Journal of parenteral science and technology : a publication of the Parenteral Drug Association最新文献

Cleaning validation has received increasing attention by the FDA in recent inspections, yet very little has been published regarding practices within the pharmaceutical industry. This presentation will review several of aspects of the validation of equipment cleaning procedures. A significant portion of the presentation is derived from round table discussions the author has led over the last several years on this subject. Specific areas to be defined include: sampling methods, analytical methods, physical parameters, and of greatest interest, the selection of acceptance criteria. The presentation also includes some additional perspectives on the subject of cleaning validation developed by the author which may prove useful to the practitioner.

The Raritan Biological Production Facility (RBPF) at Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, Raritan, NJ, is a unique facility designed and built exclusively for the production of a sterile, injectable biological product of murine monoclonal origin. This product is the first injectable monoclonal antibody product to be licensed by FDA's Center for Biologics-Evaluation and Research (CBER). Thus, Ortho's Biotechnology Division had a unique opportunity to work very closely with CBER throughout all aspects of facility design, construction and validation, including microbiological validation of the facility and its equipment. This paper will address how existing guidelines for pharmaceutical and sterile products were used to develop initial validation protocols for the different areas and applications within the facility, and how the data gathered were used, with the assistance of CBER, to develop operating specifications and monitoring programs, for the operations within the complex.

The commercially available parenteral dosage forms of cyclophosphamide (Endoxan, Cycloblastine) are manufactured by an aseptic dry-filling technique and exhibit a slow dissolution rate. A novel dosage form has been developed by one of the manufacturers based on the technique of freeze drying. Dissolution rates of both types of formulations were determined and it was shown that the freeze-dried formulation dissolves more rapidly, within 20 seconds, while it takes at least three minutes to dissolve the dry-filled formulation. The chemical stabilities of the cyclophosphamide solutions, obtained after reconstitution and/or dilution of both formulations, have been investigated and tested as a function of drug concentration (20 and 1 mg/mL), solvent (water, 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose), container material (glass and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)), light conditions (normal room fluorescent light/dark) and temperature (4 degrees, 20-22 degrees and 37 degrees C). The test solutions were analyzed by a stability-indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection at 214 nm. Cyclophosphamide solutions (solvent: water; drug concentration; 20 mg/mL) are stable when stored for seven days at 4 degrees C in the dark. At higher temperatures degradation occurred during the test period with 10% loss after seven days at ambient temperature and 50% loss after seven days storage at 37 degrees C. Similar data were found in admixtures with 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride and initial drug concentration of 1 mg/mL. There are no significant differences in chemical stability between the solutions obtained from reconstitution and dilution of the dry-filled and lyophilized formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Use of steam-in-place (SIP) sterilization has increased as the complexity of biotechnology processing equipment has increased. Extensive biological testing is required prior to use of this equipment as no quantitative guidelines exist for the design of SIP sterilizable equipment. Dead-ended geometries present the most difficult challenge to SIP sterilization, but data are not available as to the effects of tube orientation, length and diameter on time required for sterilization. This study examines the effects on sterilization of location within a dead-ended tube and orientation of the tube with respect to the gravitational vector. Temperature profiles and biological kill of Bacillus stearothermophilus were determined for four tube orientations. Kill kinetics were characterized by time to start of kill and cycle log reduction (CLR) times. Both values increased with increasing distance up the tube and orientation of the tube in a more horizontal position. CLR values were as much as ten times greater than those resulting from saturated steam. Projected sterilization times were determined and found to be very dependent on tube orientation. Recommendations are given for sterilization and validation testing of dead-ended geometries.

Sterilizing grade hydrophobic filters are used for the sterile filtration of gases in pharmaceutical and biological applications. Until now the integrity of these membrane filters and their ability to retain bacteria, has been correlated to a solvent based nondestructive integrity test. Current methods use solvents to wet the membranes in order to perform bubble point and diffusion integrity tests. Solvent based integrity tests make it difficult to test in situ following sterilization because of the risk of downstream solvent contamination. A newly developed method, the Water Pressure Integrity Test (WPIT), allows for the integrity testing of hydrophobic filters eliminating the problems associated with traditional test methods employing solvents. A prime advantage of WPIT is that it may be performed in situ post sterilization without any downstream manipulations. The test has been directly correlated to the retention of bacterial challenges. Data will be provided to show the reliability and sensitivity of this easy to perform test.

Gamma-radiation sterilized Trypticase Soy Agar containing lecithin and polysorbate 80 (TSA++) (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD) and irradiated TSA++ (Adams Scientific, West Warwick, RI) were tested by a quantitative spread plate method. Four bacteria Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 and the yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were tested in two separate experiments using different lots of media. A strain of Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, was tested by a qualitative streak plate method. The Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems (BDMS) irradiated TSA++ overall recovered a greater number of organisms than the Adams Scientific TSA++ in both experiments and allowed for the earlier recovery of S. pyogenes ATCC 19615. The growth of A. niger ATCC 16404, was comparable on both media. Efficacy of the media to neutralize 1, 2 and 3% phenol as well as 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1% benzalkonium chloride (BC) solutions was done by a disk diffusion method using 2 gram-positive and 4 gram-negative bacteria. Both media showed complete neutralization of the 0.001 and 0.01% BC solutions and partial neutralization of the 0.1% BC solution. The BDMS TSA++ showed better neutralization of the 2 and 3% phenol solutions than the Adams Scientific TSA++. This data indicates that not all irradiated TSA++ media perform in an equivalent manner.

Many of the intravenously administered drug compounds are formulated as frozen dosage forms due to lack of sufficient chemical stability at room or refrigerated temperatures. The product is stored in a freezer in the hospital pharmacy and thawed prior to its use. These products therefore, require a long-term frozen shelf-life plus a short-term room temperature and/or refrigerated temperature shelf-life. The formulation is optimized for overall stability in the frozen state as well as in the thawed state. In this paper, the significance of phase changes in the frozen state and the influence of various formulation factors such as drug concentration, diluent, buffer concentration, pH, and raw material purity on the drug stability in the frozen state is reviewed. An overview of analytical and manufacturing considerations unique to frozen products is also presented.