Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1108/case.darden.2016.000032
Kenneth M. Eades, Justin Brenner
The case can be taught in an introductory corporate finance course or to more experienced students or executives to spur a discussion about share repurchases and corporate financial strategies in general. If used in an introductory course, the case is most effective if preceded by a traditional dividend class. It follows a portfolio manager of Johnson & Associates, Mark Johnson, who is reviewing his holdings, including his position in AutoZone in early 2012. A prominent shareholder, Edward Lampert, had begun liquidating his position in AutoZone, and Johnson is concerned that Lampert's reduced position could lead the company to stop using share repurchases as a method of distributing cash flows to shareholders. The case lists a number of alternative uses for the cash flows and asks students to assume Johnson's role as an analyst and assess the likely impact of those alternatives on AutoZone's stock price. Excerpt UVA-F-1672 Rev. Jun. 9, 2017 AutoZone, Inc. On February 1, 2012, Mark Johnson, portfolio manager at Johnson & Associates, an asset management company, was in the process of reviewing his largest holdings, which included AutoZone, an aftermarket auto-parts retailer. AutoZone shareholders had enjoyed strong price appreciation since 1997, with an average annual return of 11.5% (Exhibit 1). The stock price stood at $ 348, but Johnson was concerned about the recent news that Edward Lampert, AutoZone's main shareholder, was rapidly liquidating his stake in the company. Since 1998, AutoZone shareholders had received distributions of the company's cash flows in the form of share repurchases. When a company repurchased its own shares, it enhanced earnings per share by reducing the shares outstanding, and it also served to reduce the book value of shareholders' equity (see AutoZone financial statements in Exhibits 2, 3, 4, and 5). Johnson felt that Lampert was likely a driving force behind AutoZone's repurchase strategy because the repurchases started around the time Lampert acquired his stake and accelerated as he built up his position. Now that Lampert was reducing his stake, however, Johnson wondered if AutoZone would continue to repurchase shares or if the company would change its strategy and use its cash flows for initiating a cash dividend or reinvesting the cash in the company to grow its core business. In addition, given its large debt burden (Exhibit 6), AutoZone could choose to repay debt to improve its credit rating and increase its financial flexibility. With AutoZone potentially changing its strategy for the use of its cash flows, Johnson needed to assess the impact of the change on the company's stock price and then decide whether he should alter his position on the stock. . . .
{"title":"Autozone, Inc","authors":"Kenneth M. Eades, Justin Brenner","doi":"10.1108/case.darden.2016.000032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/case.darden.2016.000032","url":null,"abstract":"The case can be taught in an introductory corporate finance course or to more experienced students or executives to spur a discussion about share repurchases and corporate financial strategies in general. If used in an introductory course, the case is most effective if preceded by a traditional dividend class. It follows a portfolio manager of Johnson & Associates, Mark Johnson, who is reviewing his holdings, including his position in AutoZone in early 2012. A prominent shareholder, Edward Lampert, had begun liquidating his position in AutoZone, and Johnson is concerned that Lampert's reduced position could lead the company to stop using share repurchases as a method of distributing cash flows to shareholders. The case lists a number of alternative uses for the cash flows and asks students to assume Johnson's role as an analyst and assess the likely impact of those alternatives on AutoZone's stock price. Excerpt UVA-F-1672 Rev. Jun. 9, 2017 AutoZone, Inc. On February 1, 2012, Mark Johnson, portfolio manager at Johnson & Associates, an asset management company, was in the process of reviewing his largest holdings, which included AutoZone, an aftermarket auto-parts retailer. AutoZone shareholders had enjoyed strong price appreciation since 1997, with an average annual return of 11.5% (Exhibit 1). The stock price stood at $ 348, but Johnson was concerned about the recent news that Edward Lampert, AutoZone's main shareholder, was rapidly liquidating his stake in the company. Since 1998, AutoZone shareholders had received distributions of the company's cash flows in the form of share repurchases. When a company repurchased its own shares, it enhanced earnings per share by reducing the shares outstanding, and it also served to reduce the book value of shareholders' equity (see AutoZone financial statements in Exhibits 2, 3, 4, and 5). Johnson felt that Lampert was likely a driving force behind AutoZone's repurchase strategy because the repurchases started around the time Lampert acquired his stake and accelerated as he built up his position. Now that Lampert was reducing his stake, however, Johnson wondered if AutoZone would continue to repurchase shares or if the company would change its strategy and use its cash flows for initiating a cash dividend or reinvesting the cash in the company to grow its core business. In addition, given its large debt burden (Exhibit 6), AutoZone could choose to repay debt to improve its credit rating and increase its financial flexibility. With AutoZone potentially changing its strategy for the use of its cash flows, Johnson needed to assess the impact of the change on the company's stock price and then decide whether he should alter his position on the stock. . . .","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131503509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of the innovation potential of countries is possible due to the improvement of R&D and innovation infrastructure that enables promising scientific research, innovative developments, their implementation and scaling in similar industry complexes (regions). Innovative products create a foundation for the export growth of products (services) and the development of national brands.
{"title":"Development of R&D and innovation infrastructure of China and Belarus","authors":"V. Terziev, V. Klimuk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3948606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3948606","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the innovation potential of countries is possible due to the improvement of R&D and innovation infrastructure that enables promising scientific research, innovative developments, their implementation and scaling in similar industry complexes (regions). Innovative products create a foundation for the export growth of products (services) and the development of national brands.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134542867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research proposes a developed format of a survey of young people about innovative youth entrepreneurship. It provides mechanisms used for the development of youth start-up movement. Based on the interpretation of the obtained results from the respondents, certain proposals were defined to solve the identified problematic issues and improve measures of stimulating innovative youth entrepreneurship in the country.
{"title":"Changing the Way Young People Perceive Innovative Entrepreneurship and Proposals for its Stimulation","authors":"V. Terziev, V. Klimuk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3939720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3939720","url":null,"abstract":"This research proposes a developed format of a survey of young people about innovative youth entrepreneurship. It provides mechanisms used for the development of youth start-up movement. Based on the interpretation of the obtained results from the respondents, certain proposals were defined to solve the identified problematic issues and improve measures of stimulating innovative youth entrepreneurship in the country.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129082392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International courts often apply the social justice standard of Aristotelian equality - treating like people alike and unlike people differently - to cases involving insurance pricing discrimination. This article examines whether the use of insurance pricing variables like gender and race results in discriminatory pricing categories consisting of heterogeneous policy owners, in violation of Aristotelian equality. The article applies this discrimination standard to the pricing of annuities, drawing from studies investigating the racial mortality crossover, data that shows that the mortality rate of black Americans falls below the rate of white Americans at advanced ages. Based on the crossover literature, this study demonstrates how race-based annuity pricing would be discriminatory because it results in heterogeneous pricing within racial pricing categories, but that insurers can control for this heterogeneity by using the wider variety of annuity pricing data (e.g., medical history, diseases, and smoking) developed in the enhanced annuity submarket. The article demonstrates how the increased use of data analytics in insurance pricing to control for heterogeneity is consistent with Aristotelian equality.
{"title":"Insurance Pricing Discrimination and Aristotelian Equality: An Application to Minority Annuity Pricing","authors":"David A. Cather","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3923078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3923078","url":null,"abstract":"International courts often apply the social justice standard of Aristotelian equality - treating like people alike and unlike people differently - to cases involving insurance pricing discrimination. This article examines whether the use of insurance pricing variables like gender and race results in discriminatory pricing categories consisting of heterogeneous policy owners, in violation of Aristotelian equality. The article applies this discrimination standard to the pricing of annuities, drawing from studies investigating the racial mortality crossover, data that shows that the mortality rate of black Americans falls below the rate of white Americans at advanced ages. Based on the crossover literature, this study demonstrates how race-based annuity pricing would be discriminatory because it results in heterogeneous pricing within racial pricing categories, but that insurers can control for this heterogeneity by using the wider variety of annuity pricing data (e.g., medical history, diseases, and smoking) developed in the enhanced annuity submarket. The article demonstrates how the increased use of data analytics in insurance pricing to control for heterogeneity is consistent with Aristotelian equality.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"86 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125969730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We estimate the effects of access to student loans on university students’ educational attainment and labor market returns in New Zealand. We exploit the introduction of a policy mandating a minimum pass rate of 50% for student loan renewals using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and linked administrative records. For students around the threshold, retaining access to student loans increases their likelihood of re-enrollment and bachelor’s degree completion rate. The effects are observed primarily among female students due to a substantial gender difference in compliance with the pass rate criterion. We find that retaining student loans leads to large labor market returns for struggling female students. The additional student loan debt from further borrowing declines quickly due to faster repayment of their student loan debt.
{"title":"Do Academically Struggling Students Benefit from Continued Student Loan Access? Evidence from University and Beyond","authors":"Y. Chu, Harold E. Cuffe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3567487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567487","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the effects of access to student loans on university students’ educational attainment and labor market returns in New Zealand. We exploit the introduction of a policy mandating a minimum pass rate of 50% for student loan renewals using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and linked administrative records. For students around the threshold, retaining access to student loans increases their likelihood of re-enrollment and bachelor’s degree completion rate. The effects are observed primarily among female students due to a substantial gender difference in compliance with the pass rate criterion. We find that retaining student loans leads to large labor market returns for struggling female students. The additional student loan debt from further borrowing declines quickly due to faster repayment of their student loan debt.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124803181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies how households make portfolio allocation decisions to save for children's college, and how these decisions affect children's college enrollment and student debt. I first document that more than 85% of households allocate college savings to risky assets, in particular more than 60% to stocks. I also demonstrate that college savings motives explain approximately one-third of stock market participation probability outside of retirement accounts for households with children. My results show that the allocation of college savings to stocks is associated with higher children's college enrollment rates and lower student loan participation rates after controlling for family and student characteristics. Exploiting exogenous variation in the portfolio allocation of 529 accounts, I find that holding a 10% greater share of 529 accounts in stocks during the school years increases the accumulated amount of college savings up to 20% and leads to a higher probability of enrollment in a selective four-year college and a lower student loan participation for 529 account beneficiaries from middle- and high-income households.
{"title":"The Investment Side of College Savings","authors":"A. Vasilenko","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3912392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3912392","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies how households make portfolio allocation decisions to save for children's college, and how these decisions affect children's college enrollment and student debt. I first document that more than 85% of households allocate college savings to risky assets, in particular more than 60% to stocks. I also demonstrate that college savings motives explain approximately one-third of stock market participation probability outside of retirement accounts for households with children. My results show that the allocation of college savings to stocks is associated with higher children's college enrollment rates and lower student loan participation rates after controlling for family and student characteristics. Exploiting exogenous variation in the portfolio allocation of 529 accounts, I find that holding a 10% greater share of 529 accounts in stocks during the school years increases the accumulated amount of college savings up to 20% and leads to a higher probability of enrollment in a selective four-year college and a lower student loan participation for 529 account beneficiaries from middle- and high-income households.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121100232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of “troublesome knowledge” is a generic term that encapsulates all the difficulties of comprehending or appreciating a discipline-specific learning subject. In this article, we suggest that students’ errors are an indicator for troublesome knowledge. In an empirical study based on in-depth episodic interviews, we explore teachers’ content, pedagogical content, and curricular knowledge on students’ errors in entrepreneurship courses. We find that entrepreneurial errors have multiple characteristics (ambiguity, post-determination, etc.) that impede the diagnosis of errors. Our findings reveal two types of entrepreneurial troublesomeness: troublesome content-related knowledge and troublesome methodology. Furthermore, this article identifies the didactical strategies teachers have employed to cope with students’ errors (correction by co-teacher[s], correction by peer-student[s], etc.) and didactical implications for designing error-based curricula. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on future directions for theoretical and empirical research in entrepreneurship education.
{"title":"Errare Humanum Est: Epistemological Obstacles in Entrepreneurship Education","authors":"Anh Dinh, A. Liening","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3911875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911875","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of “troublesome knowledge” is a generic term that encapsulates all the difficulties of comprehending or appreciating a discipline-specific learning subject. In this article, we suggest that students’ errors are an indicator for troublesome knowledge. In an empirical study based on in-depth episodic interviews, we explore teachers’ content, pedagogical content, and curricular knowledge on students’ errors in entrepreneurship courses. We find that entrepreneurial errors have multiple characteristics (ambiguity, post-determination, etc.) that impede the diagnosis of errors. Our findings reveal two types of entrepreneurial troublesomeness: troublesome content-related knowledge and troublesome methodology. Furthermore, this article identifies the didactical strategies teachers have employed to cope with students’ errors (correction by co-teacher[s], correction by peer-student[s], etc.) and didactical implications for designing error-based curricula. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on future directions for theoretical and empirical research in entrepreneurship education.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116040245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Business schools' fundamental problem remains whether they can develop responsible leaders capable of navigating the increasingly complex economy and market society driven by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and post-Covid-19 work conditions. The purpose of this integrative literature review is to formulate suggestions for an innovative executive education ecosystem model that reskills and upskills 4IR leaders to manage the future changing workforce successfully. From a theoretical perspective, this integrative literature review was framed by Christensen et al.’s (2015) disruptive innovation theory, which defined disruptive innovation concepts are ‘new to the world products’ or ‘business model innovations,’ not just technical innovations. Content analysis was performed on the selected literature to obtain the most relevant knowledge of how an innovative business school ecosystem can be built to reskill and upskill 4IR leaders and a satisfactory degree of convergence on the key arguments extracted from the literature. This integrative literature review study is significant in advancing professional practice and promoting positive social change in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to support sustainable business and community prosperity across regions. This macro-level conceptualization is presented through the findings of this study to answer essential questions and offer recommendations for practice, policy, and future research of how business schools’ mission must become more aligned with global and labor economics. Business Schools need to be identified as important social actors in transforming executive education programs by strategically engaging others in innovative education ecosystems through experimentation, innovation, and industry partnerships.
{"title":"Reskilling and Upskilling 4IR Leaders in Business Schools through an Innovative Executive Education Ecosystem: An Integrative Literature Review","authors":"J. Diaz, D. Halkias","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3897059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3897059","url":null,"abstract":"Business schools' fundamental problem remains whether they can develop responsible leaders capable of navigating the increasingly complex economy and market society driven by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and post-Covid-19 work conditions. The purpose of this integrative literature review is to formulate suggestions for an innovative executive education ecosystem model that reskills and upskills 4IR leaders to manage the future changing workforce successfully. From a theoretical perspective, this integrative literature review was framed by Christensen et al.’s (2015) disruptive innovation theory, which defined disruptive innovation concepts are ‘new to the world products’ or ‘business model innovations,’ not just technical innovations. Content analysis was performed on the selected literature to obtain the most relevant knowledge of how an innovative business school ecosystem can be built to reskill and upskill 4IR leaders and a satisfactory degree of convergence on the key arguments extracted from the literature. This integrative literature review study is significant in advancing professional practice and promoting positive social change in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to support sustainable business and community prosperity across regions. This macro-level conceptualization is presented through the findings of this study to answer essential questions and offer recommendations for practice, policy, and future research of how business schools’ mission must become more aligned with global and labor economics. Business Schools need to be identified as important social actors in transforming executive education programs by strategically engaging others in innovative education ecosystems through experimentation, innovation, and industry partnerships.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115188823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hawk-dove game admits two types of equilibria: asymmetric pure equilibria in which players in one population play ‘hawk’ and players in the other population play ‘dove’, and a symmetric mixed equilibrium. The existing literature on dynamic evolutionary models show that populations will converge into playing one of the asymmetric pure equilibria from any initial state. By contrast, we show that under plausible sampling dynamics, in which agents occasionally revise their actions by observing either opponents’ behavior or payoffs in a few past interactions, can induce the opposite result: global convergence to the symmetric mixed equilibrium.
{"title":"Sampling Dynamics and Stable Mixing in Hawk-Dove Games","authors":"S. Arigapudi, Yuval Heller, Amnon Schreiber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3868911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3868911","url":null,"abstract":"The hawk-dove game admits two types of equilibria: asymmetric pure equilibria in which players in one population play ‘hawk’ and players in the other population play ‘dove’, and a symmetric mixed equilibrium. The existing literature on dynamic evolutionary models show that populations will converge into playing one of the asymmetric pure equilibria from any initial state. By contrast, we show that under plausible sampling dynamics, in which agents occasionally revise their actions by<br>observing either opponents’ behavior or payoffs in a few past interactions, can induce the opposite result: global convergence to the symmetric mixed equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128845474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Gawron, Andrzej Klimczuk, Zofia Szweda-Lewandowska
The study is illustrative and theoretical in nature, as it was created on the basis of a review of the available literature on the subject (Polish and foreign). The publication is addressed both to scientists and students dealing with the subject of population aging, old age and the elderly, as well as to a growing group of practitioners interested in these issues, including politicians and decision-makers, representatives of public services, representatives of the media and non-governmental organizations.
{"title":"Starzenie się populacji. Aktywizacja, koprodukcja i integracja społeczna osób starszych (Population Ageing: Activation, Co-Production, and Social Integration of Older People)","authors":"G. Gawron, Andrzej Klimczuk, Zofia Szweda-Lewandowska","doi":"10.31261/PN.4035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31261/PN.4035","url":null,"abstract":"The study is illustrative and theoretical in nature, as it was created on the basis of a review of the available literature on the subject (Polish and foreign). The publication is addressed both to scientists and students dealing with the subject of population aging, old age and the elderly, as well as to a growing group of practitioners interested in these issues, including politicians and decision-makers, representatives of public services, representatives of the media and non-governmental organizations.","PeriodicalId":160212,"journal":{"name":"Social Sciences Education eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123906269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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