Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0004
Russell E. Martin
This chapter picks up the narrative with the second marriage of the second Romanov tsar, Aleksei Mikhailovich, in 1671, and considers how changing political structures at court, a rising wall of Orthodox confessionalism, and the pious personality of the “most serene” tsar combined to produce further changes to the wedding ritual. The chapter also explores how changes in the way tsars wed reflected in aspects of their own biographies — their religiosity, their physical health, their mental health, and their ages. It elaborates the role that weddings played in this dynamic time when the ritual ground on which all politics rested was shifting tumultuously beneath them. Ultimately, the chapter ends by exploring the vastly reduced weddings of Aleksei's sons in the 1680s, concluding with Peter I's first wedding in 1689.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0008
Russell E. Martin
This chapter shows how Russia's first emperor drew on a range of antecedents — Muscovite weddings, parodic weddings of jesters and fools, and foreign models — to retool royal wedding rites for his own purposes. The chapter, however, treats the weddings of the Petrine era as a unit. It explores how royal weddings were linked to the parodic weddings both to create a new ritual rubric for royal weddings and to help Peter I not only advance his reforms but establish a model of monarchy rooted in his own charismatic authority, rather than traditional dynastic rule. It also situates the weddings of the era in the context of their immediate precursors — the weddings of Peter's elder brothers and the second wedding of his father, which were themselves a departure from the traditional nuptial rites of passage that had been performed in the sixteenth and most of the seventeenth centuries. Ultimately, the chapter brings many of the themes that the previous chapters have explored — ritual, dynasty, religion, and women at weddings and in the larger political culture — into the Petrine era, revealing that, for all the changes in form, the function of the tsar's (and later, emperor's) happy occasion remained much the same: politics and power.
{"title":"“Delight in Exposing the Old Methods of the Country”","authors":"Russell E. Martin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter shows how Russia's first emperor drew on a range of antecedents — Muscovite weddings, parodic weddings of jesters and fools, and foreign models — to retool royal wedding rites for his own purposes. The chapter, however, treats the weddings of the Petrine era as a unit. It explores how royal weddings were linked to the parodic weddings both to create a new ritual rubric for royal weddings and to help Peter I not only advance his reforms but establish a model of monarchy rooted in his own charismatic authority, rather than traditional dynastic rule. It also situates the weddings of the era in the context of their immediate precursors — the weddings of Peter's elder brothers and the second wedding of his father, which were themselves a departure from the traditional nuptial rites of passage that had been performed in the sixteenth and most of the seventeenth centuries. Ultimately, the chapter brings many of the themes that the previous chapters have explored — ritual, dynasty, religion, and women at weddings and in the larger political culture — into the Petrine era, revealing that, for all the changes in form, the function of the tsar's (and later, emperor's) happy occasion remained much the same: politics and power.","PeriodicalId":167146,"journal":{"name":"The Tsar's Happy Occasion","volume":"21 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113967842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0007
Russell E. Martin
This chapter examines the way rites of passage and gifts interacted to create social cohesion in the Muscovite court. It presents the gifts' variety of functions at weddings: they helped integrate the bride (and her family) into the social hierarchy of the Kremlin, they reified lines of attachment and loyalty between the court elite and the dynasty, and they solicited the public and prayerful support of religious leaders of the Russian Church in distant locales across the tsardom. These gifts went to the high-ranking and the low, to courtiers in Moscow and to those in locations far from the capital, and to churchmen across Muscovy. Gifts were, consequently, an essential element of the larger goals of all royal weddings: to project an image of power, legitimacy, continuity, solidarity, and beneficence. Ultimately, the chapter focuses particularly on gifts given to church hierarchs, who in turn offered prayers for the newly wedded couple. Themes of dynasty and continuity weaved through the words of these prayers and highlight the essentially political nature of royal weddings.
{"title":"“To See Your Royal Children on the Thrones”","authors":"Russell E. Martin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the way rites of passage and gifts interacted to create social cohesion in the Muscovite court. It presents the gifts' variety of functions at weddings: they helped integrate the bride (and her family) into the social hierarchy of the Kremlin, they reified lines of attachment and loyalty between the court elite and the dynasty, and they solicited the public and prayerful support of religious leaders of the Russian Church in distant locales across the tsardom. These gifts went to the high-ranking and the low, to courtiers in Moscow and to those in locations far from the capital, and to churchmen across Muscovy. Gifts were, consequently, an essential element of the larger goals of all royal weddings: to project an image of power, legitimacy, continuity, solidarity, and beneficence. Ultimately, the chapter focuses particularly on gifts given to church hierarchs, who in turn offered prayers for the newly wedded couple. Themes of dynasty and continuity weaved through the words of these prayers and highlight the essentially political nature of royal weddings.","PeriodicalId":167146,"journal":{"name":"The Tsar's Happy Occasion","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116672954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0006
Russell E. Martin
This chapter explores the choreography of Muscovite royal wedding rituals, focusing on the appointments to the honorific duties typically performed at them. It focuses on the three categories of guests: royal relatives, courtiers and servitors of various ranks, and the bride's kin — the new royal in-laws. The chapter then explores the place of royal in-laws at weddings, whose presence was essential yet potentially disruptive to the very peace and harmony at court that the wedding was to symbolize and assure. It argues that the wedding served as a ritualized introduction of the bride's family into the inner circle of the Kremlin in a way that was acceptable to everyone else already living there. Ultimately, the chapter charts the evolving history of the precedence system (mestnichestvo) at weddings, the system of assigning honors and tasks to courtiers by rank. Mingling so many guests with such different social ranks eventually prompted the creation of a wedding exemption to the system of precedence, to avoid disputes over appointments. How that exemption evolved tells us a lot about the relationship between tsars and courtiers, and about monarchical power in Muscovy generally.
{"title":"“To Serve without Regard for Place”","authors":"Russell E. Martin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the choreography of Muscovite royal wedding rituals, focusing on the appointments to the honorific duties typically performed at them. It focuses on the three categories of guests: royal relatives, courtiers and servitors of various ranks, and the bride's kin — the new royal in-laws. The chapter then explores the place of royal in-laws at weddings, whose presence was essential yet potentially disruptive to the very peace and harmony at court that the wedding was to symbolize and assure. It argues that the wedding served as a ritualized introduction of the bride's family into the inner circle of the Kremlin in a way that was acceptable to everyone else already living there. Ultimately, the chapter charts the evolving history of the precedence system (mestnichestvo) at weddings, the system of assigning honors and tasks to courtiers by rank. Mingling so many guests with such different social ranks eventually prompted the creation of a wedding exemption to the system of precedence, to avoid disputes over appointments. How that exemption evolved tells us a lot about the relationship between tsars and courtiers, and about monarchical power in Muscovy generally.","PeriodicalId":167146,"journal":{"name":"The Tsar's Happy Occasion","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121379803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0009
Russell E. Martin
This chapter examines the royal weddings in the two branches of the Romanov dynasty from 1725 to 1745 — the Miloslavskii line (descended from Ivan V) and the Naryshkin line (descended from Peter I). It analyzes the ceremonies held for Peter I's daughter Anna Petrovna in 1725; his grand-niece Anna Leopol'dovna in 1739; and his grandson Peter Fedorovich (the future Peter III), who married Catherine Alekseevna (the future Catherine II) in 1745. The chapter then argues that each swing of the pendulum between the Miloslavskii and Naryshkin lines was marked by a wedding designed to keep the succession in one or the other, once and for all. Only when Lomonosov's exalted Peter and Catherine — the refounders of the Romanov dynasty — married in 1745 did the story of the tsar's happy occasion, a story that stretches back to the end of the fifteenth century, arrive at its denouement. Ultimately, it traces the intertwining narrative of dynasty and weddings down to the wedding of Peter and Catherine in 1745, about which Lomonosov wrote his effusive ode.
{"title":"“There Will Not Be Any Direful Reversions”","authors":"Russell E. Martin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the royal weddings in the two branches of the Romanov dynasty from 1725 to 1745 — the Miloslavskii line (descended from Ivan V) and the Naryshkin line (descended from Peter I). It analyzes the ceremonies held for Peter I's daughter Anna Petrovna in 1725; his grand-niece Anna Leopol'dovna in 1739; and his grandson Peter Fedorovich (the future Peter III), who married Catherine Alekseevna (the future Catherine II) in 1745. The chapter then argues that each swing of the pendulum between the Miloslavskii and Naryshkin lines was marked by a wedding designed to keep the succession in one or the other, once and for all. Only when Lomonosov's exalted Peter and Catherine — the refounders of the Romanov dynasty — married in 1745 did the story of the tsar's happy occasion, a story that stretches back to the end of the fifteenth century, arrive at its denouement. Ultimately, it traces the intertwining narrative of dynasty and weddings down to the wedding of Peter and Catherine in 1745, about which Lomonosov wrote his effusive ode.","PeriodicalId":167146,"journal":{"name":"The Tsar's Happy Occasion","volume":"109 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115688634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0003
Russell E. Martin
This chapter explores in detail the changes made to the sixteenth-century model by the choreographers of the wedding of the first Romanov tsar, and how these changes were aimed at solidifying Romanov rule after the chaos and violence of the Time of Troubles (1598–1613). The chapter also notes that the Romanov had an extensive kinship network based on marriage links to other boyar families that went back a half century. It discusses their network of in-laws who largely survived the upheavals of the Troubles and were now in a position to help the Romanovs, and themselves, politically. The chapter then shifts to describe the qualities of a potential Romanov candidate, and the real possibility of a Romanov on the throne, which would mean a restoration of the fortunes of boyar families — strong incentive for them to advocate and defend Romanov interests. Ultimately, the chapter reviews the Romanov's election in 1613 and their adept exploitation of ritual. It also analyses what it meant for them to have one of the greatest choreographers of the time on their side.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0002
Russell E. Martin
This chapter takes Grand Prince Vasilii III and Elena Glinskaia's wedding as a starting point. It explores the origins, structural elements, and symbolism of the wedding ritual over the course of the sixteenth century. It compares Muscovite weddings with ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine weddings and explores the question of the origins of these rituals in the East Slavic space. The chapter also plots Muscovite weddings according to Arnold van Gennep's model of les rites de passage — separation, liminality, and incorporation — which turns out to be a very useful lens for interpreting Muscovite weddings. When Muscovite secretaries and scribes developed a discrete set of documents to describe royal weddings at the turn of the sixteenth century, they created, perhaps unintentionally, a ritual template that lasted without much modification for more than a hundred years. The chapter describes and dissects that template.
本章以大公瓦西里三世和埃琳娜·格林斯卡娅的婚礼为起点。它探讨了16世纪婚礼仪式的起源、结构元素和象征意义。它将莫斯科婚礼与古希腊、罗马和拜占庭婚礼进行了比较，并探讨了这些仪式在东斯拉夫空间的起源问题。这一章还根据Arnold van Gennep的les rites de passage模型(分离、限制和结合)描绘了莫斯科婚礼的情节，这是解释莫斯科婚礼的一个非常有用的镜头。当莫斯科的秘书和抄写员在16世纪初编写了一套独立的文件来描述皇室婚礼时，他们可能无意中创造了一个一百多年来没有经过太多修改的仪式模板。本章对该模板进行了描述和剖析。
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Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501754845.003.0005
Russell E. Martin
This chapter explores the question of religion in the royal wedding ceremony by examining the few times when there was a mixed marriage: an orthodox dynast marrying a heterodox foreigner. The chapter notes that these instances were very rare and required such modification to the usual rubrics that we can more clearly apprehend what the Muscovites themselves saw as essential (or dispensable) elements of wedding rites. The chapter also presents an expanded view of the goings on inside the churches where these mixed marriages were solemnized. It then analyses how the Muscovites viewed the symbols and rituals they employed in their weddings, and how both pagan and Christian elements were unproblematic to them until Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich decided he had a problem with them at his own weddings. Ultimately, the chapter takes up the question of religious symbolism in royal weddings, comparing in detail three interfaith dynastic marriages: Elena Ivanovna, daughter of Grand Prince Ivan III, and Alexander of Lithuania (1495); Mariia Staritskaia, a cousin of Tsar Ivan IV, and Magnus of Denmark (1573); and the First False Dmitrii and Marina Mniszech (1605 and 1606). The three case studies reveal how religious attitudes were evolving, and how those attitudes produced liturgical and ritual adjustments to wedding rites over time.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9781501754869-009
{"title":"4. “To Live Together in Holy Matrimony”: Orthodox and Heterodox","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501754869-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754869-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":167146,"journal":{"name":"The Tsar's Happy Occasion","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129756536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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