Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals最新文献

The existence of isotopes was proposed at the dawn of the 20^th century based on compelling experimental evidence by many distinguished investigators. The subject of this review focuses on one specific application of isotopes in the evolving science of forensics. The topics covered include isotope ratio measurement and variation, forensic anthropology, wildlife trafficking, explosive investigation, illicit drugs, counterfeit medicines, food authentication, nuclear forensics and artificial intelligence (AI). Future directions and a conclusion for this important research topic are also included.

The protein carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is highly expressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and its restrictive expression in healthy tissues makes CAIX an attractive diagnostic target. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate [¹⁸F]AlF-NY104, a small-molecule CAIX-targeting PET agent in a preclinical ccRCC model. The radiolabeling parameters for [¹⁸F]AlF-NY104 have been optimized, including the solvent volume and reaction temperature. The high-purity product was synthesized by using an automated multifunctional module Mortenon M1, leading to nondecay-corrected radiochemical yields over 50% (n = 3). [¹⁸F]AlF-NY104 showed excellent tumor targeting capability and afforded high-quality microPET/CT imaging in the OS-RC-2 tumor model (15.01 ± 0.76 %ID/g [mean ± SEM]). The radiation exposure from [¹⁸F]AlF-NY104 is estimated to be 4.44 mSv for adult male and female human subjects, which is well below the FDA recommended whole-body single exposure limit of 30 mSv. Our investigation revealed that [¹⁸F]AlF-NY104 can be conveniently and efficiently radiolabeled by using an automated module. [¹⁸F]AlF-NY104 exhibited many outstanding properties, such as rapid uptake in tumor, rapid clearance through the kidney, and low uptake in most normal organs. Moreover, the high accumulation of [¹⁸F]AlF-NY104 in tumors in CAIX-positive models offers an alternative diagnostic strategy for patients with ccRCC.

The vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) signaling pathway is pivotal in regulating angiogenesis. We have synthesized a linear peptide-based VEGFR-2–targeted positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, but its target affinity and in vivo stability need further improvement. In this study, we developed two novel ⁶⁴Cu-labeled VEGFR-2–targeted PET dimer tracer [⁶⁴Cu]VEGF₂₂₁₅ and [⁶⁴Cu]VEGF₂₂₁₆ modified with a pegylated linear and branched linker, respectively, to optimize its pharmacokinetic properties and conducted a comprehensive preclinical assessment. Both tracers exhibited a radiochemical yield of over 95% and showed a high affinity for VEGFR-2 in U87MG cells. PET/CT imaging experiments indicated that [⁶⁴Cu]VEGF₂₂₁₅ exhibited a time-dependent accumulation in the U87MG tumor, with a maximum uptake of 4.95 ± 1.26 %ID/g at 24 h post-injection. In comparison, [⁶⁴Cu]VEGF₂₂₁₆ showed a consistently lower tumor uptake, peaking at only 3.07 ± 0.35 %ID/g. Blocking and biodistribution experiments further confirmed the specificity of [⁶⁴Cu]VEGF₂₂₁₅ for VEGFR-2. The favorable properties of [⁶⁴Cu]VEGF₂₂₁₅, including efficient synthesis, high tumor uptake, and rapid clearance from most normal organs, suggest it is a promising PET tracer for VEGFR-2-positive tumors.

[¹⁸F]Florbetazine injection, a radiotracer that could target Aβ plaques and achieve diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent currently in the investigational new drug (IND) application stage. The active ingredient of [¹⁸F]Florbetazine injection, [¹⁸F]Florbetazine, is a diaryl-azine derivative. Chemical and radiochemical purity is critical quality attributes (CQAs) for [¹⁸F]Florbetazine injection, and thus, we have developed and validated a relevant HPLC method. This study describes the specificity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the HPLC method. The stability of three sample batches was investigated using the established method. The validation results demonstrated the accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the method, making it suitable for implementation as part of the quality control (QC) process for [¹⁸F]Florbetazine injection. The stability of three sample batches revealed a decrease in concentration and radiochemical purity over 10 h. However, all samples maintained a radiochemical purity of over 90% after 10 h. The results provided a foundation for establishing quality standards for [¹⁸F]Florbetazine injection. The same methodology employed in this study could be applied and modified for QC protocols of other ¹⁸F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals.

Most of the reported small molecule-based fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeted radioligands are derived from UAMC1110 and contain a 4-difluoro-2-cyanopyrrolidine moiety. In this study, we investigated the effect of replacing the 4-difluoro-2-cyanopyrrolidine moiety of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 with 2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile on the in vitro/vivo FAP-targeting capability. The newly derived ⁶⁸Ga-labeled FAP-targeted tracer, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-JC02076, was obtained in 43.5 ± 10.4% decay-corrected radiochemical yield within 33.5 ± 5.8 min (n = 4). The radiochemical purity and molar activity were 97.2 ± 3.4% and 411.6 ± 232.5 GBq/μmol, respectively. Ga-JC02076 showed good binding affinity for FAP (IC₅₀ = 29.7 ± 3.5 nM). Most importantly, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-JC02076 enabled clear visualization of HEK293T:hFAP tumor xenografts in PET images and had good tumor uptake (7.17 ± 2.19 %ID/g) and excellent tumor-to-bone (17.3 ± 6.99) and tumor-to-muscle (32.3 ± 12.5) uptake ratios at 1 h post-injection. Our data suggest that N-(4-quinolinoyl)-Gly-(2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile) is a promising pharmacophore for the design of FAP-targeted tracers.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 19 (CDK19) is a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. We have previously studied a series of CDK19-targeted PET tracers, but in-depth drug optimization is needed to improve the physiochemical properties of such large and polar tracers. The albumin strategy has received widespread attention in recent years, and we synthesized ⁶⁸Ga-IRM-14a and ⁶⁸Ga-IRM-14b based on the strategy. After in vivo imaging studies in mice, we found that introducing albumin moiety will significantly change the physicochemical properties of existing large polarity tracers, thereby increasing tissue uptake and retention, which is beneficial for future treatment. In short, the albumin strategy will be an important strategy in the field of radiopharmaceutical optimization.

Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic widely used in equine and human medicine. Use of bupivacaine in performance horses is regulated because its ability to block pain means that it can be misused for advantage in performance horses. In racing regulation, bupivacaine is classified by the Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) as a Class 2 Penalty Class A Foreign substance, the detection of which can lead to significant penalties. In horses, bupivacaine is metabolized by Phase-I hydroxylation to yield 3-hydroxybupivacaine, which is then glucuronidated to yield the Phase-II metabolite bupivacaine-3-hydroxyglucuronide, which is excreted at relatively high concentrations in equine urine. Standard regulatory procedure during urinalysis is to perform an enzymatic hydrolysis, thereby enabling subsequent detection of 3-hydroxybupivacaine, the primary analyte used for bupivacaine regulation in urine samples from competition horses. We now report on the synthesis of 3-hydroxybupivacaine and deuterated 3-hydroxybupivacaine from piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in six successive steps with moderate yield. The compounds were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR and their purity ascertained by HPLC-MS. The deuterated bupivacaine and 3-hydroxybupivacaine were further confirmed by HRMS. The synthesis of these compounds provides certified reference standards and stable isotope-labeled internal standards for drug testing in competitive equine sports including horse racing.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most extensively used plastics in daily life. Due to its prevalent use, it is ubiquitous in the environment and a significant contributor to plastic pollution. Continuous exposure to photochemical, thermal, biological, and mechanical processes makes PET susceptible to slow degradation and the production of microsized and/or nanosized particles known as PET microplastic/nanoplastic (MP/NP). MP/NP are widely detected in the environment, including in drinking water and human food; consequently, knowledge gaps on the impacts of MP/NP in human food sources have gained global attention. A large knowledge gap is the bioaccumulation and fate of PET MP/NP in food animals. The application of carbon-14 labeled PET NP in food animals would provide a relatively straightforward approach to understanding the degree of PET absorption and its tissue distribution after absorption. Here, a simple, fast, and efficient synthetic method is described to produce [¹⁴C]-PET NP. The method comprises the polycondensation of terephthaloyl chloride and readily accessible [¹⁴C]-ethylene glycol followed by nanoprecipitation. The synthesized [¹⁴C]-PET and [¹⁴C]-PET NP were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and UV-Vis spectroscopy.