Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I02/54068
Jess C. Dixon, Sean Horton, P. Weir
Relative age effects (RAEs) have been widely studied in the contexts of education and sport over the past 25 years. The RAE phenomenon is concerned with identifying age (dis)advantages relative to other children within a pre-defined age group. While intended to promote equality and fairness through the maintenance of general developmental similarities (e.g., cognitive, physiological), agebased grouping policies common to most educational and sport development systems have had the unintended consequence of advantaging “relatively” older children, while disadvantaging those who are “relatively” younger within the same cohort. Differences in developmental outcomes as a result of relative age have been shown to persist throughout adulthood resulting in considerable long-term social, emotional, and economic benefits (or detriments). The purpose of this review paper is to introduce readers to the RAE phenomenon, explore its underlying causes, examine its shortand long-term discriminatory effects, and provide directions for future research in this area, particularly as they pertain to leadership development.
{"title":"Relative Age Effects: Implications for Leadership Development","authors":"Jess C. Dixon, Sean Horton, P. Weir","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I02/54068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I02/54068","url":null,"abstract":"Relative age effects (RAEs) have been widely studied in the contexts of education and sport over the past 25 years. The RAE phenomenon is concerned with identifying age (dis)advantages relative to other children within a pre-defined age group. While intended to promote equality and fairness through the maintenance of general developmental similarities (e.g., cognitive, physiological), agebased grouping policies common to most educational and sport development systems have had the unintended consequence of advantaging “relatively” older children, while disadvantaging those who are “relatively” younger within the same cohort. Differences in developmental outcomes as a result of relative age have been shown to persist throughout adulthood resulting in considerable long-term social, emotional, and economic benefits (or detriments). The purpose of this review paper is to introduce readers to the RAE phenomenon, explore its underlying causes, examine its shortand long-term discriminatory effects, and provide directions for future research in this area, particularly as they pertain to leadership development.","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"37 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131721271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I01/53892
Phillip Watkins
{"title":"Revisiting the Home Court Advantage in College Basketball","authors":"Phillip Watkins","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I01/53892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I01/53892","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123397404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v04i03/53982
A. Wilding
{"title":"An Exploration of Sources of Stress in Elite Adolescent Sport","authors":"A. Wilding","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v04i03/53982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v04i03/53982","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122195570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I04/53958
J. Hicks, T. Murphy, L. Arthur, P. Basu, Deirdre Keogh, G. West
{"title":"Evaluating Major Sporting Events: Economic Impact versus Cost Benefit - The Case of Bathurst 1000","authors":"J. Hicks, T. Murphy, L. Arthur, P. Basu, Deirdre Keogh, G. West","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I04/53958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I04/53958","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126034515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I03/53934
M. Tynan, P. Briggs
{"title":"How Culturally Competent Is the Australian Football League (AFL)","authors":"M. Tynan, P. Briggs","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I03/53934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I03/53934","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"5 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116594396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I03/53921
T. Bruggink
{"title":"How Racial Integration Changed the Playing Style in Major League Baseball: An Empirical Investigation for 1947-1968","authors":"T. Bruggink","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I03/53921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I03/53921","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115688095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I02/53869
R. Dionigi, J. Baker, Sean Horton
Intense sport competition is typically associated with young people. Also, much of the literature on exercise for older adults focuses on benefits derived from regular physical activity, such as walking, dancing and fitness classes, and suggests that one should avoid extremely strenuous exercise. The rising phenomenon of older people competing in sport presents a challenge to these assumptions. In 2009, approximately 28,000 athletes from 95 countries gathered in Sydney, Australia to compete across 28 different sports at the World Masters Games. We interviewed 44 competitors (23 females, 21 males; aged 56-90 years; M=72) about what they gained from competing in sport that extended beyond non-competitive physical activity outcomes. Five key themes emerged from the data. The first theme, “I like a challenge”, depicts Masters sport as an ideal context to test one’s abilities. In particular, lifelong athletes (or those who had returned to sport after a long break) enjoyed the satisfaction of knowing they “can still do it”! On the other hand, Masters competitions provide space for older people to begin sport in later life, as the second theme highlights, “I discovered that at this age group I could win things”! Theme three, “I’m more motivated to work harder”, describes how regular competitions provided goals for participants which structured their training. Also, the act of competing brought out their best performances. The fourth theme, “You know where you stand”, shows how participants liked that competition enabled them to compare themselves with others of their own age cohort. The final theme, “Travel” and “companionship”, explains how the organized, competitive structure of Masters sport and its club system allowed for regular travel, the establishment of ongoing friendships and weekly social interaction. Our data suggest that sport provides unique benefits to participants above and beyond those gained from general physical activity.
{"title":"Older Athletes' Perceived Benefits of Competition","authors":"R. Dionigi, J. Baker, Sean Horton","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I02/53869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I02/53869","url":null,"abstract":"Intense sport competition is typically associated with young people. Also, much of the literature on exercise for older adults focuses on benefits derived from regular physical activity, such as walking, dancing and fitness classes, and suggests that one should avoid extremely strenuous exercise. The rising phenomenon of older people competing in sport presents a challenge to these assumptions. In 2009, approximately 28,000 athletes from 95 countries gathered in Sydney, Australia to compete across 28 different sports at the World Masters Games. We interviewed 44 competitors (23 females, 21 males; aged 56-90 years; M=72) about what they gained from competing in sport that extended beyond non-competitive physical activity outcomes. Five key themes emerged from the data. The first theme, “I like a challenge”, depicts Masters sport as an ideal context to test one’s abilities. In particular, lifelong athletes (or those who had returned to sport after a long break) enjoyed the satisfaction of knowing they “can still do it”! On the other hand, Masters competitions provide space for older people to begin sport in later life, as the second theme highlights, “I discovered that at this age group I could win things”! Theme three, “I’m more motivated to work harder”, describes how regular competitions provided goals for participants which structured their training. Also, the act of competing brought out their best performances. The fourth theme, “You know where you stand”, shows how participants liked that competition enabled them to compare themselves with others of their own age cohort. The final theme, “Travel” and “companionship”, explains how the organized, competitive structure of Masters sport and its club system allowed for regular travel, the establishment of ongoing friendships and weekly social interaction. Our data suggest that sport provides unique benefits to participants above and beyond those gained from general physical activity.","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117143258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I03/53875
Lebogang Morodi
{"title":"The Reconstruction, Development and Transformation of South African Diversified Society through Sport: Cherished Ideals of Nelson Mandela and their Challenges","authors":"Lebogang Morodi","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I03/53875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V02I03/53875","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115737172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V01I01/53992
Martin MacCarthy, M. O'Neill
{"title":"The inexorable demise of competition shooting in Australia","authors":"Martin MacCarthy, M. O'Neill","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V01I01/53992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V01I01/53992","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123181080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I01/53891
Reza Partovifard, R. Shajie, Kianoosh Shajie, H. Koozechian
{"title":"Perfectionism and Social Physique Anxiety Balance: Psychosocial Mechanism of Regular Physical Activity within Women","authors":"Reza Partovifard, R. Shajie, Kianoosh Shajie, H. Koozechian","doi":"10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I01/53891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/V03I01/53891","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":169947,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Sport and Society: Annual Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123016155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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