Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management最新文献

英文中文

Embryo transfer. 胚胎移植。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0376

引用次数: 0

Management of the mare at parturition. 母马分娩时的管理。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781845934507.0169

M. Morel

引用次数: 1

Infertility in the mare. 母马不孕。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0235

S. Reid, John, F., Weatherston

A nomalous sex chromosome comAposition is a cause of infertility in mares (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Mosaicism is the occurrence of two or more genetically different cell types within the body of an individual (5). The impact of sex chromosome mosaicism on the fertility of an animal depends on the relative proportions of the two cell lines in the ovary. The mare may exhibit a Turner-like syndrome, which is an infertile condition characterized by streaked gonads, short stature, and cells containing only one X chromosome, or they may be only subfertile (1, 3, 5). The most severely affected mares have small, firm ovaries with undifferentiated ovarian stroma (3, 5). In such mares on rectal palpation, the uterus and cervix are generally small and flaccid. The external genitalia are female but the vulva is smaller than normal; there is no clitoral enlargement. Some affected mares have been reported to be smaller in height and weight than normal mares of their corresponding breeds. The response of affected mares to teasing by a stallion ranges from total rejection to allowing the stallion to mount and mate (4). Generally there is no cyclical pattern to the estrous behavior (4, 5). Affected mares are unresponsive to hormonal stimulation (6). During the 1986 breeding season, a four-year-old Standardbred maiden mare was presented with a history of persistent anestrus. The mare was 15 hands (152.4 cm) high and weighed approximately 400 kg. The mare was in good body condition with no other abnormalities noted. The mare was repeatedly examined by rectal palpation. The ovaries were 2.5 cm long and on one occasion a small 10 mm follicle was palpated. The uterus and cervix were small and persistently flaccid. A tentative diagnosis of Turnerlike syndrome was made. One intramuscular injection of 5 mg of dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse, Tuco Products Co., Orangeville, Ontario) was ineffective in inducing estrus. On May 2, 1986 a venous blood sample was taken and air-dried smears were stained with Wright's stain. On May 21, 1986 a heparinized blood sample was drawn from the jugular vein and taken to the Ontario Veterinary College (OW) for karyotyping. The blood smears were examined for the presence of "drumsticks" (a drumstick is a sex chromatin body or Barr body that appears as an appendage on a lobe of the nucleus in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in female mammals (5)). Two percent of the neutrophils (2 of 100) had drumsticks. The cultures of the heparinized blood sample were processed and subjected to karyotypic analysis. Of the twentysix cells examined, twenty-three (88.5%) were 64,XX and three were 63,XO. The normal chromosomal complement for the domestic horse, Equus caballus, is 2n = 64. Abnormal female karyotypes that impair fertility include the 63,XO aneuploid Turner-like syndrome, and mosaicism with 63,XO/ 64,XX cells (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The condition of the 63,XO gonadal dysgenesis may account for some cases of primary infertility in the mare (7). These two

不正常的性染色体组成是导致雄性不育的一个原因(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)。嵌合体是指个体体内出现两种或两种以上基因不同的细胞类型(5)。性染色体嵌合体对动物生育能力的影响取决于卵巢中两种细胞系的相对比例。母马可能表现为特纳样综合征，这是一种不孕症，其特征是性腺有条纹，身材矮小，细胞只含有一条X染色体，或者它们可能只有低生育能力(1,3,5)。受影响最严重的母马卵巢小而坚固，卵巢间质未分化(3,5)。直肠触诊时，这类母马的子宫和子宫颈通常小而松弛。外生殖器为女性，但外阴小于正常;没有阴蒂增大。据报道，一些受影响的母马在身高和体重上比相应品种的正常母马要小。患病母马对公马挑逗的反应从完全拒绝到允许公马上马交配(4)。通常，发情行为没有周期性模式(4,5)。患病母马对激素刺激没有反应(6)。在1986年的繁殖季节，一匹4岁的标准种母马出现了持续的退情史。这匹母马高15手(152.4厘米)，重约400公斤。母马身体状况良好，没有其他异常。母马经直肠触诊反复检查。卵巢长2.5厘米，有一次摸到一个10毫米的小卵泡。子宫和子宫颈小且持续松弛。初步诊断为特纳样综合征。肌内注射5毫克dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse, Tuco Products Co.， Orangeville, Ontario)对诱导发情无效。1986年5月2日，取了一份静脉血样本，风干后用赖特氏染色剂染色。1986年5月21日，从颈静脉抽取了一份肝素化的血液样本，并送到安大略兽医学院(OW)进行核型分析。检查血涂片是否存在“鸡腿”(鸡腿是雌性哺乳动物多形核白细胞的性染色质体或Barr体，作为附属物出现在细胞核叶上)。百分之二的中性粒细胞(100个中的2个)有鸡腿。对肝素化血样本进行处理并进行核型分析。在检测的26个细胞中，有23个(88.5%)为64,XX, 3个为63,XO。家马(Equus caballus)的正常染色体补体是2n = 64。异常的雌性核型包括63、XO非整倍体特纳样综合征和63、XO/ 64、XX细胞嵌合体(1,2,3,4,5,6)。63、XO性腺发育不良可能是导致母马原发性不育的原因(7)。这两种情况在马中比在其他家养物种中更常见。造成这种情况的可能原因可能是，母马的繁殖年龄较晚，而且是在人为操纵的条件下进行的(5)。然而，迄今为止，尚未确定母马特纳样综合征的季节或怀孕年龄模式。这种母马染色体异常的原因可能是受精后的后期滞后或未分离(3,4)。这两种有丝分裂事故发生的阶段都可能影响具有XO染色体组成的细胞的比例(3,4)。如果生殖细胞是异常细胞的后代之一，则动物将不育或不育(1)。3).在患有特纳氏综合征(44,xo)的人类中，胎儿性腺是正常的，但所有的生殖细胞在出生时或出生后不久就会死亡(1)。人们认为，两个X染色体都是卵母细胞存活所必需的。马赛克型63,xo / 64,XX母马的卵巢发育可能与63,xo母马相似，或者更正常，这取决于两种性腺细胞系的相对比例(1)。受影响的母马由于性腺功能不全而导致雌激素缺乏。血浆雌激素水平低，血浆和尿液中促黄体生成素水平升高(4,7)。宫颈和子宫松弛，缺乏周期性发情行为，表明这些母马雌激素缺乏(4)。然而，本文所述母马的血浆促黄体生成素和雌激素水平未被检测。63,xo / 64,xx母马的中性粒细胞比例为1.75%，而正常母马的中性粒细胞比例为8-12%(4)。在这种情况下，母马的中性粒细胞比例为2%。公马和非整倍体63、XO母马没有鸡腿。该试验仅对初步诊断有用，应通过核型确认(3,4,6)。在本病例中，染色体检查对诊断非常有用。皮肤和肝素化的血液都可以用于核型培养(1,3)。尽管只有11.5%的外周白细胞是63,XO，但生发细胞系可能含有更高比例的63,XO细胞。我们无法确定这一点，业主也不希望再做任何测试

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引用次数: 0

Management of the mare during lactation and at weaning. 母马哺乳期和断奶期的管理。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0226

引用次数: 0

General stallion management. 一般种马管理。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0276

引用次数: 0

Management of the pregnant mare. 怀孕母马的管理。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470751176.ch5

M. Morel

引用次数: 5

Advanced reproductive techniques. 先进的生殖技术。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0389

引用次数: 0

Mare reproductive anatomy. 母马生殖解剖学。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0003

引用次数: 0

Management of the mare at mating. 母马交配时的管理。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0163

引用次数: 0

Selection of the stallion for breeding. 选择种马进行繁育。

Equine reproductive physiology, breeding and stud management

Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1079/9781789242232.0259

引用次数: 0

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