closely coin-cides with the rate of new bone formation and is more osteo-conductive than its crystalline counterpart. In addition, in the oral environment, ACP intrinsically provides a protracted supply of the remineralizing calcium and phosphate ions needed for regeneration of mineral lost to tooth decay. These features make ACP composites a strong remineralizing tool at the site of caries attack. Our group has been on the forefront of the research on bioactive, remineralizing, polymeric ACP-based dental materials for over two decades. This entry describes methods for filler, polymer, and composite fabrication and a battery of physicochemical and biological tests involved in evaluation of ACP-based restoratives. Also presented is our most recent design of ACP remineralizing composites with added antimicrobial capability that shows promise for extended dental and, potentially, wider biomedical applications.
{"title":"Amorphous Calcium Phosphate as Bioactive Filler in Polymeric Dental Composites","authors":"D. Bienek, A. Giuseppetti, D. Škrtić","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86640","url":null,"abstract":"As biocompatible and osteo-inductive precursor to biological apatite formation, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) resorbs at the rate that closely coin-cides with the rate of new bone formation and is more osteo-conductive than its crystalline counterpart. In addition, in the oral environment, ACP intrinsically provides a protracted supply of the remineralizing calcium and phosphate ions needed for regeneration of mineral lost to tooth decay. These features make ACP composites a strong remineralizing tool at the site of caries attack. Our group has been on the forefront of the research on bioactive, remineralizing, polymeric ACP-based dental materials for over two decades. This entry describes methods for filler, polymer, and composite fabrication and a battery of physicochemical and biological tests involved in evaluation of ACP-based restoratives. Also presented is our most recent design of ACP remineralizing composites with added antimicrobial capability that shows promise for extended dental and, potentially, wider biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123224887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87155
P. Kafarski
The first natural compound containing carbon-to-phosphorus bond—ciliatine was discovered 60 years ago, and for four decades, phosphonates were considered simply as a biological curiosity. Finding the importance of these compounds in biogeochemical phosphorus cycling, their role in methane production, as well as discovery of numerous phosphonates and phosphonopeptides of promising antibacterial and antifungal activities has stimulated the development of studies on this class of compounds, especially on their metabolism and biochemistry. These studies are driven by the use of 31 P NMR and by a clever combination of genomics and innovative chemistry by using the method of selective labeling of metabolites. These studies revealed unusual and interesting chemistry of these compounds.
{"title":"Phosphonates: Their Natural Occurrence and Physiological Role","authors":"P. Kafarski","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87155","url":null,"abstract":"The first natural compound containing carbon-to-phosphorus bond—ciliatine was discovered 60 years ago, and for four decades, phosphonates were considered simply as a biological curiosity. Finding the importance of these compounds in biogeochemical phosphorus cycling, their role in methane production, as well as discovery of numerous phosphonates and phosphonopeptides of promising antibacterial and antifungal activities has stimulated the development of studies on this class of compounds, especially on their metabolism and biochemistry. These studies are driven by the use of 31 P NMR and by a clever combination of genomics and innovative chemistry by using the method of selective labeling of metabolites. These studies revealed unusual and interesting chemistry of these compounds.","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129916046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86718
Marta Kalka, Anna Zoglowek, A. Ożyhar, P. Dobryszycki
Biomineralization is a process of creating crystalline structures under biological control. The process takes place in hard tissues, such as bones, cartilages, and teeth. Biominerals are a combination of a crystal phase deposited onto an organic matrix. Inorganic components are mainly responsible for the biomineral hardness, while the organic matrix controls the shape, size, and polymorph of the crystals. Within the organic matrix, proteins exhibit a special biomineralization activity. Among them, one can distinguish insoluble collagen and soluble noncollagenous proteins. It is particularly noteworthy that noncollagenous proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins. High flexibility, acidic nature, and susceptibility to modifications make them especially adapted to the biomineralization control. This review paper is dedi-cated to the proteins which are involved in biomineralization of bones and teeth.
{"title":"Proteins in Calcium Phosphates Biomineralization","authors":"Marta Kalka, Anna Zoglowek, A. Ożyhar, P. Dobryszycki","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86718","url":null,"abstract":"Biomineralization is a process of creating crystalline structures under biological control. The process takes place in hard tissues, such as bones, cartilages, and teeth. Biominerals are a combination of a crystal phase deposited onto an organic matrix. Inorganic components are mainly responsible for the biomineral hardness, while the organic matrix controls the shape, size, and polymorph of the crystals. Within the organic matrix, proteins exhibit a special biomineralization activity. Among them, one can distinguish insoluble collagen and soluble noncollagenous proteins. It is particularly noteworthy that noncollagenous proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins. High flexibility, acidic nature, and susceptibility to modifications make them especially adapted to the biomineralization control. This review paper is dedi-cated to the proteins which are involved in biomineralization of bones and teeth.","PeriodicalId":156897,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132810857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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