Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405042958
S. Goswami
The progressive failure analysis of composite bolted joints under thermal environment has been investigated using the finite element method. The emphasis has been on the computational aspects of the problem. The ultimate failure loads and pin-bearing stresses have been computed using different failure criteria and the results have been compared with the experimental data as published in the open literature. In reality, bolted joints have been employed to various situations where the amount of load to be transferred is relatively high and on many occasions thermal effect is an important consideration. So the effect of material property degradation due to temperature has also been considered in this investigation. Progressive damage analyses have been performed for different laminates to give complete load-deflection path beyond failure load that will serve as a future reference. The pin has been modeled as a rigid object and load has been imparted on the structure as a displacement-controlled process to simulate the experimental situation in the laboratory environment. Contact between the bolt and the laminate has been considered in the analysis. A number of “User Subroutines” for ABAQUS software have been developed to incorporate Hashin, maximum stress, and Tsai-Wu failure criteria in the analysis. The effectiveness and performance of various well-known failure criteria as mentioned above have been evaluated and the results have been presented in graphical form.
{"title":"A Finite Element Investigation on Progressive Failure Analysis of Composite Bolted Joints Under Thermal Environment","authors":"S. Goswami","doi":"10.1177/0731684405042958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405042958","url":null,"abstract":"The progressive failure analysis of composite bolted joints under thermal environment has been investigated using the finite element method. The emphasis has been on the computational aspects of the problem. The ultimate failure loads and pin-bearing stresses have been computed using different failure criteria and the results have been compared with the experimental data as published in the open literature. In reality, bolted joints have been employed to various situations where the amount of load to be transferred is relatively high and on many occasions thermal effect is an important consideration. So the effect of material property degradation due to temperature has also been considered in this investigation. Progressive damage analyses have been performed for different laminates to give complete load-deflection path beyond failure load that will serve as a future reference. The pin has been modeled as a rigid object and load has been imparted on the structure as a displacement-controlled process to simulate the experimental situation in the laboratory environment. Contact between the bolt and the laminate has been considered in the analysis. A number of “User Subroutines” for ABAQUS software have been developed to incorporate Hashin, maximum stress, and Tsai-Wu failure criteria in the analysis. The effectiveness and performance of various well-known failure criteria as mentioned above have been evaluated and the results have been presented in graphical form.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"66 1","pages":"161 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90629371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405043547
S. Kapuria, P. C. Dumir, A. Ahmed
A new coupled consistent third-order theory (CTOT) is presented which, unlike the existing third-order theory (TOT), satisfies exactly the shear traction-free conditions at the top and bottom of a hybrid beam for any electrical boundary condition. The potential field is discretized layerwise as piecewise linear. The axial and transverse electric fields are considered. The deflection is approximated as uniform across the thickness and the longitudinal displacement is approximated as a third-order variation. The field equations and the boundary conditions are derived from the Hamilton’s principle. Analytical solutions are obtained for simply-supported beams for static and harmonic electromechanical load, and for natural frequencies. The theory is assessed by comparing the results with 2D exact piezoelasticity solution.
{"title":"Coupled Consistent Third-order Theory for Hybrid Piezoelectric Composite and Sandwich Beams","authors":"S. Kapuria, P. C. Dumir, A. Ahmed","doi":"10.1177/0731684405043547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405043547","url":null,"abstract":"A new coupled consistent third-order theory (CTOT) is presented which, unlike the existing third-order theory (TOT), satisfies exactly the shear traction-free conditions at the top and bottom of a hybrid beam for any electrical boundary condition. The potential field is discretized layerwise as piecewise linear. The axial and transverse electric fields are considered. The deflection is approximated as uniform across the thickness and the longitudinal displacement is approximated as a third-order variation. The field equations and the boundary conditions are derived from the Hamilton’s principle. Analytical solutions are obtained for simply-supported beams for static and harmonic electromechanical load, and for natural frequencies. The theory is assessed by comparing the results with 2D exact piezoelasticity solution.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"50 1","pages":"173 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85709942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405043550
H. Kumar, Siddaramaiah
The polyethylene glycol (PEG) based polyurethane (PU) and polyurethane-polyacrylonitrile (PU/PAN) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) have been coated on the surface of alkali-treated and untreated bamboo fibers (Bambusa balcooa). The chemical resistance and tensile load at break of bamboo fibers before and after coating with SIPNs have been studied. It is observed that the tensile load at break and chemical resistance of bamboo fibers have increased on coating.
{"title":"Study of Chemical and Tensile Properties of Polyurethane and Polyurethane/Polyacrylonitrile Coated Bamboo Fibers","authors":"H. Kumar, Siddaramaiah","doi":"10.1177/0731684405043550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405043550","url":null,"abstract":"The polyethylene glycol (PEG) based polyurethane (PU) and polyurethane-polyacrylonitrile (PU/PAN) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) have been coated on the surface of alkali-treated and untreated bamboo fibers (Bambusa balcooa). The chemical resistance and tensile load at break of bamboo fibers before and after coating with SIPNs have been studied. It is observed that the tensile load at break and chemical resistance of bamboo fibers have increased on coating.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"57 1","pages":"209 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86885261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405043551
H. Kumar, Siddaramaiah, S. Roopa
The semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) of unsaturated polyester (USP) with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in proportions of 50/50 and 70/30 USP/PAN by weight has been coated on the surface of alkali-treated and untreated bamboo fibers (Bambusa balcooa). The tensile load at break and chemical resistance of bamboo fibers before and after coating with IPNs has been studied. It is observed that the tensile load at break and chemical resistance of bamboo fibers increased on coating, indicating that USP/PAN and bamboo fibers are favorable materials for making composites.
{"title":"Chemical and Tensile Properties of Unsaturated Polyester and Polyacrylonitrile Semi-interpenetrating Polymer Network Coated Bamboo Fibers","authors":"H. Kumar, Siddaramaiah, S. Roopa","doi":"10.1177/0731684405043551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405043551","url":null,"abstract":"The semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) of unsaturated polyester (USP) with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in proportions of 50/50 and 70/30 USP/PAN by weight has been coated on the surface of alkali-treated and untreated bamboo fibers (Bambusa balcooa). The tensile load at break and chemical resistance of bamboo fibers before and after coating with IPNs has been studied. It is observed that the tensile load at break and chemical resistance of bamboo fibers increased on coating, indicating that USP/PAN and bamboo fibers are favorable materials for making composites.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"52 1","pages":"215 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90156576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405042955
H. Ismail, Salmah, A. A. Bakar
The effect of paper sludge content and size on the processibility, mechanical properties, swelling behavior and morphology of PP-EPDM composites were examined. Results show that the increasing content of paper sludge in composites has increased the Young’s modulus and water absorption but decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break. At a similar filler content, PP-EPDM composites with the smallest size show the highest mechanical properties but the lowest water absorption resistance. SEM tensile fracture surface of composites show that the smallest size of paper sludge has better filler-matrix interaction than the larger size of paper sludge. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the increase of paper sludge content has increased the thermal stability of PP-EPDM composites particularly at temperatures above 500 C.
{"title":"The Effect of Paper Sludge Content and Size on the Properties of Polypropylene (PP)-Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Composites","authors":"H. Ismail, Salmah, A. A. Bakar","doi":"10.1177/0731684405042955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405042955","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of paper sludge content and size on the processibility, mechanical properties, swelling behavior and morphology of PP-EPDM composites were examined. Results show that the increasing content of paper sludge in composites has increased the Young’s modulus and water absorption but decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break. At a similar filler content, PP-EPDM composites with the smallest size show the highest mechanical properties but the lowest water absorption resistance. SEM tensile fracture surface of composites show that the smallest size of paper sludge has better filler-matrix interaction than the larger size of paper sludge. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the increase of paper sludge content has increased the thermal stability of PP-EPDM composites particularly at temperatures above 500 C.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"45 1","pages":"147 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79024454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405041717
M. Sain, P. Suhara, S. Law, A. Bouilloux
Natural fibers are potentially a high-performance and non-abrasive reinforcing fiber source. In this study, mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites with various natural fibers such as old newsprint, kraft pulp and hemp were studied. The effect of a low-molecular weight, maleated type coupling agent, on the mechanical properties of these natural fiber-filled PP composites was also investigated and the results showed that this can be used as a good interface modifier for improving the strength properties of the PP-filled composites and the optimum level of the coupling agent was found to be around 3-4 percentage by weight of the composite. Kraft pulp and hemp fiber-filled composites showed better tensile, flexural and un-notched impact strength compared to the glass fiber-filled composites at the same fiber loading. Hybrid composite produced using 10 wt% of glass fiber and 30 wt% of hemp fiber showed only a marginal improvement in the mechanical properties.
{"title":"Interface Modification and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber-Polyolefin Composite Products","authors":"M. Sain, P. Suhara, S. Law, A. Bouilloux","doi":"10.1177/0731684405041717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405041717","url":null,"abstract":"Natural fibers are potentially a high-performance and non-abrasive reinforcing fiber source. In this study, mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites with various natural fibers such as old newsprint, kraft pulp and hemp were studied. The effect of a low-molecular weight, maleated type coupling agent, on the mechanical properties of these natural fiber-filled PP composites was also investigated and the results showed that this can be used as a good interface modifier for improving the strength properties of the PP-filled composites and the optimum level of the coupling agent was found to be around 3-4 percentage by weight of the composite. Kraft pulp and hemp fiber-filled composites showed better tensile, flexural and un-notched impact strength compared to the glass fiber-filled composites at the same fiber loading. Hybrid composite produced using 10 wt% of glass fiber and 30 wt% of hemp fiber showed only a marginal improvement in the mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"167 1","pages":"121 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85983352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405042954
A. Endruweit, S. Fritzsche, R. Thull,, A. Haase, W. Baur
The interaction of carbon fiber/epoxy composite parts with the magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnostics has been quantitatively estimated for the example of the Riechert stereotactic head ring. Rings from carbon/epoxy composite have been compared with rings from other materials with respect to their influence on the applied magnetic field. For a fiber volume fraction ’ 0.5 and an angle between the fiber orientation and the field direction 90, the magnetic field disturbances caused by composite rings are similar to those caused by non-ferromagnetic metals as Cu or Al. Due to their significantly lower susceptibility values, carbon HT fibers are to be preferred to carbon HM fibers with respect to their interaction with magnetic fields. Induction of significant macroscopic eddy currents for changes of the magnetic flux through the rings is not to be expected.
{"title":"High-performance Composites for Applications in Medical Engineering: Susceptibility Artifacts in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","authors":"A. Endruweit, S. Fritzsche, R. Thull,, A. Haase, W. Baur","doi":"10.1177/0731684405042954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405042954","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of carbon fiber/epoxy composite parts with the magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnostics has been quantitatively estimated for the example of the Riechert stereotactic head ring. Rings from carbon/epoxy composite have been compared with rings from other materials with respect to their influence on the applied magnetic field. For a fiber volume fraction ’ 0.5 and an angle between the fiber orientation and the field direction 90, the magnetic field disturbances caused by composite rings are similar to those caused by non-ferromagnetic metals as Cu or Al. Due to their significantly lower susceptibility values, carbon HT fibers are to be preferred to carbon HM fibers with respect to their interaction with magnetic fields. Induction of significant macroscopic eddy currents for changes of the magnetic flux through the rings is not to be expected.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"41 1","pages":"131 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80858619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684405043548
J. Abot, A. Yasmin, I. Daniel
The hygroscopic behavior of a woven fabric carbon-epoxy composite and its effect on the viscoelastic properties and glass transition temperature was investigated. The mechanical and thermal properties of the material had been previously fully determined. An experimental study was conducted at full immersion in water and at a specific temperature condition. The moisture absorption process was found to be reversible with a low-saturation moisture uptake. The absorption through-the-thickness was determined to be lower than in the in-plane directions. The coefficients of moisture expansion or hygroelastic coefficients were determined and found to be similar in the warp and fill directions and much lower than through-the-thickness direction. The results were correlated to the behavior of a unidirectional composite with the same fiber and matrix. The viscoelastic properties were not affected during the process but the plasticization was very pronounced.
{"title":"Hygroscopic Behavior of Woven Fabric Carbon-Epoxy Composites","authors":"J. Abot, A. Yasmin, I. Daniel","doi":"10.1177/0731684405043548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405043548","url":null,"abstract":"The hygroscopic behavior of a woven fabric carbon-epoxy composite and its effect on the viscoelastic properties and glass transition temperature was investigated. The mechanical and thermal properties of the material had been previously fully determined. An experimental study was conducted at full immersion in water and at a specific temperature condition. The moisture absorption process was found to be reversible with a low-saturation moisture uptake. The absorption through-the-thickness was determined to be lower than in the in-plane directions. The coefficients of moisture expansion or hygroelastic coefficients were determined and found to be similar in the warp and fill directions and much lower than through-the-thickness direction. The results were correlated to the behavior of a unidirectional composite with the same fiber and matrix. The viscoelastic properties were not affected during the process but the plasticization was very pronounced.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"113 1","pages":"195 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89351902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684404041711
S. Mohanty, S. Nayak, S. Verma, S. Tripathy
Hybrid composites consisting of polypropylene (PP) and short sisal fibers were prepared by melt mixing followed by compression molding. Various types of chemical treatments such as alkali treatment, cyanoethylation, coupling agent treatment etc. were performed to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and PP matrix. Variations in fiber loading, fiber length, coupling agent concentration and its treatment time period as a function of mechanical strength were studied. The morphology of the interface region was investigated through SEM analysis. Mechanical tests showed that the composites treated with MAPP of grade HC5 exhibited optimum strength. Nearly 50% increase in tensile, 30% in flexural and 58% increase in impact strengths were obtained in the case of composites treated with 1% MAPP concentration. Accelerated weathering and water absorption behavior of the MAPP-treated composites further confirmed an efficient fiber–matrix adhesion. Thermal measurements through DSC were also investigated to corroborate the findings of the mechanical data.
{"title":"Effect of MAPP as Coupling Agent on the Performance of Sisal–PP Composites","authors":"S. Mohanty, S. Nayak, S. Verma, S. Tripathy","doi":"10.1177/0731684404041711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684404041711","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid composites consisting of polypropylene (PP) and short sisal fibers were prepared by melt mixing followed by compression molding. Various types of chemical treatments such as alkali treatment, cyanoethylation, coupling agent treatment etc. were performed to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and PP matrix. Variations in fiber loading, fiber length, coupling agent concentration and its treatment time period as a function of mechanical strength were studied. The morphology of the interface region was investigated through SEM analysis. Mechanical tests showed that the composites treated with MAPP of grade HC5 exhibited optimum strength. Nearly 50% increase in tensile, 30% in flexural and 58% increase in impact strengths were obtained in the case of composites treated with 1% MAPP concentration. Accelerated weathering and water absorption behavior of the MAPP-treated composites further confirmed an efficient fiber–matrix adhesion. Thermal measurements through DSC were also investigated to corroborate the findings of the mechanical data.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"56 1","pages":"2047 - 2063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91535654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0731684404041713
H. Yildiz, O. Sayman, M. Aktaş
Residual stress variations and plastic zone growth behavior of steel fiber-reinforced aluminum metal–matrix laminated composite plates which are clamped and subjected to outof-plane loading are investigated for different hardening parameter (K) and strain hardening exponent (n). Laminated plates are composed of four orthotropic layers oriented with different angles in symmetric or antisymmetric manner. The plates are meshed into 64 elements and 289 nodes with clamped boundary condition. Laminates are subjected to a transverse uniform distributed load. The loading is gradually increased after yield point of the plate to the higher levels with 400, 500, and 600 loading steps. Numerical solution is performed using the finite element method and the first-order shear deformation theory. For solution, Lagrange elements with nine nodes are used.
{"title":"Effects of Hardening Parameter and Strain Hardening Exponent on Residual Stress and Plastic Zone Growth in Aluminum Metal–Matrix Composites under Out-of-Plane Loading","authors":"H. Yildiz, O. Sayman, M. Aktaş","doi":"10.1177/0731684404041713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684404041713","url":null,"abstract":"Residual stress variations and plastic zone growth behavior of steel fiber-reinforced aluminum metal–matrix laminated composite plates which are clamped and subjected to outof-plane loading are investigated for different hardening parameter (K) and strain hardening exponent (n). Laminated plates are composed of four orthotropic layers oriented with different angles in symmetric or antisymmetric manner. The plates are meshed into 64 elements and 289 nodes with clamped boundary condition. Laminates are subjected to a transverse uniform distributed load. The loading is gradually increased after yield point of the plate to the higher levels with 400, 500, and 600 loading steps. Numerical solution is performed using the finite element method and the first-order shear deformation theory. For solution, Lagrange elements with nine nodes are used.","PeriodicalId":16971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites","volume":"347 1","pages":"2065 - 2080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77320189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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