Journal of Gastroenterology最新文献

Background: Hypoxic microenvironment is a common feature of most solid tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation by tumor cells could provide blood supply to tumor cells under hypoxia. NFE2 like basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor 2 (Nrf2), a regulator of cellular homeostasis, may promote tumor progression in the hypoxic conditions. However, the role and regulatory mechanisms of Nrf2 in HCC are not fully elucidated.

Methods: Nrf2 and assembly factor for spindle microtubules (ASPM) expression modulations were conducted by lentiviral transfections. Western blot, immunofluorescence, ChIP-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, flow cytometry, RNA sequencing, multiple bioinformatics databases analysis, cell function assays in vitro, mouse model in vivo and human HCC tissues were employed to assess the effect of Nrf2/ASPM axis on HCC progression under hypoxia.

Results: Nrf2 and ASPM expression facilitated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs) feature, and VM formation of HCC cells under hypoxia. Furthermore, Nrf2-regulated ASPM expression, via binding directly to the promoter region of ASPM and transcriptionally promoting ASPM expression. ASPM re-expression in Nrf2 knockdown cells or ASPM knockdown in Nrf2 overexpression cells reversed the cellular function caused by Nrf2. Meantime, retinol metabolism pathway was disrupted following abnormal ASPM expression. Nrf2/ASPM axis in murine models accelerated tumor growth and VM, corroborating in vitro findings. All-trans retinoic acid treatment reversed stemness and VM of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, Nrf2 and ASPM expressions were related to poor prognosis of HCC patients.

Conclusions: Nrf2 drives EMT, CSCs characteristics and VM in HCC under hypoxia through the modulation of ASPM. Retinol metabolism pathway was dysregulated in HCC cells with ASPM overexpression. Nrf2/ASPM axis and related pathway provided potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Background: The intake of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) may increase the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to explore the potential effects and mechanisms of resistant starch (RS) in HFCS-induced colon tumorigenesis.

Methods: The azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) and Apc^Min/+ mice models were used to investigate the roles of HFCS and RS in CRC in vivo. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining analysis was used to detect the expression of proliferation-related proteins in tissues. 16S rRNA sequencing for microbial community, gas chromatography for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and mass spectrometry analysis for glycolysis products in the intestines were performed. Furthermore, lactic acid assay kit was used to detect the glycolysis levels in vitro.

Results: RS suppressed HFCS-induced colon tumorigenesis through reshaping the microbial community. Mechanistically, the alteration of the microbial community after RS supplement increased the levels of intestinal SCFAs, especially butyrate, leading to the suppression of glycolysis and CRC cell proliferation by downregulating HK2.

Conclusions: Our study identified RS as a candidate of protective factors in CRC and may provide a potential target for HFCS-related CRC treatment.

Background: The cancer risk for each length of Barrett's esophagus (BE) in Japanese is unknown. This nationwide, multi-institutional study aims to clarify the cancer risk by length of BE in the general Japanese population.

Methods: Consecutive subjects who underwent upper endoscopic screening at 17 centers between 2013 and 2017 and had at least one follow-up endoscopy by December 2022 were included. The presence/absence of BE and, if present, its length were retrospectively assessed using the retrieved endoscopic images recorded at baseline. Information on the subsequent occurrence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and other upper gastrointestinal cancers was also collected. Cancer incidence was calculated and expressed as %/year.

Results: A total of 33,478 subjects were enrolled, and 17,884 (53.4%), 10,641 (31.8%), 4889 (14.6%), and 64 (0.2%) were diagnosed as absent BE, BE < 1 cm, 1-3 cm, and ≥ 3 cm, respectively. During a median follow-up of 80 months, 11 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma developed. The annual incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is 0%/year for absent BE, 0.0032 (0.00066-0.013)%/year for BE < 1 cm, 0.026 (0.011-0.054)%/year for 1-3 cm, and 0.58 (0.042-2.11)%/year for ≥ 3 cm, respectively. Meanwhile, the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cancer were 0.039 (0.031-0.049)%/year and 0.16 (0.14-0.18)%/year, respectively.

Conclusions: By enrolling a large number of subjects with long-term follow-up, this study demonstrated that the risk of cancer increased steadily with increasing length of BE in the Japanese population. Therefore, it is important to consider the length of BE when determining the management strategy for BE.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergic inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized by eosinophil accumulation and has a growing global prevalence. EoE significantly impairs quality of life and poses a substantial burden on healthcare resources. Currently, only two FDA-approved medications exist for EoE, highlighting the need for broader research into its management and prevention. Recent advancements in omics technologies, such as genomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and others, offer new insights into the genetic and immunologic mechanisms underlying EoE. Genomic studies have identified genetic loci and mutations associated with EoE, revealing predispositions that vary by ancestry and indicating EoE’s complex genetic basis. Epigenetic studies have uncovered changes in DNA methylation and chromatin structure that affect gene expression, influencing EoE pathology. Transcriptomic analyses have revealed a distinct gene expression profile in EoE, dominated by genes involved in activated type 2 immunity and epithelial barrier function. Proteomic approaches have furthered the understanding of EoE mechanisms, identifying potential new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, challenges in integrating diverse omics data persist, largely due to their complexity and the need for advanced computational methods. Machine learning is emerging as a valuable tool for analyzing extensive and intricate datasets, potentially revealing new aspects of EoE pathogenesis. The integration of multi-omics data through sophisticated computational approaches promises significant advancements in our understanding of EoE, improving diagnostics, and enhancing treatment effectiveness. This review synthesizes current omics research and explores future directions for comprehensively understanding the disease mechanisms in EoE.

Background

Although atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) therapy has been used as the preferred first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), up to 26% of patients do not achieve disease control, suggesting alternative treatments might be more beneficial for such patients. We investigated key predictors for refractoriness to Atezo/Bev therapy, particularly in the first-line setting.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 302 patients with HCC who received Atezo/Bev therapy between October 2020 and September 2022 across nine hospitals in Japan. Refractoriness was defined as best overall response (BOR) of progressive disease or stable disease and a progression-free survival (PFS) of < 180 days (RECIST v1.1). Clinical benefit was defined as BOR of partial/complete response or stable disease with PFS of ≥ 180 days. Baseline characteristics and potential predictors, identified through literature review, were compared between these groups. Stratifications of overall survival (OS), and PFS were also assessed.

Results

Refractoriness was observed in 126 (41.7%) patients, while 154 (51.0%) achieved clinical benefit. Due to a significant association between the treatment line and refractory rate, the subsequent analysis focused on the first-line cohort (n = 214; 72 [33.6%] patients showed refractoriness). Among 13 potential predictors, the CRP and AFP in immunotherapy (CRAFITY) score had the best predictive performance, with refractory rates of 24.6%, 44.6%, and 57.9% in CRAFITY-0, 1, and 2 patients, respectively (p < 0.001). OS and PFS were also well-stratified by this scoring system.

Conclusions

Approximately one-third of patients were refractory to first-line Atezo/Bev therapy. The CRAFITY score demonstrated superior performance in predicting refractoriness.

Background

Focal pancreatic parenchymal atrophy (FPPA) and upstream pancreatic atrophy (UPA) may indicate the presence of early pancreatic cancer. In early pancreatic cancer, the tumor occasionally spreads laterally along the main pancreatic duct, presenting challenges in determining the extent of surgical resection. This study aimed to investigate the association of pancreatic atrophy pattern and intraductal cancer extension.

Methods

Thirty-two patients with early-stage pancreatic cancer who underwent surgery at five participating centers were enrolled. Pancreatic atrophy was defined as the narrowing of parenchyma compared to the surrounding parenchyma and was classified as either FPPA (partial atrophy surrounding the pancreatic duct stenosis) or UPA (global atrophy caudal to the site of duct stenosis). Intraductal cancer extension was defined as an extension exceeding 10 mm.

Results

Preoperative computed tomography revealed FPPA, UPA, and no parenchymal atrophy in 13, 13, and 6 patients. Cases with FPPA or UPA showed significantly longer cancer extensions than those without atrophy (P = 0.005 and P = 0.03, respectively). Intraductal cancer extension was present in all but one case of FPPA. 69% (9/13) of the cases with UPA showed intraductal cancer extension, whereas cases without atrophy showed no intraductal cancer extension. Importantly, two patients with FPPA or UPA showed positive resection margins during surgery and three patients with FPPA or UPA showed recurrence in the remnant pancreas.

Conclusions

The presence of FPPA and UPA indicates lateral cancer extension in early-stage pancreatic cancer. Preoperative assessment of the pancreatic parenchyma may provide valuable insights for determining the extent of surgical resection.

Background

Overlapping clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and IBS-like symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-IBS) present challenges in diagnosis and management. Both conditions are associated with alterations in metabolites, but few studies have described the lipid profiles. Our aim was to pinpoint specific lipids that contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS and IBD-IBS by analyzing multiple biologic samples.

Methods

Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) patients (n = 39), ulcerative colitis in remission with IBS-like symptoms patients (UCR-IBS) (n = 21), and healthy volunteers (n = 35) were recruited. IBS-D patients meet the Rome IV diagnostic criteria, and UCR-IBS patients matched mayo scores ≤ two points and Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Serum, feces, and mucosa were collected for further analysis. Lipid extraction was carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS).

Results

Lipidomics of mucosa and serum samples significantly differed among the three groups. Feces showed the most altered lipid species, and the enrichment analysis of 347 differentially abundant metabolites via KEGG pathway analysis revealed that alpha-linolenic acid metabolism was significantly altered in the two groups (P < 0.01). The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid were imbalance in serum samples.

Conclusions

This study revealed a comprehensive lipid composition pattern between IBS-D patients and UCR-IBS patients. We found several distinctive lipids involved in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, reflecting an imbalance in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio. Compared to mucosa and serum samples, fecal samples might have more advantages in lipidomics studies due to the convenience of sample collection and effectiveness in reflecting metabolic information.

Background: The regulatory role of gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites through the gut-liver axis in the development of cirrhotic portal hypertension (PH) has received increasing attention.

Methods: The review summarized a series of investigations on effects of metabolites derived from microbiota and medicines targeting microbiome including rifaximin, VSL#3, statins, propranolol, FXR agonists as well as drugs derived from bile acids (BAs) on PH progression.

Results: Patients with PH exhibit alterations in gut microbial richness and differential overall microbiota community, and several results clearly displayed the correlation of PH with enrichment of Veillonella dispar or depletion of Clostridiales, Peptostreptococcaceae, Alistipes putredinis, Roseburia faecis and Clostridium cluster IV. The gut-derived metabolites including hydrogen sulfide, tryptophan metabolites, butyric acid, secondary BAs and phenylacetic acid (PAA) participate in a range of pathophysiology process of PH through modulating intrahepatic vascular resistance and portal blood flow associated with the formation and progression of PH. Established and emerging drugs targeting on bacterial translocation and intestinal eubiosis are gradually identified as potential strategies for treatments of liver cirrhosis and PH by modulating intestinal inflammation, splanchnic arterial vasodilation and endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusions: Future explorations should further characterize the alteration of the fecal microbiome and metabolite profiles in PH and elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the intestinal microbiome, gut-derived metabolites and gut microbiota targeted pharmaceutical treatments involved in PH.

Background: Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) modulates the tumor immune microenvironment of multiple cancer types, including esophageal cancer, which potentially induces both immunogenicity and immunosuppression by upregulating the presentation of tumor-specific antigens and immune checkpoint molecules in tumors, respectively. The prognostic effects of immune modification by CRT in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain controversial because of the lack of detailed immunological analyses using paired clinical specimens before and after CRT. We aimed to clarify the immunological changes in the tumor microenvironment caused by CRT and elucidate the predictive importance of clinical response and prognosis and the rationale for the necessity of subsequent programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor treatment.

Methods: In this study, we performed a comprehensive immunological analysis of paired biopsy specimens using multiplex immunohistochemistry before and after CRT in patients with unresectable locally advanced ESCC.

Results: CRT significantly increased the intra-tumoral infiltration and PD-1 expression of CD8⁺ T cells and conventional CD4⁺ T cells but decreased those of regulatory T cells and the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages. Multivariate analysis of tumor-infiltrating T-cell phenotypes revealed that the density of PD-1⁺CD8⁺ T cells in the tumor after CRT could predict a confirmed complete response and favorable survival.

Conclusions: This study showed that CRT improved the immunological characteristics of unresectable locally advanced ESCC and identified the density of PD-1⁺CD8⁺ T cells as a predictive factor for prognosis. This finding supports the rationale for the necessity of subsequent PD-1 inhibitor treatment.