Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0016
E. Rolls
The prefrontal cortex receives perceptual information from the temporal and parietal cortices, and is in a position to perform ‘off-line’ processing, including holding items in a short-term memory when the items are no longer present in the input processing streams. This off-line capacity develops into a capability of manipulating and rearranging items in short-term memory, and this is called working memory, which is also implemented in the prefrontal cortex. This ability in humans develops into systems that can plan ahead, and then can control behaviour according to such plans, which is referred to as ‘executive function’. Attractor networks are fundamental to understanding the functions of the prefrontal cortex in short-term and working memory; and in providing the source of the top-down bias in top-down models of attention
{"title":"The prefrontal cortex","authors":"E. Rolls","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The prefrontal cortex receives perceptual information from the temporal and parietal cortices, and is in a position to perform ‘off-line’ processing, including holding items in a short-term memory when the items are no longer present in the input processing streams. This off-line capacity develops into a capability of manipulating and rearranging items in short-term memory, and this is called working memory, which is also implemented in the prefrontal cortex. This ability in humans develops into systems that can plan ahead, and then can control behaviour according to such plans, which is referred to as ‘executive function’. Attractor networks are fundamental to understanding the functions of the prefrontal cortex in short-term and working memory; and in providing the source of the top-down bias in top-down models of attention","PeriodicalId":166684,"journal":{"name":"Brain Computations","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130277562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198784852.003.0023
E. Rolls
The cerebellar cortex appears to be involved in predictive feedforward control to generate smooth movements. There is a beautiful network architecture which suggests that the granule cells perform expansion recoding of the inputs; that these connect to the Purkinje cells via an architecture that ensures regular sampling; and that each Purkinje cell has a single teacher, the climbing fibre, which produces associative long-term synaptic depression as part of perceptron-like learning.
{"title":"Cerebellar cortex","authors":"E. Rolls","doi":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198784852.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198784852.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"The cerebellar cortex appears to be involved in predictive feedforward control to generate smooth movements. There is a beautiful network architecture which suggests that the granule cells perform expansion recoding of the inputs; that these connect to the Purkinje cells via an architecture that ensures regular sampling; and that each Purkinje cell has a single teacher, the climbing fibre, which produces associative long-term synaptic depression as part of perceptron-like learning.","PeriodicalId":166684,"journal":{"name":"Brain Computations","volume":"246 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123018843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0014
E. Rolls
The basal ganglia include the striatum (caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum) which receive from all cortical areas, and which project via the globus pallidus and substantia nigra back to the neocortex. The basal ganglia are implicated in stimulus-response habit learning, which may be provided by a reinforcement learning signal received by dopamine neurons responding to reward prediction error. The dopamine neurons may receive reward-related information from the orbitofrontal cortex, via the ventral striatum and habenula. The network mechanisms in the basal ganglia implement selection of a single output for behaviour, which is highly adaptive, by mutual direct inhibition between neurons.
{"title":"The basal ganglia","authors":"E. Rolls","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The basal ganglia include the striatum (caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum) which receive from all cortical areas, and which project via the globus pallidus and substantia nigra back to the neocortex. The basal ganglia are implicated in stimulus-response habit learning, which may be provided by a reinforcement learning signal received by dopamine neurons responding to reward prediction error. The dopamine neurons may receive reward-related information from the orbitofrontal cortex, via the ventral striatum and habenula. The network mechanisms in the basal ganglia implement selection of a single output for behaviour, which is highly adaptive, by mutual direct inhibition between neurons.","PeriodicalId":166684,"journal":{"name":"Brain Computations","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134147282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0012
E. Rolls
The cingulate cortex is involved in action-outcome learning. The concept is that posterior cingulate cortex action-related information received from the parietal cortex is brought together in the cingulate cortex with the anterior cingulate cortex reward outcome-related information received from the orbitofrontal cortex, and via the midcingulate cortex the result of action-outcome learning can influence premotor areas. In addition, the posterior cingulate cortex has major connectivity with the parahippocampal cortex, which in turn projects spatial information to the entorhinal cortex and thereby into the hippocampal episodic memory system. The posterior cingulate cortex thus provides a route for spatial including visuo-spatial information to reach the hippocampus, where it can be combined with object and reward-related information to form episodic memories.
{"title":"The cingulate cortex","authors":"E. Rolls","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The cingulate cortex is involved in action-outcome learning. The concept is that posterior cingulate cortex action-related information received from the parietal cortex is brought together in the cingulate cortex with the anterior cingulate cortex reward outcome-related information received from the orbitofrontal cortex, and via the midcingulate cortex the result of action-outcome learning can influence premotor areas. In addition, the posterior cingulate cortex has major connectivity with the parahippocampal cortex, which in turn projects spatial information to the entorhinal cortex and thereby into the hippocampal episodic memory system. The posterior cingulate cortex thus provides a route for spatial including visuo-spatial information to reach the hippocampus, where it can be combined with object and reward-related information to form episodic memories.","PeriodicalId":166684,"journal":{"name":"Brain Computations","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129538297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0005
E. Rolls
There are 1000 gene-specified olfactory receptor types projecting to the olfactory bulb and then to the olfactory (pyriform) cortex. This processing enables what the odour is to be represented. The olfactory (pyriform) cortex then projects to the orbitofrontal cortex, where the representation is mapped away from a gene-specified space into an odour reward value space, with the orbitofrontal cortex responding for example to the pleasantness of odours including the smell and flavour of food. The mechanism of the transform includes pattern association with stimuli in other modalities, such as the taste and texture of food.
{"title":"The olfactory system","authors":"E. Rolls","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"There are 1000 gene-specified olfactory receptor types projecting to the olfactory bulb and then to the olfactory (pyriform) cortex. This processing enables what the odour is to be represented. The olfactory (pyriform) cortex then projects to the orbitofrontal cortex, where the representation is mapped away from a gene-specified space into an odour reward value space, with the orbitofrontal cortex responding for example to the pleasantness of odours including the smell and flavour of food. The mechanism of the transform includes pattern association with stimuli in other modalities, such as the taste and texture of food.","PeriodicalId":166684,"journal":{"name":"Brain Computations","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126921437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0006
E. Rolls
A hierarchical system through the somatosensory cortex builds representations of touch and of the positions of the limbs in space up through parietal cortex areas 5 and 7b, where the system is interfaced to the visual system for the computations involved in reaching into space and grasping objects. Attractor network mechanisms for decision-making between somatosensory stimuli are described. In the orbitofrontal cortex, the affective value of pleasant touch and of pain is represented.
{"title":"The somatosensory system","authors":"E. Rolls","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198871101.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"A hierarchical system through the somatosensory cortex builds representations of touch and of the positions of the limbs in space up through parietal cortex areas 5 and 7b, where the system is interfaced to the visual system for the computations involved in reaching into space and grasping objects. Attractor network mechanisms for decision-making between somatosensory stimuli are described. In the orbitofrontal cortex, the affective value of pleasant touch and of pain is represented.","PeriodicalId":166684,"journal":{"name":"Brain Computations","volume":"28 7-8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123430408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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