Pub Date : 2014-07-24DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863244
Bob McFetridge
Over the years, voltage reduction has been implemented using different techniques. In the early days, a summing transformer was added to the sense voltage input on the LTC/regulator control. There are many disadvantages to this system-among them being the need for follow-up commands to exit voltage reduction and hardware changes if voltage reduction needed to be implemented. This paper explains a smart voltage reduction algorithm that will allow for the maximum percentage of reduction without the need of reducing the bandwidth or requiring multiple levels to be entered. The simple steps of disabling band edges and applying reactive compensation in the correct direction can both increase the amount of reduction and also allow the system to return to normal quicker when exiting reduction. With the newer digital controls, voltage reduction can now be performed without the need for external transformers, and three levels of voltage reduction-typically between 1–10%-can be implemented via software. This allows the user the ability to remotely change the percentage of reduction without changing any hardware, a major benefit. A second major benefit is in response time. A third benefit is that there is verification that the control is in reduction mode. This paper provides an overview of this Smart Voltage Reduction system and these benefits.
{"title":"Smart voltage reduction","authors":"Bob McFetridge","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863244","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, voltage reduction has been implemented using different techniques. In the early days, a summing transformer was added to the sense voltage input on the LTC/regulator control. There are many disadvantages to this system-among them being the need for follow-up commands to exit voltage reduction and hardware changes if voltage reduction needed to be implemented. This paper explains a smart voltage reduction algorithm that will allow for the maximum percentage of reduction without the need of reducing the bandwidth or requiring multiple levels to be entered. The simple steps of disabling band edges and applying reactive compensation in the correct direction can both increase the amount of reduction and also allow the system to return to normal quicker when exiting reduction. With the newer digital controls, voltage reduction can now be performed without the need for external transformers, and three levels of voltage reduction-typically between 1–10%-can be implemented via software. This allows the user the ability to remotely change the percentage of reduction without changing any hardware, a major benefit. A second major benefit is in response time. A third benefit is that there is verification that the control is in reduction mode. This paper provides an overview of this Smart Voltage Reduction system and these benefits.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128899102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-24DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863242
Y. Tsimberg, K. Lotho, C. Dimnik, N. Wrathall, A. Mogilevsky
Many overhead transmission lines in North America have exceeded their expected design life. It is therefore of interest to estimate the conditions and remaining lives of conductors in order to facilitate maintenance and capital replacement planning. Determining condition or health requires considerable investments. This report investigates whether visual inspection and age are sufficient parameters for estimating the remaining life of this asset. The simple visual and age assessment is quantified by means of Health Indexing. The effectiveness of this simple assessment is measured by comparing it to a condition evaluation that is based on detailed, quantitative laboratory testing. The use of life curves for different geographical regions facilitates the process of determining remaining life. Estimated lives based on the simple and more comprehensive assessments, as well as based on chronological age are compared for different geographical regions.
{"title":"Determining transmission line conductor condition and remaining life","authors":"Y. Tsimberg, K. Lotho, C. Dimnik, N. Wrathall, A. Mogilevsky","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863242","url":null,"abstract":"Many overhead transmission lines in North America have exceeded their expected design life. It is therefore of interest to estimate the conditions and remaining lives of conductors in order to facilitate maintenance and capital replacement planning. Determining condition or health requires considerable investments. This report investigates whether visual inspection and age are sufficient parameters for estimating the remaining life of this asset. The simple visual and age assessment is quantified by means of Health Indexing. The effectiveness of this simple assessment is measured by comparing it to a condition evaluation that is based on detailed, quantitative laboratory testing. The use of life curves for different geographical regions facilitates the process of determining remaining life. Estimated lives based on the simple and more comprehensive assessments, as well as based on chronological age are compared for different geographical regions.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121832282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-24DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863540
Katherine Crouse, Scott Hemlinger
The intent of this paper is to explore how the Commercial and Industrial (C&I) meter and its associated applications have adapted to the ever-shifting landscape of today's power grid. This includes discussing design considerations for the C&I meter including topics on communications, standards, and safety. Applications of C&I meters and the data they generate will be covered with discussions on changing load conditions, metering alternate sources of power, and data analytics. During the discussion of each topic emphasis on the C&I meters impact on the current and future environment will be explored.
{"title":"A survey of Commercial & Industrial metering applications","authors":"Katherine Crouse, Scott Hemlinger","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863540","url":null,"abstract":"The intent of this paper is to explore how the Commercial and Industrial (C&I) meter and its associated applications have adapted to the ever-shifting landscape of today's power grid. This includes discussing design considerations for the C&I meter including topics on communications, standards, and safety. Applications of C&I meters and the data they generate will be covered with discussions on changing load conditions, metering alternate sources of power, and data analytics. During the discussion of each topic emphasis on the C&I meters impact on the current and future environment will be explored.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116918550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-14DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863292
B. Mehraban, D. Reed, R. Gutman, B. Depommier, R. Hariharan, S. Mendis, S. Shah
Refurbishment of SVCs can extend equipment life and enhance power quality. This paper describes a recent SVC project where a 20-year-old installation was refurbished and upgraded with changing of all SVC main components (thyristor valves, cooling system, and control system) and some of the aging substation components (a new and redesigned 2nd harmonic filter bank). Utility transmission system power quality with respect to harmonics and voltage flicker was also enhanced with the upgrade of the SVC. This paper describes the methodology used and the approach for the project. The power system studies performed for this project includes harmonics, voltage flicker, transients, losses, and reliability/availability as described in this paper. Power quality measurements, before and after the upgrades are described in detail.
{"title":"SVC refurbishment for smart grid power quality enhancement and life extension","authors":"B. Mehraban, D. Reed, R. Gutman, B. Depommier, R. Hariharan, S. Mendis, S. Shah","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863292","url":null,"abstract":"Refurbishment of SVCs can extend equipment life and enhance power quality. This paper describes a recent SVC project where a 20-year-old installation was refurbished and upgraded with changing of all SVC main components (thyristor valves, cooling system, and control system) and some of the aging substation components (a new and redesigned 2nd harmonic filter bank). Utility transmission system power quality with respect to harmonics and voltage flicker was also enhanced with the upgrade of the SVC. This paper describes the methodology used and the approach for the project. The power system studies performed for this project includes harmonics, voltage flicker, transients, losses, and reliability/availability as described in this paper. Power quality measurements, before and after the upgrades are described in detail.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123550574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-14DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863149
Richard D. Brody
The ever-growing overall demand for electricity combined with the increasingly variable supply of that key energy resource presents fundamental challenges to established processes for planning, building, and operating grid infrastructure. The issue extends beyond generation, as transmission planners struggle to site new lines in an environment of increasing political and societal opposition, while simultaneously meeting the challenge of managing unschedulable energy sources. Further, in certain areas with limited long-term demand growth it can be difficult to justify capital investment. Site-flexible energy storage offers a solution to both problems: transforming intermittent renewables into schedulable sources of clean energy, while cost-efficiently enhancing the utilization of existing transmission infrastructure.
{"title":"Optimizing grid infrastructure with site-flexible, fuel-free compressed air energy storage","authors":"Richard D. Brody","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863149","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-growing overall demand for electricity combined with the increasingly variable supply of that key energy resource presents fundamental challenges to established processes for planning, building, and operating grid infrastructure. The issue extends beyond generation, as transmission planners struggle to site new lines in an environment of increasing political and societal opposition, while simultaneously meeting the challenge of managing unschedulable energy sources. Further, in certain areas with limited long-term demand growth it can be difficult to justify capital investment. Site-flexible energy storage offers a solution to both problems: transforming intermittent renewables into schedulable sources of clean energy, while cost-efficiently enhancing the utilization of existing transmission infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125287790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-14DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863197
R. Benato, S. Dambone Sessa, Fabio Guglielmi, E. Partal, Nasser D. Tleis
The knowledge of ground return current in faulty occurrence plays a key role in the dimensioning of the earthing grid of substations and cable sealing end compounds, in the computation of rise of earth potential at substation sites and in electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) on neighbouring parallel metallic conductors (pipes, handrail, etc.). Moreover, the ground return current evaluation is also important in steady-state regime since this stray current can be responsible for EMIs and also for AC corrosion. In faulty situation and under some assumptions, the ground return current value at substation site can be computed by means of k-factors. The paper shows that these simplified and approximated approaches have a lot of limitations and only multiconductor approaches can show the ground return current behaviour along the cable (not only the two end values) both in steady-state regime and in short circuit occurrence (e.g. phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase-to-ground). Multiconductor Cell Analysis (MCA) considers the cable system in its real asymmetry without simplified and approximated hypotheses. The sensitivity of ground return current to circuit parameters (cross-bonding box resistances, substation earthing resistances, soil resistivity) is throughout presented.
{"title":"Ground return current behaviour in HVAC insulated cables by means of MCA","authors":"R. Benato, S. Dambone Sessa, Fabio Guglielmi, E. Partal, Nasser D. Tleis","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863197","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of ground return current in faulty occurrence plays a key role in the dimensioning of the earthing grid of substations and cable sealing end compounds, in the computation of rise of earth potential at substation sites and in electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) on neighbouring parallel metallic conductors (pipes, handrail, etc.). Moreover, the ground return current evaluation is also important in steady-state regime since this stray current can be responsible for EMIs and also for AC corrosion. In faulty situation and under some assumptions, the ground return current value at substation site can be computed by means of k-factors. The paper shows that these simplified and approximated approaches have a lot of limitations and only multiconductor approaches can show the ground return current behaviour along the cable (not only the two end values) both in steady-state regime and in short circuit occurrence (e.g. phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase-to-ground). Multiconductor Cell Analysis (MCA) considers the cable system in its real asymmetry without simplified and approximated hypotheses. The sensitivity of ground return current to circuit parameters (cross-bonding box resistances, substation earthing resistances, soil resistivity) is throughout presented.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126646653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-14DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863148
Dong Han, T. Lin, Yilu Liu, Jin Ma, Guoqiang Zhang
There are a lot of uncertainties in load modeling and it parameter solutions, which is difficult to estimate uncertainty with traditional methods if the number of parameters is immense. This paper adopts the sparse grid stochastic collocation method for uncertainty analysis, and proposes a strategy available to calculate the multi-parameter uncertainty arising from load models. For multiple random inputs, sparse grid method can be regarded as an extension of Gaussian quadrature formulas in multi-dimensional cases. Based on the sparse grid stochastic collocation method, the collocation points can be selected among the Gaussian points of (l+1) order and lower than (l+1) order. Compared to other probabilistic analysis methods, it can not only maintain the integral precision but avoid the exponential rise of collocation points, and can greatly reduce simulation time. The case study on multiparameter uncertainty of the composite load model verifies the integral precision and the validity of the proposed method.
{"title":"Uncertainty analysis of load model based on the sparse grid stochastic collocation method","authors":"Dong Han, T. Lin, Yilu Liu, Jin Ma, Guoqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863148","url":null,"abstract":"There are a lot of uncertainties in load modeling and it parameter solutions, which is difficult to estimate uncertainty with traditional methods if the number of parameters is immense. This paper adopts the sparse grid stochastic collocation method for uncertainty analysis, and proposes a strategy available to calculate the multi-parameter uncertainty arising from load models. For multiple random inputs, sparse grid method can be regarded as an extension of Gaussian quadrature formulas in multi-dimensional cases. Based on the sparse grid stochastic collocation method, the collocation points can be selected among the Gaussian points of (l+1) order and lower than (l+1) order. Compared to other probabilistic analysis methods, it can not only maintain the integral precision but avoid the exponential rise of collocation points, and can greatly reduce simulation time. The case study on multiparameter uncertainty of the composite load model verifies the integral precision and the validity of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114296760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-14DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863248
Md. Kamal Hossain, M. Ali
Penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) power to the grid is increasing very rapidly. Energy regulatory body is imposing much stricter grid code due to this high penetration of the PV power. Grid connected PV system encounters different types of abnormalities during grid faults. When the fault appears in the grid side, the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage will go very low which will cause the DC link voltage very high for power balancing. This high DC link voltage may damage the inverter. Also, the voltage sag will force the PV system to be disconnected from the grid according to grid code. And shutdown of large PV plant may have adverse effect in power system operation. This study proposes series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) to counteract the effect of faults in the grid side and hence prevents the voltage sag in grid side. Improving voltage sag by the proposed method will enhance the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the PV plant. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by applying the most severe fault (three-phase-to-ground fault). The terminal voltage obtained with proposed protection scheme maintains the grid code, and hence the PV systems need not to be disconnected from the grid during fault.
{"title":"Low voltage ride through capability enhancement of grid connected PV system by SDBR","authors":"Md. Kamal Hossain, M. Ali","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863248","url":null,"abstract":"Penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) power to the grid is increasing very rapidly. Energy regulatory body is imposing much stricter grid code due to this high penetration of the PV power. Grid connected PV system encounters different types of abnormalities during grid faults. When the fault appears in the grid side, the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage will go very low which will cause the DC link voltage very high for power balancing. This high DC link voltage may damage the inverter. Also, the voltage sag will force the PV system to be disconnected from the grid according to grid code. And shutdown of large PV plant may have adverse effect in power system operation. This study proposes series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) to counteract the effect of faults in the grid side and hence prevents the voltage sag in grid side. Improving voltage sag by the proposed method will enhance the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the PV plant. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by applying the most severe fault (three-phase-to-ground fault). The terminal voltage obtained with proposed protection scheme maintains the grid code, and hence the PV systems need not to be disconnected from the grid during fault.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114390414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-14DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863165
B. Korobeynikov, A. Ishchenko, D. Ishchenko
This paper presents a novel hybrid power system overcurrent protection relay based on rotating magnetic field principle. The device is directly connected into the regular current transformer (CT) secondary circuit and consists of an electromagnetic component with rotating magnetic field and an electronics circuit employed to generate a low-level analog output, which is directly proportional to the magnitude of the input current signal. The relay output is produced without using numerical signal algorithms by the hybrid physical system. Moreover, the relay provides galvanic isolation from the secondary CT circuit and is capable of auto-correcting the input current waveform distortions introduced by CT saturation.
{"title":"Hybrid overcurrent protection relay based on rotating magnetic field principle","authors":"B. Korobeynikov, A. Ishchenko, D. Ishchenko","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863165","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel hybrid power system overcurrent protection relay based on rotating magnetic field principle. The device is directly connected into the regular current transformer (CT) secondary circuit and consists of an electromagnetic component with rotating magnetic field and an electronics circuit employed to generate a low-level analog output, which is directly proportional to the magnitude of the input current signal. The relay output is produced without using numerical signal algorithms by the hybrid physical system. Moreover, the relay provides galvanic isolation from the secondary CT circuit and is capable of auto-correcting the input current waveform distortions introduced by CT saturation.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122034758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-14DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2014.6863397
T. Ku, C. S. Chen, C. H. Lin, W. Shyu
This paper presents an intelligent transformer management system (TMS) to monitor the transformer loading, to report the overloading condition and to support demand response function. A transformer terminal unit (TTU) is developed to provide the functions of data acquisition, event alarm, loss analysis and customer load control. For the abnormal operation conditions such as overloading, high oil temperature and electricity tampering, the TMS will report the event through the power line carrier communication and display on the digital mapping system to provide early indication of a developing fault and the network connectivity of the distribution transformer. The TMS is also designed to support the customer load control to achieve load reduction after receiving the demand response command issued by the energy service company (ESCO). The proposed TTU can also be used for reduction of transformer loading by interrupting customer nonessential loads when overloading has been detected.
{"title":"Design of an intelligent transformer management system","authors":"T. Ku, C. S. Chen, C. H. Lin, W. Shyu","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2014.6863397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863397","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an intelligent transformer management system (TMS) to monitor the transformer loading, to report the overloading condition and to support demand response function. A transformer terminal unit (TTU) is developed to provide the functions of data acquisition, event alarm, loss analysis and customer load control. For the abnormal operation conditions such as overloading, high oil temperature and electricity tampering, the TMS will report the event through the power line carrier communication and display on the digital mapping system to provide early indication of a developing fault and the network connectivity of the distribution transformer. The TMS is also designed to support the customer load control to achieve load reduction after receiving the demand response command issued by the energy service company (ESCO). The proposed TTU can also be used for reduction of transformer loading by interrupting customer nonessential loads when overloading has been detected.","PeriodicalId":161074,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116843533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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