Pub Date : 2023-01-06DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.1018765
Gary E. Arevalo, M. K. Frank, Katelin S. Decker, M. Theodoraki, E. Theodorakis
Introduction: Extracted from gamboge resin, gambogic acid (GBA) is a natural product that displays a complex caged xanthone structure and exhibits promising antitumor properties. However, efforts to advance this compound to clinical applications have been thwarted by its limited availability that in turn, restricts its pharmacological optimization. Methods: We report here an efficient method that allows multigram scale isolation of GBA in greater than 97% diastereomeric purity from various sources of commercially available gamboge. The overall process includes: (a) isolation of organic components from the resin; (b) separation of GBA from the organic components via crystallization as its pyridinium salt; and (c) acidification of the salt to isolate the free GBA. Results and Discussion: We found that GBA is susceptible to epimerization at the C2 center that produces epi-gambogic acid ( epi-GBA), a common contaminant of all commercial sources of this compound. Mechanistic studies indicate that this epimerization proceeds via an ortho-quinone methide intermediate. Although the observed stereochemical erosion accounts for the chemical fragility of GBA, it does not significantly affect its biological activity especially as it relates to cancer cell cytotoxicity. Specifically, we measured similar levels of cytotoxicity for either pure GBA or an equilibrated mixture of GBA/ epi-GBA in MBA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values at submicromolar concentration and induction of apoptosis after 12 hours of incubation. The results validate the pharmacological promise of gambogic acid and, combined with the multigram-scale isolation, should enable drug design and development studies. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Gambogic acid: Multi-gram scale isolation, stereochemical erosion toward epi-gambogic acid and biological profile","authors":"Gary E. Arevalo, M. K. Frank, Katelin S. Decker, M. Theodoraki, E. Theodorakis","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.1018765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.1018765","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Extracted from gamboge resin, gambogic acid (GBA) is a natural product that displays a complex caged xanthone structure and exhibits promising antitumor properties. However, efforts to advance this compound to clinical applications have been thwarted by its limited availability that in turn, restricts its pharmacological optimization. Methods: We report here an efficient method that allows multigram scale isolation of GBA in greater than 97% diastereomeric purity from various sources of commercially available gamboge. The overall process includes: (a) isolation of organic components from the resin; (b) separation of GBA from the organic components via crystallization as its pyridinium salt; and (c) acidification of the salt to isolate the free GBA. Results and Discussion: We found that GBA is susceptible to epimerization at the C2 center that produces epi-gambogic acid ( epi-GBA), a common contaminant of all commercial sources of this compound. Mechanistic studies indicate that this epimerization proceeds via an ortho-quinone methide intermediate. Although the observed stereochemical erosion accounts for the chemical fragility of GBA, it does not significantly affect its biological activity especially as it relates to cancer cell cytotoxicity. Specifically, we measured similar levels of cytotoxicity for either pure GBA or an equilibrated mixture of GBA/ epi-GBA in MBA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values at submicromolar concentration and induction of apoptosis after 12 hours of incubation. The results validate the pharmacological promise of gambogic acid and, combined with the multigram-scale isolation, should enable drug design and development studies. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122967761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.1043147
C. López-Olmos, M. García-Valverde, Jesús Hidalgo, Carlos Ferrerio-Vera, V. Sánchez de Medina
Cannabinoids are gaining attention in many sectors, including the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic sectors. To date, several conventional and alternative techniques have been applied for Cannabis sativa L (C. sativa L.) extraction at the industrial scale. The conventional methods are liquid solvent extraction, including polar and non-polar solvents such as ethanol, hexane, petroleum ether, and other solvent extraction. Pressurized gas extraction is another conventional method and comprises gaseous hydrocarbon extraction such as n-butane and n-propane, supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide extraction, and extraction using a refrigerant gas such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a). Alternative extraction methods include microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), hydrodynamic cavitation, and pulsed electric fields (PEF). This review thoroughly analyzes and compares the main extraction techniques and technologies at the industrial scale found in the patent literature. In addition, several aspects of the pretreatment of cannabis plant material and its influence on extraction are also discussed.
{"title":"Comprehensive comparison of industrial cannabinoid extraction techniques: Evaluation of the most relevant patents and studies at pilot scale","authors":"C. López-Olmos, M. García-Valverde, Jesús Hidalgo, Carlos Ferrerio-Vera, V. Sánchez de Medina","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.1043147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.1043147","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabinoids are gaining attention in many sectors, including the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic sectors. To date, several conventional and alternative techniques have been applied for Cannabis sativa L (C. sativa L.) extraction at the industrial scale. The conventional methods are liquid solvent extraction, including polar and non-polar solvents such as ethanol, hexane, petroleum ether, and other solvent extraction. Pressurized gas extraction is another conventional method and comprises gaseous hydrocarbon extraction such as n-butane and n-propane, supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide extraction, and extraction using a refrigerant gas such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a). Alternative extraction methods include microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), hydrodynamic cavitation, and pulsed electric fields (PEF). This review thoroughly analyzes and compares the main extraction techniques and technologies at the industrial scale found in the patent literature. In addition, several aspects of the pretreatment of cannabis plant material and its influence on extraction are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115914065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.958425
F. Bruna, Katia Fernández, Felipe Urrejola, Jorge Touma, M. Navarro, B. Sepúlveda, M. Larrazabal-Fuentes, A. Paredes, I. Neira, M. Ferrando, Manuel I. Osorio, O. Yáñez, J. Bravo
The Mapuche and their ancestors have used D. winteri in traditional medicine. In the present study, the essential oil extract of D. winteri leaves (DW_EO) were characterized chemically and biologically to evaluate its pharmacological activity. In vitro antioxidant activity was assayed, and antitumor activity was evaluated in non-tumor and tumor-cell culture lines. Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a model to evaluate toxicity, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chemical oil composition was characterized principally of five major terpenes: 4 sesquiterpenes γ-Eudesmol (39.7%), β-Caryophyllene (33.7%), Elemol (25.9%), α-Eudesmol (0.3%) and 1 diterpene Kaunene (0.4%). By quantum calculations, it was determined that all oils have the ability to capture and yield electrons, which is consistent with the moderate antioxidant activity of DW_EO detected in vitro. Furthermore, by molecular docking is estimated that these oils can bind to proteins involved in the production of oxygen radicals. Of these proteins, CYP2C9 could bind energetically, reaching binding energy between −6.8 and −9.2 kCal/mol for the 5 terpenes studied, highlighting among these β-Caryophyllen and γ-Eudesmol. DW_EO has effect against H. pylori (MIC 32 μg/ml), S. aureus (MIC 8 μg/ml), E. coli (MIC 32 μg/ml) and C. albicans (MIC 64 μg/ml), β-Caryophyllen and γ -Eudesmol (MIC 64 μg/ml) and could selectively inhibit the proliferation of epithelial tumor cell lines but showed low against C. elegans (0.39–1.56 μg mL−1). Therefore, DW_EO may be used as a source of bioactive compounds in novel pharmacological treatments for medical application, agronomics, sanitation, and food.
{"title":"The essential oil from Drimys winteri possess activity: Antioxidant, theoretical chemistry reactivity, antimicrobial, antiproliferative and chemical composition","authors":"F. Bruna, Katia Fernández, Felipe Urrejola, Jorge Touma, M. Navarro, B. Sepúlveda, M. Larrazabal-Fuentes, A. Paredes, I. Neira, M. Ferrando, Manuel I. Osorio, O. Yáñez, J. Bravo","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.958425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.958425","url":null,"abstract":"The Mapuche and their ancestors have used D. winteri in traditional medicine. In the present study, the essential oil extract of D. winteri leaves (DW_EO) were characterized chemically and biologically to evaluate its pharmacological activity. In vitro antioxidant activity was assayed, and antitumor activity was evaluated in non-tumor and tumor-cell culture lines. Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a model to evaluate toxicity, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chemical oil composition was characterized principally of five major terpenes: 4 sesquiterpenes γ-Eudesmol (39.7%), β-Caryophyllene (33.7%), Elemol (25.9%), α-Eudesmol (0.3%) and 1 diterpene Kaunene (0.4%). By quantum calculations, it was determined that all oils have the ability to capture and yield electrons, which is consistent with the moderate antioxidant activity of DW_EO detected in vitro. Furthermore, by molecular docking is estimated that these oils can bind to proteins involved in the production of oxygen radicals. Of these proteins, CYP2C9 could bind energetically, reaching binding energy between −6.8 and −9.2 kCal/mol for the 5 terpenes studied, highlighting among these β-Caryophyllen and γ-Eudesmol. DW_EO has effect against H. pylori (MIC 32 μg/ml), S. aureus (MIC 8 μg/ml), E. coli (MIC 32 μg/ml) and C. albicans (MIC 64 μg/ml), β-Caryophyllen and γ -Eudesmol (MIC 64 μg/ml) and could selectively inhibit the proliferation of epithelial tumor cell lines but showed low against C. elegans (0.39–1.56 μg mL−1). Therefore, DW_EO may be used as a source of bioactive compounds in novel pharmacological treatments for medical application, agronomics, sanitation, and food.","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124610753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.1043685
Zimri Aziel Alvarado-Ojeda, Alejandro Coset Mejia, Gerardo Arrellin Rosas, J. Jimenez-Ferrer, A. Zamilpa, Celeste Trejo-Moreno, Gabriela Castro Martínez, Marisol Méndez Martínez, Jacquelynne Cervantes Torres, Juan Carlos Báez Reyes, G. Fragoso, Gabriela Rosas Salgado
Liver damage is characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver, a prooxidant/proinflammatory state, necrosis, and fibrosis. Given the multifactorial conditions and complexity of the disease and the contribution of oxidative stress and inflammation in its development, phytomedicine is a good option for its control. Liver damage was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by chronic administration of angiotensin II (ANGII) (0.01 μg/kg/day, administered daily intraperitoneally). A hydroalcoholic extract of Sechium edule root (rSe-HA), standardized for its cinnamic acid content, was used to control the incidence of liver damage in mice (11 mg/kg/day of rSe-HA, administered orally). After 11 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and adipose tissue, serum, and liver were obtained. Hepatic cytokine and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined, and any histopathological changes were recorded. Meanwhile, ANGII treatment increased serum TG concentration (62.8%), alanine aminotransaminase (GPT/ALT) levels (206%), as well as TG accumulation (82.7%), hepatomegaly (32.1%), inflammation (measured by TNFα (70%), IL-1β (103%), IL-6 (92%), and TGFβ (203%) levels, along with inflammatory cell recruitment), and fibrosis with respect to untreated controls. rSe-HA prevented these increases, maintaining all parameters evaluated at values similar to those of the control group. Overall, our results support the hepatoprotective effects of rSe-HA against NAFLD and NASH, which are often the gateway to more severe pathologies.
{"title":"Hepatoprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract from root of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. over hepatic injury induced by chronic application of angiotensin II","authors":"Zimri Aziel Alvarado-Ojeda, Alejandro Coset Mejia, Gerardo Arrellin Rosas, J. Jimenez-Ferrer, A. Zamilpa, Celeste Trejo-Moreno, Gabriela Castro Martínez, Marisol Méndez Martínez, Jacquelynne Cervantes Torres, Juan Carlos Báez Reyes, G. Fragoso, Gabriela Rosas Salgado","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.1043685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.1043685","url":null,"abstract":"Liver damage is characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver, a prooxidant/proinflammatory state, necrosis, and fibrosis. Given the multifactorial conditions and complexity of the disease and the contribution of oxidative stress and inflammation in its development, phytomedicine is a good option for its control. Liver damage was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by chronic administration of angiotensin II (ANGII) (0.01 μg/kg/day, administered daily intraperitoneally). A hydroalcoholic extract of Sechium edule root (rSe-HA), standardized for its cinnamic acid content, was used to control the incidence of liver damage in mice (11 mg/kg/day of rSe-HA, administered orally). After 11 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and adipose tissue, serum, and liver were obtained. Hepatic cytokine and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined, and any histopathological changes were recorded. Meanwhile, ANGII treatment increased serum TG concentration (62.8%), alanine aminotransaminase (GPT/ALT) levels (206%), as well as TG accumulation (82.7%), hepatomegaly (32.1%), inflammation (measured by TNFα (70%), IL-1β (103%), IL-6 (92%), and TGFβ (203%) levels, along with inflammatory cell recruitment), and fibrosis with respect to untreated controls. rSe-HA prevented these increases, maintaining all parameters evaluated at values similar to those of the control group. Overall, our results support the hepatoprotective effects of rSe-HA against NAFLD and NASH, which are often the gateway to more severe pathologies.","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131533369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.990822
Gagan Preet, Jessica Gomez-Banderas, R. Ebel, M. Jaspars
Anthraquinones (AQs) are chemical scaffolds that have been used both naturally and synthetically for centuries in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and paint industries. AQs, such as citreorosein and emodin, are common additives in antifouling paints which help prevent the global issue of biofouling. To determine the antifouling potential of a family of structurally related compounds nineteen AQs (1–19), were tested for their microbial growth and biofilm adhesion inhibition activity against three marine biofilm forming bacteria, Vibrio carchariae, Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii and Shewanella putrefaciens. More than three-quarters of the tested AQ compounds exhibited activity against both V. carchariae and P. elyakovii at 10 μg/ml whilst exhibiting low antimicrobial effects. The most active compounds (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19) were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) which highlighted that all the tested compounds were highly effective at inhibiting the biofilm growth of P. elyakovii at a very low concentration of 0.001 μg/ml. The variability in MIC for inhibiting the biofilm growth of V. carchariae was assessed by analysing the structure-activity relationships (SARs) between the AQ compounds, and the key structural features leading to improved biofilm growth inhibition activity are reported. Molecular docking analysis was also performed to assess whether interruption of quorum sensing in V. carchariae could be a possible mode of action for the antifouling activity observed.
{"title":"A structure-activity relationship analysis of anthraquinones with antifouling activity against marine biofilm-forming bacteria","authors":"Gagan Preet, Jessica Gomez-Banderas, R. Ebel, M. Jaspars","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.990822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.990822","url":null,"abstract":"Anthraquinones (AQs) are chemical scaffolds that have been used both naturally and synthetically for centuries in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and paint industries. AQs, such as citreorosein and emodin, are common additives in antifouling paints which help prevent the global issue of biofouling. To determine the antifouling potential of a family of structurally related compounds nineteen AQs (1–19), were tested for their microbial growth and biofilm adhesion inhibition activity against three marine biofilm forming bacteria, Vibrio carchariae, Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii and Shewanella putrefaciens. More than three-quarters of the tested AQ compounds exhibited activity against both V. carchariae and P. elyakovii at 10 μg/ml whilst exhibiting low antimicrobial effects. The most active compounds (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19) were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) which highlighted that all the tested compounds were highly effective at inhibiting the biofilm growth of P. elyakovii at a very low concentration of 0.001 μg/ml. The variability in MIC for inhibiting the biofilm growth of V. carchariae was assessed by analysing the structure-activity relationships (SARs) between the AQ compounds, and the key structural features leading to improved biofilm growth inhibition activity are reported. Molecular docking analysis was also performed to assess whether interruption of quorum sensing in V. carchariae could be a possible mode of action for the antifouling activity observed.","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122388463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.969433
Yoshinori Hokari, Aya Sekine, Y. Kai, Shino Oikawa, Asuka Mano, H. Ohata, S. Sugama, Y. Kakinuma
Objects: Recently, a non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system, in which cardiomyocytes are equipped with components to synthesize acetylcholine, is considered to be important for maintaining physiological homeostasis in the heart, according to its anti-ischemia and hypoxia effects and angiogenesis-enhancing effects to salvage myocardium. Furthermore, it influences sustaining blood brain barrier functions. However, it remains to be fully elucidated whether any substance plays a role in activating the system. Methods: Using Katsuo extract derived from dried bonito, called Katsuobushi in Japanese, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies whether Katsuo extract activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system and influences the associated physiological responses, specifically focusing on anti-inflammatory property and potentiation of blood brain barrier functions. Results: Katsuo extract potently activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system and the parasympathetic nervous system. In vitro and in vivo murine models clearly showed that Katsuo extract also exerted anti-inflammatory action by suppressing cytokine production and microglial activation against pathogenic and non-pathogenic factors. Furthermore, it upregulated blood brain barrier components, such as claudin-5 and occludin, strengthened the function and prevented disruption in a brain injury model, and finally influenced murine higher brain functions by activating resiliency against depressive or anxiety-like behaviors. Conclusion: Therefore, the novel findings of this study indicate that Katsuo extract possesses characteristic anti-inflammatory and blood brain barrier consolidation effects, and the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system activation. The intake might be effective in influencing pathophysiology of neuroinflammation-related diseases.
{"title":"Katsuo extract derived from dried bonito plays a role in systemic anti-inflammation and consolidation of the blood-brain barrier to regulate higher brain functions","authors":"Yoshinori Hokari, Aya Sekine, Y. Kai, Shino Oikawa, Asuka Mano, H. Ohata, S. Sugama, Y. Kakinuma","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.969433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.969433","url":null,"abstract":"Objects: Recently, a non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system, in which cardiomyocytes are equipped with components to synthesize acetylcholine, is considered to be important for maintaining physiological homeostasis in the heart, according to its anti-ischemia and hypoxia effects and angiogenesis-enhancing effects to salvage myocardium. Furthermore, it influences sustaining blood brain barrier functions. However, it remains to be fully elucidated whether any substance plays a role in activating the system. Methods: Using Katsuo extract derived from dried bonito, called Katsuobushi in Japanese, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies whether Katsuo extract activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system and influences the associated physiological responses, specifically focusing on anti-inflammatory property and potentiation of blood brain barrier functions. Results: Katsuo extract potently activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system and the parasympathetic nervous system. In vitro and in vivo murine models clearly showed that Katsuo extract also exerted anti-inflammatory action by suppressing cytokine production and microglial activation against pathogenic and non-pathogenic factors. Furthermore, it upregulated blood brain barrier components, such as claudin-5 and occludin, strengthened the function and prevented disruption in a brain injury model, and finally influenced murine higher brain functions by activating resiliency against depressive or anxiety-like behaviors. Conclusion: Therefore, the novel findings of this study indicate that Katsuo extract possesses characteristic anti-inflammatory and blood brain barrier consolidation effects, and the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system activation. The intake might be effective in influencing pathophysiology of neuroinflammation-related diseases.","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114139778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.971679
Xin-Yi Wang, Rong Wang, Zheng-yi Qu, Yanzhu Zhu, Yali Li
Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is a traditional chinese medicine (TCM) with active substances such as saponins and polysaccharides, The most abundant active ingredient is astragalus polysaccharides (APS). It is a natural extract with multiple activities such as anti-viral, anti-tumor and the immune-enhancing effects. In recent years, studies on the role of APS in immunomodulatory direction have been increasing, and numerous studies have shown that APS has a better immune enhancing effect. This paper outlines the immunomodulatory effects of APS in terms of immune cells, nonspecific immunity, anti-viral immunity, anti-tumor effects, and applications in animal production, which would provide a base for the further applications of APS. Herein, this current review intends to describe the immunomodulatory effects of APS with underlying mechanisms of therapeutic effects.
{"title":"Advances on immunoregulation effect of astragalus polysaccharides","authors":"Xin-Yi Wang, Rong Wang, Zheng-yi Qu, Yanzhu Zhu, Yali Li","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.971679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.971679","url":null,"abstract":"Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is a traditional chinese medicine (TCM) with active substances such as saponins and polysaccharides, The most abundant active ingredient is astragalus polysaccharides (APS). It is a natural extract with multiple activities such as anti-viral, anti-tumor and the immune-enhancing effects. In recent years, studies on the role of APS in immunomodulatory direction have been increasing, and numerous studies have shown that APS has a better immune enhancing effect. This paper outlines the immunomodulatory effects of APS in terms of immune cells, nonspecific immunity, anti-viral immunity, anti-tumor effects, and applications in animal production, which would provide a base for the further applications of APS. Herein, this current review intends to describe the immunomodulatory effects of APS with underlying mechanisms of therapeutic effects.","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"8 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124637500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.3389/fntpr.2022.873808
U. Abdelmohsen, A. Sayed, Abeer H. Elmaidomy
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, BeniSuef, Egypt, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, Basra, Iraq, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
{"title":"Natural Products’ Extraction and Isolation-Between Conventional and Modern Techniques","authors":"U. Abdelmohsen, A. Sayed, Abeer H. Elmaidomy","doi":"10.3389/fntpr.2022.873808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fntpr.2022.873808","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, BeniSuef, Egypt, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, Basra, Iraq, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt","PeriodicalId":159634,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Natural Products","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133988937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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